Introduction to the
Metal Magnetic Memory Method
(MMM method)
Imagery property of energodiagnostica
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The ‘natural’ voice
of
Materials
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Definition of Metal Magnetic Memory
Metal magnetic memory (MMM) is an after-effect which
occurs as residual magnetization in components and
welded joints formed in the course of their fabrication and
cooled down to ambient temperatures under interaction
with weak magnetic fields
or
due to irreversible change of local magnetization state
of components in zones of stress concentration and
damage under working (ISO 24497-1:2007 (E))
~ = f ( , Hextern , T, m, V )
M
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Definition method of Metal Magnetic Memory
Non-destructive testing method based on the analysis of
self-magnetic leakage fields (SMLF) distribution on
component’s surfaces for determination of stress
concentration zones (SCZs), imperfections, and
heterogeneity in the microstructure of the material and in
welded joints.
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Fast-forward introduction
The MMM method uses natural magnetization and after-effect displayed
The the
as MMMmagnetic
method usesmemory
natural magnetization
of metaland to after-effect displayedand
actual strains as the magnetic
structural
memory of metal to actual strains and structural changes in products and equipment metal.
changes in products and equipment metal.
H (A/m)
MPI,ti MFL
SMLF 10000
induction Magnetizing
M i
1-3 mm
Flux-gate Coil
flow
probe Fluxgate
y Titan
x
z
MMMM
1000
40 Earth
The scheme of SMLF induction flow The scheme of measurement
L (mm)
of the resulting magnetic
parameters measurement. field with artificial magnetization.
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The MMM method is the only passive
among themethod among
methods.the
M
M
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The MMM method is the only passive method magnetic NDT
magnetic NDT methods.
methods
06/10/13 Metal Magnetic Memory Method
5 www.energodiagnostika.ru
Fast-forward introduction
The MMM method uses natural magnetization and after-effect displayed
The the
as MMMmagnetic
method usesmemory
natural magnetization
of metaland to after-effect displayedand
actual strains as the magnetic
structural
memory of metal to actual strains and structural changes in products and equipment metal.
changes in products and equipment metal.
H (A/m)
MPI,ti MFL
SMLF 10000
induction Magnetizing
M i
Flux-gate Coil
flow
probe
MMMM
1000
40 Earth
The scheme of SMLF induction flow The scheme of measurement
L (mm)
of the resulting magnetic
parameters measurement. field with artificial magnetization.
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The MMM method is the only passive
among themethod among
methods.the
M
M
M
The MMM method is the only passive method magnetic NDT
magnetic NDT methods.
methods
06/10/13 Metal Magnetic Memory Method
5 www.energodiagnostika.ru
Fast-forward introduction
The MMM method uses natural magnetization and after-effect displayed as the magnetic
memory of metal to actual strains and structural changes in products and equipment metal.
H (A/m)
10000 MPI, MFL 1-3 mm
Fluxgate
y Titan
x
z
MMMM
1000
40 Earth
L (mm)
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in
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The MMM method is the only passive method among the magnetic NDT methods.
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Fast-forward introduction
LxD
1-3 mm x 1mm
GENERAL DIRECTIONS OF ENERGODIAGNOSTIKA
Fluxgate COMPANY ACTIVITY:
y Titanium
Development of specialized inspection
x techniques
z
based on the MMM method for different industries.
0,5 mm
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I
Fast-forward introduction
Hp
HLy = f (x, z)
HLz = f (x, z)
HLx = f (x, z)
dHp/dx
Magnetic parameters used for inspection by the MMM
- Normal and/or tangential components SMLF - H
- Magnetic field gradient along the length (dH/dx) and/or on the basis between
measurements channels (dH/dz)
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The SMLF gradient on length x (dHL/dx)
Fast-forward introduction
or on base (dHL/dz) between measurement channels -
(A/m)/mm or A/m2.
SCZ HL
Rejection level dHL/dx
of dHL/dx K = dH
dx
THE METHOD OF METAL MAGNETIC MEMORY
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The MMM method allows detecting SC zones and
locations introduction
Fast-forward of defects by using the pattern of SMLF and its
gradient distribution.
SCZ
Crack location
Hp field gradient dH/dz
distribution between
channels H2 and H3;
d(Hn Hm
K= )
dz
SCZ
Crack location
METHOD OF METAL MAGNETIC MEMORY
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Fast-forward introduction
The main purposes of the MMM method are the following:
• Determination of stress concentration zones (SCZ’s) as the
main sources of equipment damages and if necessary
identify them for future zones of inspection.
• Early diagnostics of fatigue damage and evaluation of
equipment and structure life;
• Quick testing of new and used machine-building
components by their structural heterogeneity.
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HISTORY
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The source of investigations
More than 30 years ago, or more
precise 1977, in Russia strong
magnetization was detected at
damaged parts of boiler tubes.
The figure shows a piece of metal
from this location. Iron filings are
attracted to this piece like to a
permanent magnet.
Professionals were interested to
determine why this strong
magnetization appears at this
particular location. Studies have been
conducted to examine this
phenomenon in industrial and
laboratory conditions.
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Invention of MMM
The SMLF (Hp) intensity distribution along the
pipe’s segment in the zone of visible strain of
pipeline ( 168 16)
The SMLF (Hp) intensity distribution along the pipe’s
The
Prof Dubov first introduced the term
Prof.
SMLF
segment
of «Metal
(H
in the ) intensity
pzone
Magnetic of distribution
visible
Memory» strain
in
along the
of pipeline
1994. pipe’s segment in the zone of visible strain of
pipeline ( 168 16)
Prof. Dubov first introduced the term of «Metal Magnetic Memory» in 1994.
Before that time it was not used in the technical literature.
Prof. Dubov first introduced the term of «Metal Magnetic Memory» in
Prof
Before that time it was not used in the technical literature.
1994.
Before that time it was not used in the technical literature.
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Physical Basis
of the magnetic memory
method
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Magnetic Flux leakage effect
The MMM method uses natural magnetization and after-effect displayed
as the magnetic memory of metal to actual strains and structural
changes in products and equipment metal.
SMLF induction Magnetizing
M ti i
Flux-gate Coil
flow
probe
The scheme of SMLF induction flow The scheme of measurement of the resulting magnetic
parameters measurement. field with artificial magnetization.
The MMM method is the only passive method among the
The self-magnetic flux leakage
magnetic effect, based on magnetic
NDT methods.
methods
field scattering by structural and mechanical heterogeneities
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at metal natural magnetization.
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Magnetostriction
The magnetostriction is a property of ferromagnetic materials
that causes them to change their shape or dimensions during
the process of magnetization.
The magnetostriction was first identified in 1842 by James Joule.
The inverse magnetostrictive effect is the change of the
magnetization (or magnetic susceptibility) of a material when
subjected to a mechanical stress.
The inverse magnetostriction effect is also known as Villari effect or magnetoelasticy.
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Magnetostriction
Due to the known
inverse magnetoelastic
effect, self-magnetisation
of the object occurs
The diagram of inverse magnetostrictive effect action: ΔMσirr and ΔMσ – variation of
residual magnetization, accordingly, under loading and after unloading; Δσ – variation of
cyclic loading; H0 – external magnetic field.
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before meeting the metal’s yield strength across the e
Magenetoplastic Effect section.
In the zones of local plastic strain occurrence the ma
the metal aligns in the direction of stable slip bands o
axis of elongation
Magnetoplasticity is an effect of self magnetization
increase in the local zones of anomaly high plastic
strain, i.e. in the zones of maximal level of fatigue
damages in the metal structure.
Microplastic areas (stable slipbands and glide planes)
occur in SCZs long before meeting the metal’s yield
strength across the entire inspection object’s section.
In the zones of local plastic strain occurrence the
magnetization vector inside the metal aligns in the
direction of stable slip bands of dislocation.
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Relation to magnetic domain structure
HL
Interrelation between SMLF distribution and
magnetic
Interrelation between SMLF ti ddomain
distribution i structure
and tmagnetic
t domain structure
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Relation to yield and tensile strength
Based on experimental studies on the samples and the industrial equipment the
THE METHOD relation
OF METAL MAGNETIC MEMORY
between magnetic and mechanical parameters has been determined : www.energodiagnostika.ru
lim
Kin t 2
m = ave = ( )
Kin y (1)
ave
Kin - corresponds to the conventional yield strength σy
lim - corresponds to the conventional ultimate tensile strength σt
Kin
In case the average value Kin ave, corresponding to the level of plastic strain in SCZ for the
same-type units of equipment (determined by the results of practical measurements), the
actual maximum value Kin act, measured in the SCZ of the unit in question, and the actual non-
failure operating time of a unit in question on the date of inspection.
Only applicable to series of similar parts!
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Why use the magnetic
memory method?
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Why use MMMM?
• Actual measurement of Stress-Strain-State of the material.
• Covers the full range from macro to micro damage
phenomena. Not sensitive to non-growing cracks.
• Any special test surface preparation is not required.
• Special magnetization is not required.
• The MMM method allows carrying out quick testing of components made of
carbon, ferritic, pearlitic and austenitic steel grades.
• The MMM method allows carrying out quick quality testing in both the manual
and automatic modes.
• Small-sized instruments are used for the MMMM testing.
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Some Examples
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Finished products
Examples Auxiliary equipment
ka.ru www.energodiagnostika.ru
THE METHOD OF METAL MAGNETI
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Welded Welded
Examples joint testing
Joints by using the MMM method
METHOD OF METAL MAGNETIC MEMORY
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Examples Welded Joints
12 12
11 1 SCZ 11 1
Crack in the
weld root SC zone
10 2 10 2
Crack L=20mm
9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5
6
Results of a steam bypass pipeline ( 219 25, 12Cr1MoV) butt-
welded joints.
THE METHOD
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MetalMETAL MAGNETIC
Magnetic Memory Method MEMORY
26
www.energodiagnostika.ru
Examples Welded Joints
Crack
L=20mm
L 20mm
219x25
325x38
graph of the Hp field
SCZ with a transverse distribution of channel H1
surface crack L=20 mm
graph of the field
gradient dH/dx
Results of a steam pipeline ( 325 38mm and 219 25mm)
T-welded joint inspection.
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Examples Water wall Tubes
Scheme of water wall tube
testing
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Examples Water wall Tubes
SC zone
a)
b)
Results of inspection of a TGMP
TGMP-206
206
boiler front waterwall tube ( 60 6 mm) # 37.
THE METHOD OF METAL MAGNETIC MEMORY
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Examples Water wall Tubes
SCZ
Weld
IIntercrystalline
t t lli [i t
[intergranular]
l ]
corrosion was detected in SCZ
characterized by abrupt
variation of SMLF-Hp
SMLF Hp with
maximum gradient value dH/dx.
b) Magnification 500.
Results of testing of superheater coil No.20 (Ø32x4,5mm, steel 316 (ASTM))
METHOD OF METAL MAGNETIC MEMORY www.energodiagnostika.com
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Examples TubeReforming
Testingfurnace reaction tubes internal testing
by using the MMM method
Steel grades of reaction tubes: 45Cr5Ni20Si, 35Cr24Ni24Nb 45Cr25Ni35Si2Nb
Results of reaction tube testing by using In the SCZ with maximal residual strain 3.9%
MMM method discontinuous cracks have been detected.
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Examples Bend Testing
M lti h
Multichannel
l SD ffor pipeline
i li ttesting
ti
SCZ
Crack
location
1-6 – numbers of measurement
channels
Distribution of the field HL and the field gradient dHL/dx
Scheme of steam along motion path of the flux-gate transducer No.4.
pipeline
p p bend testing.
g Results of steam pipeline bend ( 426×18 )
testing by using the MMM method.
Crack was detected in the SCZ.
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Examples Non Contact Measurements
Industrial application field of the method
Non-contact magnetometric technique of pipelines
testingNon-contact
through themagnetometric
insulation technique
coating of pipelines
layer
testing through the insulation coating layer
The scanning device Type-17
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Examples
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Examples
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Examples Non Contact Measurements
SCZ
Results of NCMD
SCZ for thickness
measurement
Results of testing of the gas pipeline ( 325x9 mm) Results of contact testing by
in the prospect hole after NCMD. MMMM before insulation removing.
Results of NCMD gaspipeline inspection (0,005MPa) Ø325 9mm.
METHOD OF METAL MAGNETIC MEMORY
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Thank you for your
attention!
Time for questions.
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Questions to be answered.
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Questions to be answered...
• Does the slipband assumption hold for thick walled parts, and if
so how to relate the position and extend of the identified SCZ to
its actual position?
• Determination of the rejection level for single part inspections?
Rules of thumb are in place, but do the keep false call rate and
subsequent additional conventional NDT to a minimum.
• How to relate SSS to the fitness for purpose or remaining life-
time calculations and the physics behind SSS of micro defects.
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