Ee Lab Manual

Virtual Laboratory Manual
For
Basic Electrical Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING)
BAWANA ROAD,DELHI-110042
2020-21
LAB COMMITTEE MEMBERS
1. Prof. Uma Nangia (Head of Department)
2. Prof. N.K.Jain (Chairman)
3. Shri N.K.Bhagat (Member)
4. Dr.Rinchin Wanzom Mosobi (Member)
5. Mrs.Shatakshi Jha (Member)
6. Dr.Avirup Maulik (Member)
7. Mr.Gaurav Kaushik (Member)
8. Mr.Rohan Pillai (Member)
9. Mr. Abhishek Chaudhary (Member)
10. Mr.Shreyansh Upadhyaya (Member)
1
INTRODUCTION
Due to corona virus pandemic, this semester the lab will be conducted on a virtual platform. In this online lab,
students will get to explore and learn various concepts regarding basic electrical components and network theory. The
experiments are on virtual online platform, so students don’t need to download or install third party application. Each
experiment is available in such a way that the theoretical as well as practical knowledge is enhanced.
The experiments of this laboratory are:
1. Verification of Superposition theorem
2. Verification of Thevenin Theorem
3. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
4. R-L-C Circuit Analysis
5. Three Phase Power Measurement
6. Testing on Single Phase Transformer
7. Verification of Tellegen’s Theorem
8. Verification of Norton Theorem
2
PREFACE
Basic Electrical Engineering is a compulsory subject for undergraduate students of all engineering disciplines.
This course has a practical component wherein the students perform experiments in laboratory which enhances their
understanding of knowledge learnt from classroom lectures. Unfortunately, due to prevailing COVID-19 pandemic
situation, it is not possible for students to get hands-on experience. This manual of Virtual Lab of Basic Electrical
Engineering has been primarily written for UG students of this semester.
This manual covers a total of eight (08) experiments. Five (05) of them are on network theorems and three (03) are
on basic concepts of electrical engineering. The steps to conduct an experiment on online virtual platform have been
explained elaborately. Video recording of each experiment has also been prepared.
It took about two months to prepare this manual. All the discussions regarding experiments were held online and it
was a unique experience for all the committee members. This manual is the outcome of comprehensive effort of all
the committee members under the expert guidance of Prof. N.K. Jain.
I am thankful to Prof. N.K. Jain and all the committee members for their dedicated effort to prepare this manual for
virtual lab required under this extraordinary situation.
3
Basics of Experimentation
PURPOSE
The following are the purposes of performing experiments in laboratories:
1. Getting familiar with basic components,measuring instruments & equipment.
2. Observe & Understand Basic Phenomenon.
3. Verify Theorems&Laws.
4. Get Training in Technical Report Writing.
5. Study Important Characteristics of Apparatus.
6. Get the knowledge of limitations of accuracies of measuring instruments.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Following general instructions should be followed while working in a laboratory.
1. Never work Alone in the laboratory.
2. Don’t touch any terminal or switch without insuring that it is dead.
3. Keep away from all moving parts.
4. Always wear shoes with rubber sole.
5. Never wear loose clothes while working.
6. Use FUSE WIRE/MCB of proper rating only.
7. Make sure that electrical connections are right & tight.
8. Circuit should be SWITCHED-OFF before changing any connection.
9. Use sufficiently long wires, rather joining two or three small ones.In this you have open joints which are DAN-
GEROUS.
10. Familiarize yourself with the shock chart instructions.
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
Following general precautions must be observed while doing any experiment in the laboratory:
1. Note down complete specifications of machines & equipment to be used. Ranges of all the instruments to be
used in the experiment are to be decided in accordance with specifications noted.
2. Suitable types of wire should be used for different parts of circuit e.g. Flexible wires for connecting Voltmeter
& Pressure Coil (Current is negligible).
5
3. Never apply full voltage to motor at the time of starting. Use starter or a variac. Apply low voltage while by
switching-on & increase voltage gradually.
4. Gradually apply & switch-off an Electrical Load.
5. Keep all meters/instruments used for experiment in their proper position.
6. Any live terminal shouldn’t be touched while supply is on.
7. Supply should be switched-on only after ensuring the correctness of connections.
TREATMENT OF ELECTRIC SHOCK VICTIM
1. Immediately switch-off power supply.
2. if switch is away or it is difficult to identify switch, pull out the plug top.
3. Pull the victim away using dry wooden stick, dry rope or dry cloth.
4. Make sure that electrical connections are right & tight.
5. Circuit should be switched-off before changing any connection.
6. Use sufficiently long wires, rather joining two or three small ones. In this case you have open joints which are
DANGEROUS .
7. Familiarize yourself with the shock chart instructions.
8. You can also pull away the victim by hand provided you are well insulation from the ground (Standing on
insulator or wearing rubber soled shoes).
9. Cut the conductor using some device/tool with insulated handle.
10. Once the Victim is disconnected from supply, he should be treated for recovery as soon as possible. Any one of
the Three Methods of Artificial Respiration can be used.
Mouth to Mouth Artificial Respiration

Following steps should be followed for this process
1. Lay the victim on the back with his head slightly down, so that his chin points upwards.
2. To allow proper breathing clear victim’s neck from clothing etc.
3. Take deep breath and blow it into victim’s mouth until his chest rises.
4. Keep victim’s noses pinching with your thumb and fore finger. Remove your mouth for victim to exhale.
5. Repeat this process as fast as you can.
6
Figure 2
Schafer’s Method of Artificial Respiration
1. Lay the victim on the stomach with his face on one side.
3. Kneel over the victim(refer fig.a)
Figure 3
4. Place your both hands flat on his back in such a manner that both of your thumbs nearly touch each other and
fingers spread.
5. Lean forward over the victim gradually keeping your elbow straight.
6. While doing so put your weight on victim for a moment(refer fig.b)
7. Slowly release the pressure & come to the original position.
7
Silvester’s Method for Artificial Respiration
Steps to be followed for this process are:
Figure 4
Figure 5
1. Lay victim on his back as shown in figure 3.
3. Place a pillow his shoulder so that his head falls backwards.
4. Using handkerchief draw out the tongue of victim.
5. Next, take the position as shown in figure 4.
6. Stretch the arms of the victims by holding them below the elbows.
7. Keep arms in position for 2-3 seconds.
8
8. Then bring the arms on each side of chest,so as to compress the chest (Figure 4).
9. Keep position for 2-3 seconds.
10. Repeat the process until the victim starts breathing the normal.
11. Method useful when victim cannot conveniently lie on his stomach.
SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Available Supply Systems:
(a) A.C.Supply Systems These are two types mainly:
(i) Single Phase-230volts: In this system we have two wires,one is known as Phase/Line & the other are known as
neutral.
Figure 6
(ii) Three Phase-430volt(Line to Line)
1. This system may have three wires, one for each phase/line.
2. This system may also have four wires, three for phase/line & one for neutral.
(b)D.C.Supply Systems These are of two types namely,

(i)From Battery-6V or 12V:
1. We may use rectifiers for 6V or 12V d.c. supply for lower requirements if regular 6V or 12V supply is not
available in laboratory.
2. This system has two wires, one being +ve & other-ve.
(ii)From D.C. Generator (or A.C. & Rectifier)
1. It is 230 volts d.c.
9
Figure 7: Supply From a D.C. Generator
2. It has two wires one being +ve & other being -ve.
Systems to Obtain Variable Voltage Supply from the Available Supply System.
(a) D.C.Circuit: It consists of a tubular resistance having three terminals.The two end terminals A and B are fixed
and represent the two ends of a resistance. The third terminal C is a moving contact which slides over AB. The
fixed D.C voltage is applied across AB and a variable D.C. Voltage across CB where C is positive and B is negative
is obtained.When the sliding contact C is at B and A, the D.C. voltage is zero and equal to supply voltage respectively.
Figure 8: Obtaining a variable supply from D.C. source
(b)A.C. Circuit:Here we can get A.C. voltage by replacing a rheostat by auto-transformer, also known as Variac/Dimmerstat.
It is a coil wound on a magnetic core with its two ends A and B brought out and sliding contact C. It is capable of
10
providing output voltage ranging from 0 to 1.15 of the full input voltage.
Figure 9: Obtaining a variable supply from a A.C. Source
(c) Three Phase Circuit:If three single phase variacs are connected in Star-form, it is called three phase variac.When
the tapping points are all near the neutral the voltage is small whereas if they are near the line terminals the output
voltage is large. Any one limb can be used as a single phase variac.
Figure 10: Obtaining a Variable Supply from a Three Phase A.C. Source
11
RHEOSTAT
The salient features of a rheostat are:
1. Made up of high resistivity materials like nickel-chromium-iron alloy closely wound over a circular tube.
Figure 11
2. Available in single and double tube.
3. Inter turn insulation is provided to avoid short circuiting of the turns.
Figure 12
4. These are employed at places where resistance of a circuit is to be varied without breaking the circuit.
5. Normally it is 1000Ω,1.2 A and 100Ω, 5A.
PLOTTING A GRAPH Some important points to be kept in mind while drawing graphs are:
1. Graphs are drawn to provide a visual of relationship between two quantities.
13
2. Parameters which is independent is taken on x-axis.
3. Parameter which is dependent is taken on y-axis.
4. Scales should be selected in such a way that graph appears to be square graph.
5. Curve drawn should be smooth while joining the points.
6. The points plotted should be marked by small circles,triangles or squares.
REPORT WRITING
1. It is extremely important to write concisely and completely a report on the experiments conducted in the labo-
ratory.
2. These records would prove to be very helpful to students in conceptualizing the knowledge.
3. If the experimental results don’t agree with the theoretical results, the student has an opportunity to discuss the
reason for this difference.
FORMAT SUGGESTED FOR REPORT WRITING:
1. OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT:This clearly states the list of test to be performed. Whether the results are
desired in graph form or numerical value should also be mentioned.
2. LIST OF APPARATUS:This should be complete in all respect. The main apparatus, machine or equivalent
along with the complete specifications is to be written.
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: It forms an essential and integral part of the report.It should include range and type of
instruments used. The type of supply , the voltage and frequency of supply should be marked on it. Use circle
master for drawing circles. Choose a proper size of circle and be consistent with it through-out the lab file.
4. THEORY:This should include brief theoretical background such as statements of laws, definitions,mathematical
expressions and the phasor diagrams regarding the experiment.
5. PROCEDURE:It’s like an algorithm and should be written step wise put in proper sequence.
6. OBSERVATIONS: It should be recorded in tabular form.
7. CALCULATIONS: Present the result of the calculations in tabular form.
8. GRAPHS:The graph paper used for making any graph should be cut to size of the journal page.
9. PRECAUTIONS: The steps to be taken to avoid errors in results are actually termed as precautions. Important
precautions should be mentioned in the report.
10. SOURCES OF ERROR:Here, in this section, the probable sources of error may be environmental,instrumental
or personal should be reported.
14
11. DISCUSSION: This section contains,results,conclusions,comparison of the results and anything important
about the aim of the experiment and the apparatus used can be mentioned here.
15
Experiment No.1
Aim: To Verify Superposition Theorem

Link: http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp5/index.html#l
Theory: If a number of voltage or current source are acting simultaneously in
a linear network, the resultant current in any branch is the algebraic sum of the
currents that would be produced in it, when each source acts alone replacing all
other independent sources by their internal resistances.
Circuit Diagram:
Figure 13: Circuit analysis of Superposition theorem
Figure 14: Circuit with only V2 short circuited Figure 15: Circuit with only V1 short circuited
In the given figure 1 apply superposition theorem, let us first take the sources
16
V1 alone at first replacing V2 by short circuit as shown in figure 2. Here,
V1
I10 = R2 ∗R3
R2 +R3 + R1
R3
I20 = I10 ∗
R2 + R3
I30 = I10 − I20
Next, removing V1 by short circuit, let the circuit be energized by V2 only as shown
in figure 3. Then,
V2
I200 = R1 ∗R3
R1 +R3 + R2
R3
I100 = I200 ∗
R1 + R3
I300 = I200 − I100
As per superposition theorem,
I3 = I30 + I300
I2 = I20 − I200
I1 = I10 − I100
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram, keeping the switches open and
resistance at their maximum positions.
2. Set S1 to position ”aa” and S2 to position ”cc” respectively which means both
the sources are energized. Note down the current I1 , I2 and I3 from ammeter
A1, A2 and A3.
17
Figure 16: Circuit for analysis of Superposition theorem
3. Set S1 to positions ”aa” and S2 to position ”dd” respectively which means

the, only 220V source is energized and the terminals of S2 are shorted. Note
down current I10 , I20 and I30 from the ammeter A1, A2 and A3.
4. Set S1 to position ”bb” and S2 to position to ”cc” respectively. Which means

the, only 110V source is energized and the terminals of S1 are shorted. Note
down current I100 , I200 and I300 from the ammeter A1, A2 and A3.
5. Compare I1 , I2 and I3 with I10 + I100 , I20 + I200 and I30 + I300 taking care of signs
properly of verify the theorem.
6. Repeat the step (2) to (6) for five different values of resistance for each three
rheostats.
18
Simulation: The simulator for this experiment is designed based on JavaScript
platform combined with HTML5 Canvas for graphics. So, the users are recom-
mended to use browsers with HTML5 compatible.
Link to perform simulation: http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp5/

js-simulator/superposition_website_17mar.html
Observation:
S.No. In the presence of V1 and V2 In the presence of V1 alone In the presence of V2 alone
Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch
Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current Current
I1 (Amps) I2 (Amps) I3 (Amps) I1 (Amps) I2 (Amps) I3 (Amps) I1 (Amps) I2 (Amps) I3 (Amps)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Submission: Each student to submit the following in writing, (not typed)
1. Report with Aim, and Observations 1 to 4
Reference:
1. A. Chakrabarti, Circuit Theory (Analysis and Synthesis). Fifth Edition : 2006,

Dhanpat Rai and Co.
2. A. Bruce Carlson, Circuits. First Reprint :2002, Thomson Asia Pvt Ltd.
3. Parker Smith, Problems in Electrical Engineering. Ninth Edition :2003 , M/s
Constable and Company, London.
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117106108/65
19
Experiment No.2
Aim: To Verify Thevenin’s Theorem.

Link: http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp3/index.html
Theory: It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given network,
as viewed from two terminals, by a single voltage source with a series resistance.
It makes the solution of complicated networks quite quick and easy. The applica-
tion of this extremely useful theorem will be explained with the help of following
simple example.
Figure 19: Circuit with source E and Load RL
Suppose, it is required to find current flowing through load resistance RL , as

shown in Figure 19.
This expression proceed as under:
1. Remove RL from the circuit terminals A and B and redraw the circuit as shown
in Figure 20. Obviously, the terminal have become open circuited.
25
Figure 20: Circuit with RL removed.
2. Calculate the open circuit Voltages VOC which appears across terminals A and
B when they are open .ie. when RL is removed.
As seen, VOC = drop across R2 = IR2 where I is the circuit current when A and
B is open.
E
I= (1)
r + R1 + R2
VOC = IR2 (2)
ER2
VOC = (3)
r + R1 + R2
It is also called Thevenin voltage(VT H ).
3. Now, imagine the battery to be removed from the circuit, leaving its internal
resistance r behind and redraw the circuit as shown in Figure 21.When viewed
inwards from the terminals A and B, the circuit consists of two parallel paths:
one containing R2 and another containing (R1 + r). The equivalent resistance
of the network as viewed from these terminals is given as,
(R1 + r)R2
RT H = (4)
R1 + r + R2
26
The resistance RT H is also called Thevenin equivalent resistance.
Consequently, as viewed from terminals A and B, the whole network (exclud-

ing R1 ) can be reduced to single source (called thevenin’s source) whose e.m.f
equal to VOC and whose internal resistance equal to RT H as shown in Figure
22.
Figure 21: Circuit with RL and E removed.
4. RL is now connected back across terminals A and B from where it was tem-
porarily removed earlier. Current flowing through RL is given by,
VT H
I1 = (5)
RT H + RL
Figure 22: Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
27
Procedure:
Figure 23: Circuit diagram for Experimental set-up for verification of Thevenin’s theorem.
1. Keep all the resistance close to their maximum respective values.
2. Close the switch S1 to ”aa” and S2 to ”cc” positions. Observe the load current
(IL ) and voltage (VL ) readings. The load resistance
VL
RL = (6)
IL
3. Remove the load by opening the switch S2 and read the open circuit voltage
(or Thevenin equivalent voltage) VT H .
4. Next, compute the resistance (RT H ) of the network as seen from the load
terminals,
[a.)]Replace the 220 V source by a short by closing S1 to ”bb”. Apply 110

V at the output terminals by closing S2 to ”dd”. Read the voltmeter (V )
and ammeter (I) and get
V
RT H = (7)
I
28
5. Now compute the load current. Applying Thevenin theorem
VT H
IL = (8)
RT H + RL
6. Compare the above computed load current with its observed value in step (2)
and verify the theorem.
Simulation: Choose any arbitrary values of V1 , V2 , R1 , R2 , R3 , RL
Case 1: Circuit analysis to determine Load Current (IL ).

To get the load current, select switches S1 to Power and S2 to Load. And then click
on Simulate. We will get the value of Load current IL from Case 1 tab.
Case 2:
[(a.)]Thevenin Voltage (VT H ) analysis:

Apply switch S1 to power and S2 to intermediate. Simulate the program. Read
Thevenin voltage (VT H ) from Case 2(a.) tab. Thevenin Resistance (RT H )
analysis:
Apply switch S1 to short and S2 to power. Simulate the program. Read

Thevenin resistance (RT H ) from Case 2(b.) tab.
Case 3: Using VT H and RT H to determine the Load Current (IL ).

Click on simulate to get the Load Current(IL ) from the Thevenin equivalent pa-
rameter of the above circuit. Compare the load currents (IL ) obtained in this case
from Case 1 and fill data to the Observation table.
29
Observations:
Figure 25: Observation table.
2. Five readings to be taken down for the above parameters.

1.
2. Compare the load currents (IL ) obtained in Case 1 and Case 3 and verify the
theorem.
1. Report with Aim and Observation table.
Reference:

Dhanpat Rai and Co.

4. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/106/108106075/
30
Experiment No.3
Aim: To Verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

Theory: Maximum power is transferred from a source of given voltage and
an internal impedance to the load impedance ZL in the following circuit shown in
figure 1, under three conditions.
Figure 26: Circuit diagram with source and load impedance (i.e.ZS and ZL )
1.When only XL is adjustable: Under this condition the power consumed by

the load (I 2 *RL ) is maximum, when I is maximum,since RL is constant.
VS
I= ....(1)
Rs + jXS + RL + jXL
VS
|I|max = ....(2)
RS + RL
when XL = −XS
This means that if load reactance(XL ) is made equal in magnitude and opposite
32
in sign to the internal reactance(XS ), the power transferred is maximum.
2.When only RL is adjustable: From equation(1) in section (1), one may write
2 VS2 .RL
P = |I |.RL = ....(3)
(RS + RL )2 + (XS + XL )2
Differentiating the equation (3) w.r.t. RL and equating to zero, one obtains
q
RL = R2S + (XS + XL )2 ....(4)
3.When Both RL and XL are adjustable Under this condition both equation (2)
and (4) are valid simultaneously and one obtains,
RL = RS , XL = −XS
Procedure: Circuit Diagram:

1.When only XL is adjustable
Figure 27: Circuit diagram of experimental set-up for verification of maximum power transfer theorem
i. Take a suitable set of values VS ,XS ,XL as shown in the figure. You chose XS
to be inductive (LS ) and capacitive (CS ). XL can be chosen as inductive (LL ) and
capacitive (CL ) to the load.
ii. Next chose a suitable load resistance (RL ).
33
iii. For the maximum power transfer theorem, the condition would be RL =RS ,XS (i.e.X1 ) =
XL (i.e.X2 )
where, s
2
1
X1 = (ωLS )2 +
ωCS
s
2
1
X2 = (ωLL )2 +
ωCL
1
ωLS =
CL
1
CL =
ω 2L S
Take an example, put LS =1mH,CS =10.1µF.

Now for different value of CS , note down V1 and V4 l
V1
2
Load Power(PL )= I ∗ RL = *V4 =K*V1 *V4
100
where, K=1/100=1/RS
Enter the value of voltage for different values of CS and obtain set corresponding
to the maximum value of (V1 ∗V4 ).Verify that for this set V2 = V6
2.When only RL is adjustable:
Repeat the procedure of part(1), with CS fixed and RL varied.At the point of maxi-
q
mum power check RL = R2S + (X1 + X2 )2 and VRL =V4
3.When both RL and XL are adjustable:
Repeat the procedure of part(2), varying CS and obtain the maximum power con-
dition.
34
Check under this condition
VRS =VRL i.e. V1 = V4
VLS =VCL i.e. V2 = V6
Steps to Perform in Simulator
1.Apply Supply voltage (Vi n = 230v, f = 50Hz) and Choose whether to connect or
bypass L − SandCS by clicking on the corresponding white check box. (By default
they are all connected. ’Tick sign’ indicates, the component is bypassed.)
2.Now set the values of different elements of source impedance (ZS ) then switch
on circuit board to get the voltmeter readings.
3. Case-1 (Only XL is adjustable) Choose whether to connect or bypass LL and CL .
Adjust them and click on simulate to set XS =-XL Check if the power transferred to
Load (PL )is maximum and check the corresponding efficiency.
4.Case-2 (Only RL is adjustable) Adjust RL and click on simulate to set Ra = RL .
Where
q
Ra = R2S + (XS + XL )2
Check if power transferred to load (PL ) is maximum and check the corresponding
efficiency.
5.Case-3(BothXL and RL are adjustable) Choose weather to connect or bypass LL
and CL . Adjust RL and XL and click on simulate to set RS = RL and XS = −XL .
Check if the power transferred to load (PL ) is maximum and check the correspond-
ing efficiency;
35
Observation Table
Case 1: Only XL is adjustable
S.no. Source Reactance(XS ) Load Reactance(XL ) Load Power(PL ) Efficiency

1.
2.
3.
4.
Table 1: Readings Table
Case 2: Only RL is adjustable
S.no. Source Load Ra Load Resistance (RL ) Load Efficiency

Reactance(XS ) Reactance(XL ) Power(PL )
1.
2.
3.
4.
Case 3: Both RL and XL is adjustable
S.no. Source Load Source Load Resistance (RL ) Load Efficiency

Reactance(XS ) Reactance(XL ) Resistance(RS ) Power(PL )
1.
2.
3.
4.
36
Reference:

Dhanpat Rai and Co.

42
Experiment No.4
Aim: To study the behaviour of a series R-L-C circuit.

Link: http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/asnm/exp12/index.html
Theory: With reference to Fig. 32, the application of Kirchoff’s law results,
I
V = IR + jIXL + ,
jωC
I
with,VR = IR,VL = jIXL ,VC =
jωC
1
V = I(R + jωL + ).......(1)
jωC
Let Z be the net impedance of the circuit, this gives from equation(1),
1
V = IZ = I(R + jωL + )
jωC
1
1 1 2 −1 ωL − ωC
p 2
Or, Z = R + j(ωL − ) = (R + (ωL − 6
) ) tan ( )........(2)
ωC ωC R
Equation (2) gives the complex impedance(Z) which indicates that the circuit will
1
become inductive if ωL > ωC and then the sign of the angle of Z is positive. On
1
the other hand, for ωL < ωC , the circuit will become capacitive and the sign of the
angle of Z is negative.
Figure 28: A series RLC network
43
Phasor Diagram: The phasor diagram for Inductive and capacitive series R-L-
C circuit is given below.
Phasor diagram for inductive circuit Phasor diagram for capacitive circuit
Resonance: When VL = VC , the circuit is said to be in resonance. It can be

achieved by (1) varying inductance (2) varying capacitance (3) varying frequency
of the source.
Figure 29: Effect of varying frequency on different circuit parameters
Procedure: Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram in Figure 1. Adjust

the rheostat for maximum resistance and the auto transformer to the position of
zero-output voltage and switch on the supply. Adjust the voltage across the circuit
44
to about 70 V and note I,Vs ,VL ,VC ,VR and W . Adjust the rheostat for several
settings and repeat step 3. Adjust the rheostat to the maximum setting and change
the capacitance to 140 and repeat step 4. Compare the values of phase angle as
obtained from the meter readings and from the phasor diagrams. (From the phasor
diagrams compute θ and θ ). Draw phasor diagrams showing I,Vs ,VL ,VC , and VR
for different sets of readings.
Figure 30: A series RLC network
Simulation: Procedure: (For Balanced Load) Refer Fig. 31. *Lag and Lead
pointer is wrong, it indicates φi − φv , opposite to power factor concept. Closed the
Switch(K). Set Input Voltage Vin=220V. Set power supply voltage (VS) at=0V.
Keep all the resistance, Inductance, capacitance at maximum position. Adjust the
voltage across the circuit (VS) to about 70 V and note current(I), Vs, VL, VC, VR
and power(W) from the meters. Adjust the rheostat for several settings and repeat
step 2. Adjust the rheostat to the maximum setting and change the capacitance
to 0uF, 140uF, 70uF and change the inductance to 0mH, 30 mH, 60mH repeat
step 2.Draw phasor diagrams showing VR, VL, VC, VS, & I for different sets of
readings.
Observations: Students can learn the effect of varying different parameters like
45
resistance, inductance, capacitance, frequency, input voltage on the current, power
factor of the circuit.
1. Five to six readings to be taken down for following parameters,

S. no. Vs f I P Vr VL Vc phase angle (φ ) power factor (cosφ )
2. Validate the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeters, and Watt meter through calcu-
lation, and draw the phasor diagram, for any one set of reading.
3. Obtained approximately equal voltages across capacitor and inductor at fre-

quency .
4. Fuse blows out when current exceeds amperes.
Reference:

Dhanpat Rai and Co.

46
Experiment No.5
Aim: Three phase power measurement by two wattmeter method.

Link: http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/asnm/exp7/index.html
Theory: The connection diagram for the measurement of power in three phase
power measurement circuit using two wattmeter’s method is shown in Fig. 32.
This is irrespective of the circuit connection star or delta. The circuit may be taken
as balanced or unbalanced one, balanced type being only a special case. Please
not the connection of two wattmeter’s. The current coil of the wattmeter’s 1 and
2 in series with R and B phase with the pressure voltage coils being connected
across R-Y and B-Y respectively. Y is the third phase in which no current coil is
connected.
If star connected circuit is taken as an example the total instantaneous power
consumed in the circuit is,
W = IRN VRN + IY N VY N + IBN VBN (9)
Figure 32: Connection diagram for three phase power measurement using two wattmeter method
Each of the terms in the above expression equation (1) is the instantaneous
power consumed by the phases. From the connection diagram, the circuit in
and the voltages across the respective (current, pressure or voltage) coils in the
49
wattmeter, W 1 are IRN and VRY = VRN − VY N . So, the instantaneous power mea-
sured by the wattmeter W 1 is W 1 = IRN VRY . Similarly the instantaneous power
measured by the wattmeter W 2 is W 2 = IBN VBY = IBN (VBN − VY N ). Sum of the
two readings as given above is,
W 1 +W 2 = IRN (VRN −VY N ) + IBN (VBN −VY N ) (10)
As we know IRN + IY N + IBN = 0. Thus,
W 1 +W 2 = IRN VRN + IBN VBN + IY N VY N (11)
Equation (1) is compared with equation (3) to give the total instantaneous power
consumed in the circuit . They are found to be same. The phasor diagram of three
phase balanced star connected circuit is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 33: Phasor diagram of three phase balanced star connected circuit
Procedure: Balanced load Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 3. Adjust the
ganged rheostat for the maximum resistance. Switch on the supply. Close switch
S1 . Read the meters to obtain VL , I1 , I2 and I3 . Note the wattmeter reading W 1 and
W 2 (Note the multiplying factor on the wattmeter). Vary the load resistance and
50
obtain at least five sets of observations, the current should not exceed the limit (4.1
A).
Balanced load Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 35. Replace the ganged
rheostat by three separate rheostats of 26 ohm, 4.1 A and connect in a star. Adjust
the three rheostats at the maximum values. Switch on the supply and set the auto-
transformer to 110 V. Close switch S1 and take five sets of observation for different
rheostat settings such that the reading of I1 , I2 and I3 in each set is appreciably dif-
ferent to create unbalanced loading condition. The current should not exceed the
limits in each arm.
Figure 34: Three phase power measurement circuit under balanced condition
Figure 35: Three phase power measurement circuit under unbalanced condition
Simulation:
Procedure (Balanced Load): . Set the 3Phase (Line to Line)
voltage 100 V at frequency = 50Hz. Set the balanced load value. Switch on the
51
supply to get the meter readings and click on ”Fill the Table” button to update
the observation table. Compare calculated power (WC) with the measured power
(WM) for each observation. Then change the balanced load value to take another
observation. Note: Click on the fuse indicator to repair it, if it got fused.
Procedure (Unbalanced Load): Set the 3Phase (Line to Line)
voltage to 100 V at frequency =50Hz. Set different values for R1, R2 and R3.
Switch on the supply to get the meter readings and click on ”Fill the Table” button
to update the observation table. Compare calculated power (WC) with the mea-
sured power (WM) for each observation. Change the values of R1, R2 and R3 to
take another observation. Note: Click on the fuse indicator to repair it, if it got
fused.
Observations: Students can learn measurement of power in three phase bal-
anced and unbalanced load using two wattmeter method.
1. Five to six readings to be taken down as per Table 5.
2. Draw the phasor diagram, for any one set of readings from above table.
S. no. VRY IR cos(VRY , IR ) W1 VBY IB cos(VBY , IB ) W2 P3ph (W 1 +W 2) P3ph calculated
Table 5: Readings for balanced load
3. Five to six readings to be taken down as per Table 6.

S. no. VR IR VY IY VB IB W1 W2 P3ph measured (W 1 +W 2) P3ph calculated
Table 6: Readings for unbalanced load
4. Draw the phasor diagram, for any one set of readings from above table.
52
1. Report with Aim, and Observations
Reference:

Dhanpat Rai and Co.

4. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105053/20
53
Experiment No.6
Aim: To Determine the Efficiency and Regulation of a Single Phase Trans-

former by conducting (a) Open Circuit Test and (b) Short Circuit Test.
Theory: The physical basis of the transformer is mutual induction between two
circuits linked by a common magnetic field . Transformer is required to pass elec-
trical energy from one circuit to another, via the medium of the pulsating magnetic
field, as efficiently and economically as possible. This could be achieved using ei-
ther iron or steel which serves as a good permeable path for the mutual magnetic
flux.
Elementary Transformer:
Figure 38: A single phase Transformer
Let an alternating voltage V1 be applied to a primary coil of N1 turns linking a

suitable iron core.A current flows in the coil, establishing a flux φ in the core.This
flux induces an emf e1 in the coil to counter balance the applied voltage V1 . This
emf is
dφ p
e1 =
dt
55
Assuming sinusoidal time variation of the flux , let φ p = φm sin(ωt) .Then,
e1 = N1 ωφm cos(ωt), where ω = 2π f
The r.m.s value of this voltage is given by :
E1 = 4.44 f N1 φm
Now if there is a secondary coil of N2 turns, wound on the same core, then by
mutual induction an emf e2 is developed therein. The r.m.s value of this voltage is
given by :
0
E2 = 4.44 f N2 φm
0
,where φm is the maximum value of the (sinusoidal) flux linking the secondary
coil(φs ).
If it is assumed that φ p = φs then the primary and secondary emf bear the fol-
lowing ratio:
e1 E1 N1
= =
e2 E2 N2
Note that in actual practice, φ p = φs since some of the flux paths linking the
primary coil do not link the secondary coil and similarly some of the flux paths
linking the secondary coil do not link the primary coil. The fluxes which do not
link both the coils are called Leakage Fluxes of the primary and secondary coil.
Although the iron core is highly permeable, it is not possible to generate a
magnetic field in it without the application of a small m.m.f (magneto motive
force, denoted by mmf.
Ph = Kh Bxmax f , Pe = Ke B2max f 2 , and Pc = Ph + Pe
where Ph , Pe , Pc are hysteresis, eddy current and core losses respectively, Kh and
Ke are constants which depend upon on the magnetic material, and Bmax is the
56
maximum flux density in the core.
Equivalent Circuit of a Practical Transformer:
Figure 39: Equivalent Circuit of a Practical Transformer
Development of Transformer Equivalent Circuit:
Figure 40: Development of Transformer Equivalent Circuit
The practical transformer has coils of finite resistance. Though this resistance
is actually distributed uniformly, it can be conceived as concentrated. Also, all the
flux produced by the primary current cannot be confined into a desired path com-
pletely as an electric current. On account of the leakage flux, both the windings
have a voltage drop which is due to leakage reactance. The transformer shown in
the Figure 38 can be resolved into an equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 39 in
which the resistance and leakage reactance of primary and secondary respectively
are represented by lumped R1 , X1 , R2 and X2 .This equivalent circuit can be simpli-
57
fied by referring all quantities in the secondary side of the transformer to primary
side and is shown in Figure 40.
2 2
N1 N1 N2 N1
R02 = R2 , X20 = X2 , I20 = I2 , V20 = V2
N2 N2 N1 N2
Approximate Equivalent Circuit of Transformer:
Figure 41: Approximate Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
Procedure:
Open Circuit Test :
Figure 42: Circuit diagram for open circuit test.
58
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure 42, choosing suitable instrument.
2. Switch on the supply, keeping output voltage at auto-transformer to zero. In-

crease the voltage in set up to the rated value and tabulate the no load current,
input power and the primary and secondary voltages corresponding to each
value of the applied voltage in Table No.7.
S.No. Primary Volt- Primary Current I0 (Amp) Input Power Pi (Watts) Secondary Volt-
age(L.V. Side) age(H.V. Side)
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
Table 7
The shunt parameters can be determined by performing the open circuit test.
Since the core loss and the magnetizing current depend on applying voltage, this
test is performed by applying rated voltage at one winding and other winding
keeping open (basically H.V.Side winding is kept open and rated voltage applying
at L.V.Side winding ). Under no-load condition the power input to the transformer
is equal to the sum of losses in the primary winding resistance R1 is neglected and
core loss. Since, no load current is very small, the loss in winding resistance is
neglected. If Io and Pi are the current and input power drawn by the transformer at
rated voltage V1 respectively.Then,
Pi
cos ζo =
V1 × I0
Ic = Io cos ζo , Im = Io sin ζo
V1 V1
Ro = , Xm =
Ic Im
59
Short Circuit Test :
Figure 43: Circuit diagram for short circuit test.
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure 43, choosing suitable instrument.
2. Keeping the output voltage of the auto-transformer at zero, switch on the cir-
cuit. Increase the output voltage slowly and observe the primary and sec-
ondary currents carefully.
3. Adjust the output voltage of the transformer to get secondary short circuit
current of 25%, 59%, 75%, 100% of the rated current.
S.No. Primary Volt- Primary Current I1 (Amp) Input Power Pc (Watt) Secondary Cur-
age (H.V. Side) rent (L.V. Side)
V1 (Volts) I2 (Amp)
Table 8
60
In this test, the L.V. side terminals are shorted. The primary voltage is gradually
applied till the rated current flows in the winding. Since, the applied voltage is very
small. The magnetizing branch can now be eliminated from the equivalent circuit.
The modified equivalent circuit is shown in the figure. If Vsc is the applied voltage
0
to circulated the rated current (I2 )on short circuit and Pc is the power input to the
transformer.
Vsc
Zsc =
I20
Pc
cos θ =
Vsc × I20
R1 + R02 = Zsc cosθ
X1 + X20 = Zsc sinθ
Simulation:
Case 1: Open circuit Test
Figure 44: Circuit diagram for Experimental set-up for open circuit test.
61
1. Set the input voltage at 50Hz frequency to the autotransformer input.
2. Switch on the supply, keeping output voltage at auto-transformer at zero (by

setting turns ratio of autotransformer at zero).
3. Increase the voltage in set up (by increasing the turns ratio of the auto-transformer)to
rated value and observe the no load current, input power and the primary and
secondary voltages corresponding to each value of the applied voltage.
4. Now click on simulate to get the value of the shunt parameters (Ro and Xm ) of
the transformer.
5. Click on fill the Table tab to tabulate the primary voltage(V1 ), no load current
or primary current(I0 ), input power(Pi ) and secondary voltage(V2 ) correspond-
ing to each value of the applied voltage in Observation table No.7.
6. Then change the input voltage to take another observation.

Note : Click on the fuse indicator to repair it, if it got fused.
Case 2: Short circuit Test
Figure 45: Circuit diagram for Experimental set-up for short circuit test.
62
1. Set the input voltage at 50Hz frequency to the autotransformer input.
2. Switch on the supply, keeping output voltage at auto-transformer at zero (by

setting turns ratio of autotransfomer at zero).
3. Increase the voltage in set up slowly (by increasing the turns ratio of the auto-
transformer) to rated value and observe the short circuit current, input power,
primary voltage and secondary current corresponding to each value of the
applied voltage.
4. Now click on simulate to get the value of the shunt parameters (Re and Xe ) of
the transformer.
5. Click on fill the Table tab to tabulate the primary voltage(V1 ), no load current
or primary current(I0 ), input power(Pi ) and secondary current(I2 ) correspond-
ing to each value of the applied voltage in Observation table No.8.
6. Adjust the output voltage of the transformer to get secondary short circuit
current of 25%, 59%, 75%, 100% of the rated current.
Note : Click on the fuse indicator to repair it, if it got fused.
1. Report with Aim and Observation table.
63
Reference:

Dhanpat Rai and Co.

64
Experiment No.7
Aim: To Verify Tellegen’s Theorem
Figure 46: Current I pq flowing through branch K between node ’p’ and ’q’.]
Theory: For any given time, the sum of power delivered to each branch of any
electric network is zero. Thus for K th branch, this theorem states that,
n
∑ Vk ik = 255
k=1
n being the number of branches, VK the drop in the branch and iK the through
current. while Vp and Vq are voltages at p and q nodes. We have,
VK i pq = (Vp −Vq )i pq = VK ik .....(1)
Also,VK i pq = (Vq −Vp )iqp .........(2)
Obviously, i pq = −iqp ...............(3)
Summing equations (1) and (2),
2VK ik = (Vp −Vq )i pq + (Vq −Vp )iqp

(Vp −Vq )i pq + (Vq −Vp )iqp
VK ik = .......(4)
2
Equation (4) can be written for every branch of the network. Assuming n branches,
generalisation yields,
n
1 n n 1 n n
1 n n
∑ Vk ik = 2 ∑ ∑ (Vp −Vq)i pq = 2 ∑ Vp ∑ i pq − 2 ∑ Vp ∑ i pq........(5)
k=1 p=1 q=1 p=1 q=1 q=1 p=1
67
However, following Kirchhoff’s current laws, the algebric sum of currents at each
node is equal to zero.
n
∑ i pq = 255.......(6)
p=1
n
∑ i pq = 255.......(7)
q=1
Substituting equ. (6) and (7) in equ. (5), we obtain
n
∑ Vk ik = 255........(8)
k=1
Equations (8) shows that the sum of power delivered to a closed network is zero.
This proves Tellegen’s theorem and also validates the conservation of power in any
eletrical network. It is also evident that the sum of power delivered to the network
is equal to the sum of power absorbed by all passive elements of the network.
Circuit Diagram: MC-Moving Coil DPDT- Double pole Double throw. N.B.: -
Figure 47: Circuit diagram of experimental set-up for verification of Tellegen’s theorem
All the resistances are in ohms.
68
Procedure:
Figure 48: Simulation Circuit diagram of experimental set-up
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram above, keeping the switches
open and resistance at their maximum positions.
2. Case 1: In presence of both the sources Select switch of S1 to Power and S2

to Power and switch on the supply to get the ammeter readings. Observe the
power supplied in +ve and power dissipated in -ve by the elements and voltage
source for this condition.
3. Case-2: In presence of V1 only Select switch of S1 to Power and S2 to short

and switch on the supply. Read the corresponding power values as done in the
above case.
4. Case-3: In presence of V2 only Select switch of S1 to Short and S2 to switch

on the supply. Read the corresponding power values.Calculate the power con-
sumed or delivered by each element for each case and check if power absorbed
= power delivered. This proves the Tellegen’s theorem.
69
Simulation: The simulator for this experiment is designed based on JavaScript
platform combined with HTML5 Canvas for graphics. So, the users are recom-
mended to use browsers with HTML5 compatible.
Link to perform simulation: http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp4/
js-simulator/Tellegen’s_website.html
Observation Table:
Reference:

Dhanpat Rai and Co.
A. Bruce Carlson, Circuits. First Reprint :2002, Thomson Asia Pvt Ltd.
2.
Parker Smith, Problems in Electrical Engineering. Ninth Edition :2003 , M/s
3. Constable and Company, London.
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/108106075/36
70
Experiment No.8
Aim: To verify Norton Theorem.

Theory: A linear active network consisting of independent and (or) dependent
voltage and current sources and linear bilateral network elements can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistance,
the current source being the short circuited current across the load terminal and
resistance being the internal resistance of the source network looking through the
open circuited load terminals. In order to find the current through RL , the load
resistance of the figure 49 by Norton’s theorem, let us replace RL by short circuit
as shown in figure 50.
Figure 49: Circuit with source VS and Load RL
73
Figure 50: Circuit with RL shorted
Obviously, in figure 50;

Vs
I= ∗R3
(12)
R1 + RR22+R3
(13)
R3
Is/c = I ∗ (14)
R3 + R2
Next, the short circuit is removed and the independent source is deactivated as
shown in figure 51.
From Figure 51;
R1 ∗ R3
Rint = R2 + (15)
R1 + R3
As per Norton’s theorem , the equivalent circuit as shown in figure 52, would
contain a current source in parallel to the internal resistance, the current source
being the short circuited current across the shorted terminals of the load resistor.
74
Figure 51: Circuit with source VS deactivated and Load RL open
Obviously, from figure 52;

Rint
IL = Is/c ∗ (16)
Rint + RL
Procedure:
1. Keep all the resistance close to their maximum respective values.
2. Close the switch s1 to ”aa” and s2 to ”cc” positions. Observe the load current
(IL ) and voltage (VL ) readings. The load resistance,
VL
RL = (17)
IL
3. Short the load terminals and find the short circuited current(Isc ).
4. Next, compute the resistance (Rint ) of the network as seen from the load ter-
minals,
• Replace the 220 V source by a short by closing s1 to ”bb”.
75
Figure 52: Norton equivalent circuit
• Apply V=110 V at the output terminals by closing s2 to ”dd”. Read the

current from ammeter (I) and get
V
Rint = (18)
I
5. Now compute the load current (IL ) applying Norton theorem.
Rint
IL = Isc ∗ (19)
(Rint + RL )
6. Compare the above computed load current with its observed value in step (2)
and verify the theorem.
Simulation:
Allow JavaScript alerts in your browser. Keep all the resistances (R1, R2, R3 &
RL ) close to their respective maximum values. Choose any arbitrary values of V1
76
Figure 53: Circuit diagram for Experimental set up
Figure 54: Simulation setup
77
and V2.
Experiment Part Select:
Case 1:
Select switch of S1 to Power and S2 to Load and Simulate the program from Case
1 tab. Observe the result of load current.
Case 2:
a) Norton Short circuit current analysis:
Apply switch S1 to power and S2 to Short and Simulate the program and read
Norton short circuit current (Isc ) from Case 2(a) tab.
b)Norton Resistance analysis: Apply switch S1 to short and S2 to power and
Simulate the program and read Norton resistance (Rn) from Case 2(b) tab.
Case 3: Using Isc and Rn determine Load Current

Simulate the program and read Load current (IL ) from Case 3 tab. Compare the
load currents (IL ) obtained from Case 1 tab. Then click the button to fill the data
to the observation table.
MC-Moving Coil.
DPDT- Double pole Double throw.
N.B.:- All the resistances are in ohms.
Table 9: Observation Table
Sl.no. Load Current Load Voltage Load Resistance Norton current 2nd Voltage source Ammeter Reading Norton Resistance Load current
VL V Rn
IL(case 1) VL RL = IL Isc(case 2(a)) V(case 2(b)) I (case 2(b)) Rn = I IL = Isc ∗ Rn+RL
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
78
Figure 55: Figure for quiz problem 1
Reference:

Dhanpat Rai and Co.

79

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Virtual Laboratory Manual

Basic Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

2. Prof. N.K.Jain (Chairman)

3. Shri N.K.Bhagat (Member)

4. Dr.Rinchin Wanzom Mosobi (Member)

5. Mrs.Shatakshi Jha (Member)

6. Dr.Avirup Maulik (Member)

7. Mr.Gaurav Kaushik (Member)

8. Mr.Rohan Pillai (Member)

9. Mr. Abhishek Chaudhary (Member)

10. Mr.Shreyansh Upadhyaya (Member)

1. Verification of Superposition theorem

2. Verification of Thevenin Theorem

3. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

4. R-L-C Circuit Analysis

5. Three Phase Power Measurement

6. Testing on Single Phase Transformer

7. Verification of Tellegen’s Theorem

8. Verification of Norton Theorem

1. Getting familiar with basic components,measuring instruments & equipment.

2. Observe & Understand Basic Phenomenon.

4. Get Training in Technical Report Writing.

5. Study Important Characteristics of Apparatus.

6. Get the knowledge of limitations of accuracies of measuring instruments.

1. Never work Alone in the laboratory.

2. Don’t touch any terminal or switch without insuring that it is dead.

3. Keep away from all moving parts.

4. Always wear shoes with rubber sole.

5. Never wear loose clothes while working.

6. Use FUSE WIRE/MCB of proper rating only.

7. Make sure that electrical connections are right & tight.

8. Circuit should be SWITCHED-OFF before changing any connection.

10. Familiarize yourself with the shock chart instructions.

4. Gradually apply & switch-off an Electrical Load.

5. Keep all meters/instruments used for experiment in their proper position.

6. Any live terminal shouldn’t be touched while supply is on.

7. Supply should be switched-on only after ensuring the correctness of connections.

TREATMENT OF ELECTRIC SHOCK VICTIM

1. Immediately switch-off power supply.

4. Make sure that electrical connections are right & tight.

5. Circuit should be switched-off before changing any connection.

7. Familiarize yourself with the shock chart instructions.

9. Cut the conductor using some device/tool with insulated handle.

Mouth to Mouth Artificial Respiration

2. To allow proper breathing clear victim’s neck from clothing etc.

5. Repeat this process as fast as you can.

Schafer’s Method of Artificial Respiration

2. To allow proper breathing clear victim’s neck from clothing etc.

3. Kneel over the victim(refer fig.a)

6. While doing so put your weight on victim for a moment(refer fig.b)

7. Slowly release the pressure & come to the original position.

1. Lay victim on his back as shown in figure 3.

2. To allow proper breathing clear victim’s neck from clothing etc.

3. Place a pillow his shoulder so that his head falls backwards.

4. Using handkerchief draw out the tongue of victim.

5. Next, take the position as shown in figure 4.

7. Keep arms in position for 2-3 seconds.

9. Keep position for 2-3 seconds.

(ii) Three Phase-430volt(Line to Line)

(b)D.C.Supply Systems These are of two types namely,

(ii)From D.C. Generator (or A.C. & Rectifier)

1. It is 230 volts d.c.