CHAPTER

9 SPACE WEATHER

1. The Sun consists of hydrogen and helium.

2. Structure of the Sun
a. Inner layers
i. Core
ii. Radiation zone
iii. Convection zone
b. Atmospheric layers
i. Photosphere (Visible from the Earth)
ii. Chromosphere (Only visible during the full solar eclipse)
iii. Corona (Only visible during the full solar eclipse)

3. Phenomena that occur on the surface of the Sun
a. Granules
b. Sunspots
c. Solar cycle
d. Prominences
e. Solar flares
f. Coronal mass ejections
g. Solar winds

4. The Importance of Earth’s magnetosphere: To protect Earth from the adverse effects of
in solar winds.

5. The effect of space weather on Earth
a. Formation of aurora
- Occurs when cosmic rays from the Sun, which consists of highly
b. Disturbances to telecommunication/navigation system/electric power lines













CHAPTER 10 SPACE EXPLORATION

Historical development of the Solar System Modal
Claudius Ptolemy Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes Kepler
Built geocentric model with Built heliocentric model with Modified heliocentric model
Earth at the centre the Sun at the centre with the Sun at one common
focal point
Circular orbit Circular orbit Elliptical orbit

Development of technology and its application in space exploration
1. Space telescope
a. Sextant – to measure the altitude of stars
b. Galileo’s telescope
c. Hubble space telescope
d. Spitzer space telescope – to detect very distant activities in space
e. Radio telescope – to detect radio waves from space
2. Rocket
a. Used to send spaceships, satellites, space probes to space
3. Spaceship
4. Space shuttle
a. A spacecraft that can be used repeatedly
5. Satellite
a. Gather information on space weather, remote sensing, telecommunication,
defense
6. Space probe
a. Gather information and send it back to Earth
7. Space station
8. Remote sensing
a. A method of gathering and recording information from a distance
b. Agriculture, geology, disaster management, defense