5

DEBRMARKOS UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOY
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING Mechatronics
10 Assignment

ID No

Prepared by:- CHALACHEW ALEMU………..TER/0353/08

Submitted to:- MR. KHARTIK

15 Submission date 15/04/2013E.c

20
 Part-I
5 TRACKING SENSOR
ABSTRACT

Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary way of combining the

classical engineering disciplines for mechanical and
electrical engineering, electronic engineering and computer
10 science. The word, Mechatronics is composed of mecha
from mechanics and tronics from electronics.
In other words, technologies and developed products will
be incorporating electronics more and more into
mechanisms, intimately and organically, and making it
15 impossible to tell where one ends and the other begins.
Field of study involving the analysis, design, synthesis, and
selection of systems that combine electronics and
mechanical components with modern controls and
microprocessors
20 Target-tracking algorithms typically organize the network
into a logical structure (e.g., tree, cluster, or faces) to enable
data fusion and reduce communication costs. These
algorithms often predict the target’s future position. In
addition to using position forecasts for decision making, we
25 can also use such information to save energy by activating
only the set of sensors nearby the target’s trajectory. In this
work, we survey of the state of the art of target-tracking
techniques in sensor networks
 INTRODUCTION
Mechatronics, which is also called mechatronics
engineering is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering
5 that focuses on the engineering of electronic, electrical and
mechanical engineering systems, and also includes a
combination of robotics, electronics, computer,
telecommunications, systems, control, and product
engineering. As technology advances over time, various
10 subfields of engineering have succeeded in both adapting
and multiplying. The intention of mechatronics is to
produce a design solution that unifies each of these various
subfields. Originally, the field of mechatronics was
intended to be nothing more than a combination of
15 mechanics and electronics, hence the name being a
portmanteau of mechanics and electronics; however, as the
complexity of technical systems continued to evolve, the
definition had been broadened to include more technical
areas.

20 The word mechatronics originated in Japanese-English and

was created by Tetsuro Mori, an engineer of Yaskawa
Electric Corporation. The word mechatronics was
registered as trademark by the company in Japan with the
registration number of "46-32714" in 1971. However, the
 company later released the right to use the word to public,
whereupon the word began being used across the world.
Nowadays, the word is translated into many languages and
is considered an essential term for advanced automated
5 industry.

French standard NF E 01-010 gives the following

definition: "approach aiming at the synergistic integration
of mechanics, electronics, control theory, and computer
science within product design and manufacturing, in order
10 to improve and/or optimize its functionality".

FUTURE TRENDS

These interactively cooperating, intelligent machines lead

to new research topics in the controltechniques of
mechatronics and in other areas as well. It will be important
15 that a machine and itscomponents have learning
capabilities, self- adaptation and self-calibration.
Techniques such as thecombination of neural networks, and
fuzzy control with expert systems will further emphasize
theimportance of software.

20 LITERATURE REVIEW

The low-cost vehicle tracking and monitoring system is

presented to track and monitor vehicle status that are used
by certain party for particular purposes, and to provide
 location and time information anywhere on earth. The
proposed system consists of in-vehicle GPS receiver, GSM
modems and micro controller GPS module shield is used to
track and locate the position of the vehicle, and the GSM
5 for sending warning message to the owner of the vehicle
and embedded controller.

Google Maps used to show the current location of the

vehicle and usually locate device position with the help of
network. the client just send one message to the vehicle and
10 the vehicle’s mobile will send you click on a link and that
link goes to Google map and will show the current location
of vehicle.

Vehicle tracking system based on Google map and

smartphone application:

15 The proposed system is used Google earth and smartphone

application to track the vehicle at any time and to solve
various problems that faced in this urban life transportation.
The system proposed a vehicle tracking system using
GPS/GSM/GPRS technology and a Smartphone application
20 to provide better service and cost effective solution for
users. GPS is mounting on the vehicle which gives current
location and it is transport by GSM along with various
parameters in the form of SMS to the receiver. Micro
 controller is used to read certain engine parameters from
automobile data port, processes the GPS information and to
transmit this data to the server using GSM modem by SMS.
Smartphone application to track and monitor a vehicle
5 location

obtained from the system in-vehicle tracking device

controlled by a micro controller. In this proposed system a
vehicle location and all information are automatically
placed on Google map after processing using Smartphone
10 application. Thus, users will be able to continuously
monitor a moving vehicle on demand.

The system consists of three technologies GPS, GSM and

RFID Technologies. RFID Technology consists of two
15 sections, one is RFID tags which are used to trace

the object and the other is RFID reader used to generate the
signals from the satellite and convert them into
geographical locations .Global Positioning System is used
for tracking the locations of the automobile vehicle by
20 calculating the longitudinal and latitudinal values. Global
System for Mobile Communication is used to transfer the
information from the interfacing device micro controller to
the automobile owner by sending short messages.
 The commonly used vehicle tracking system works with
the radio signals. After a vehicle has stolen the owner can
report it to the police officer to get the vehicle back. The
locations are reported to the police officer. This process is
5 time consuming and expensive.

Thief can remove the GPS modem from the vehicle so that
location cannot find. To overcome these limitations of
existing system, we propose this anti-theft system by
providing security to the GPS module.
10 The proposed system consists of GPS module for tracking
the locations of the vehicle by generating the signals. The
locations are shared to the automobile owner by sending
the messages through GSM modem.
The locations are transferred from GPS receiver to the
15 GSM modem through the Micro controller. The micro
controller used in this system is Atmega which is of AVR
family.
The system includes RFID module to protect the GPS
module before it gets damaged.GPS
20 continuously tracks the location of the vehicle and vehicle’s
engine can be controlled either by sending messages or
through the mobile app. Once the vehicle’s engine is turned
off or stopped through the mobile app the vehicle will stop
permanently until and unless it is switched on by the owner
25 through the mobile app by sending the message. When the
ignition key is in ON condition the automobile owner gets
the message along with the location and buzzer will be in
ON
condition. Vehicle tracking and monitoring system is as
30 shown in figure
 V. H. KomalBhujbal and Bhakti Kulkarni have proposed
“Tracking Location & Speed of Vehicles: Using GPS on
5 Android Platform". They present a system that provides
tracking services using “Orion Easy track” device which is
a GPS/GSM/GPRS module, and they used Google maps to
show the last updated position of all the user`s vehicles as
an image that represents the current location of a selected
10 Chapter Two Literature Review 22 vehicle. This system
combines the installation of an electronic device in a
vehicle, with software at least at one operational base to
enable the owner or a third party to track down the vehicles
position, speed, stops, movements, and collecting data from
15 the field and deliver it to the base of operation. In this
approach an SMS notifications are sent to the user’s cell
phone in case of Over-Speeding, Enter/Exit a Geo-fence
area “virtual perimeter for a real-world geographic area”,
 Car Stops/Moves and Car Alarm going on. The proposed
GPS system is divided into three main parts: the Server, the
Client applications, and the GPS tracking device. The very
important feature is to provide to the admin is finding the
5 location and speed of the vehicle
This approach is divided into three main parts: Server,
Client applications, and Orion device, working integrated
together, that’s enabling managing of location, speed and
specific boundary.

10 APPLICATION OF MECHATRONICS
Mechatronics In Medicine
In 1985 the Department of Mechanical Engineering at
Imperial College began research into medical robotics for
neurosurgery. Further research into a robot for
15 prostatectomy, commencing in 1988 culminated, in 1991,
in a "World First" with the demonstration of robotic
prostate surgery. This robot was the first to actively remove
tissue from a human patient in an operating theatre. With
the expansion of robotic surgery applications, the
20 Mechatronics in Medicine Laboratory was set up in 1993,
as part of the Computer Aided Systems Engineering
Section, to research and develop mechatronic aids to
surgery. The group has developed mechatronic applications
in fields as diverse as neurosurgery, magnetic resonance
25 imaging (MRI) compatible robotics, haptic training systems
for surgeons, urologicalsurgery and orthopaedics, high
intensity focused ultrasound and blood sampling.
Pistonless Pump, Multi Air Engine, Six Stroke Engine,
Solar Cars, Thermo Acoustic Refrigeration, Biodeisel,
30 Digital Twin Spark Ignition, Nano Enabled Coating Makes
Aircraft Invisible, Automatic Transmission In Cars, Nitro
Shock Absorbers, Hypercar, 3d Machine Vision Systems,
Geothermal Energy, Cryogenic Heat Treatment, Next
 Generation 2- Stroke Engine, Microturbines, Next
Generation Engines, Tidal Energy, Air Craft Hydraulic
System, Cruise Missile Technology, Camless Engine,
Automatic Vehicle Locator, Autonomous Car, Solar Energy
5 Through Solar Space Stations, Anti-Lock Braking Sensors,
Air Muscles, SkyBus Technology, Scramjet Engine,
Pollution Less Engine, Paper Battery, Nano IC Engine,
Liquid Nitrogen, Gasoline Direct Injection, Emulsified
Ethanol, Direct Injection Diesel Engine, Vehicle Dynamics,
10 Valvetronics, Tidal Power, Hovercraft, Infrared Curing and
Convection Curing, Aeroplane Propulsion System, Running
gearing, Fuel Energizer, GPS And Applications, Selective
Laser Sintering, Agile Manufacturing, Cryocar, Cylinder
deactivation, Dyna-cam engine, Apache Helicopter,
15 CAMM Systems, Friction Stir Welding, HEMI engines,
Just In Time Manufacturing, Lean manufacturing, Quality
improvement tool "poka yoke", MEMS for Space, Personal
Protection ,, Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets, Overall
Equipment Effectiveness, Predictive Maintenance using
20 Thermal Imaging, Methanol Fueled Marine Diesel Engine,
Quality function deployment, Quasi turbine, Robots In
Radioactive Environments, Sidewinder Missile, Smart
Materials, etc.
• Mechatronic is widely used in our day to day lives. Be it
25 contact-free magnetic bearings, digitally controlled
combustion engines, robots, automated guided vehicles or
other machine tools, mechatronics is present everywhere.
• It is used in home appliances such as dish washer and
washing machines.
30 • It is used in laser optical systems. It is part of the image
and sound processing devices such as sound operators and
automatic focusing device.
• Mechatronic is also used in intelligent measuring devices
like calibration devices, measuring and testing of sensors.
 • Mechatronic is used in the medical field as well. Many
medical applications such as magnetic resonance,
ultrasonic probes, arthroscopic devices use mechatronics.
• It is used in automation like automatic air conditioning
5 systems, security system, automatic door systems. It is also
used in pressure, heat and position control systems.
• It is widely used in aeronautics engineerings for
unmanned aerial vehicles and automatic pilots. In the
defence industry it is used for automatically guided
10 vehicles and mine detection robots.
Machine vision (MV) is the technology and methods used
to provide imaging-based automatic inspection and analysis
for such applications as automatic inspection, process
control, and robot guidance, usually in industry. Machine
15 vision refers to many technologies, software and hardware
products, integrated systems, actions, methods and
expertise. Machine vision as a systems engineering
discipline can be considered distinct from computer vision,
a form of computer science. It attempts to integrate existing
20 technologies in new ways and apply them to solve real
world problems. The term is the prevalent one for these
functions in industrial automation environments but is also
used for these functions in other environments such as
security and vehicle guidance.
25 The overall machine vision process includes planning the
details of the requirements and project, and then creating a
solution. During run-time, the process starts with imaging,
followed by automated analysis of the image and extraction
of the required information.
30
Automation is the technology by which a process or
procedure is performed with minimal human
assistance.Automation, or automatic control, is the use of
 various control systems for operating equipment such as
machinery, processes in factories, boilers, and heat-treating
ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering, and
stabilization of ships, aircraft, and other applications and
5 vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention.
Automation covers applications ranging from a household
thermostat controlling a boiler, to a large industrial control
system with tens of thousands of input measurements and
output control signals. In control complexity, it can range
10 from simple on-off control to multi-variable high-level
algorithms.

SERVO MECHANISM In control engineering a

servomechanism, sometimes shortened to servo, is an
automatic device that uses error-sensing negative feedback
15 to correct the action of a mechanism.On displacement-
controlled applications, it usually includes a built-in
encoder or other position feedback mechanism to ensure
the output is achieving the desired effect. The term
correctly applies only to systems where the feedback or
20 error-correction signals help control mechanical position,
speed, attitude or any other measurable variables. For
example, an automotive power window control is not a
servomechanism, as there is no automatic feedback that
controls
25 position—the operator does this by observation. By
contrast a car's cruise control uses closed-loop feedback,
which classifies it as a servomechanism.
In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module,
machine, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or
30 changes in its environment and send the information to
other electronics, frequently a computer processor. A sensor
is always used with other electronics.
 Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-
sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and lamps which
dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable
applications of which most people are never aware. With
5 advances in micromachinery and easy-to-use
microcontroller platforms, the uses of sensors have
expanded beyond the traditional fields of temperature,
pressure or flow measurement, for example into MARG
sensors. Moreover, analog sensors such as potentiometers
10 and force-sensing resistors are still widely used.
Applications include manufacturing and machinery,
airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine, robotics and many
other aspects of our day-to-day life. There are a wide range
of other sensors, measuring chemical & physical properties
15 of materials. A few examples include optical sensors for
Refractive index measurement, vibrational sensors for fluid
viscosity measurement and electro-chemical sensor for
monitoring pH of fluids.
A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's
20 output changes when the input quantity being measured
changes.
CONTROL SYSTEM
A control system manages, commands, directs, or
regulates the behavior of other devices or systems using
25 control loops. It can range from a single home heating
controller using a thermostat controlling a domestic boiler
to large Industrial control systems which are used for
controlling processes or machines.
For continuously modulated control, a feedback controller
30 is used to automatically control a process or operation. The
control system compares the value or status of the process
variable (PV) being controlled with the desired value or
setpoint (SP), and applies the difference as a control signal
 to bring the process variable output of the plant to the same
value as the setpoint.
For sequential and combinational logic, software logic,
such as in a programmable logic controller, is used.
5 Automotive engineering, along with aerospace
engineering and naval architecture, is a branch of vehicle
engineering, incorporating elements of mechanical,
electrical, electronic, software, and safety engineering as
applied to the design, manufacture and operation of
10 motorcycles, automobiles, and trucks and their respective
engineering subsystems. It also includes modification of
vehicles. Manufacturing domain deals with the creation and
assembling the whole parts of automobiles is also included
in it. The automotive engineering field is research
15 -intensive and involves direct application of mathematical
models and formulas. The study of automotive engineering
is to design, develop, fabricate, and test vehicles or vehicle
components from the concept stage to production stage.
Production, development, and manufacturing are the three
20 major functions in this field.
Building automation is the automatic centralized control
of a building's HVAC (heating, ventilation and air
conditioning), electrical, lighting, shading, Access Control,
Security Systems, and other interrelated systems through a
25 Building Management System (BMS) or Building
Automation System (BAS). The objectives of building
automation are improved occupant comfort, efficient
operation of building systems, reduction in energy
consumption, reduced operating and maintaining costs,
30 increased security, historical performance documentation,
remote access/control/operation, and improved life cycle of
equipment and related utilities.
 Building automation is an example of a distributed control
system – the computer networking of electronic devices
designed to monitor and control the systems in a building.
Robotics is an interdisciplinary research area at the
5 interface of computer science and engineering.[1] Robotics
involves design, construction, operation, and use of robots.
The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that
can help and assist humans in their day-to-day lives and
keep everyone safe. Robotics draws on the achievement of
10 information engineering, computer engineering, mechanical
engineering, electronic engineering and others.
Robotics develops machines that can substitute for humans
and replicate human actions. Robots can be used in many
situations and for many purposes, but today many are used
15 in dangerous environments (including inspection of
radioactive materials, bomb detection and deactivation),
manufacturing processes, or where humans cannot survive
(e.g. in space, underwater, in high heat, and clean up and
containment of hazardous materials and radiation). Robots
20 can take on any form but some are made to resemble
humans in appearance. This is said to help in the
acceptance of a robot in certain replicative behaviors
usually performed by people. Such robots attempt to
replicate walking, lifting, speech, cognition, or any other
25 human activity. Many of today's robots are inspired by
nature, contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.

The Shadow robot hand system

Home automation or domotic is building automation for a
home, called a smart home or smart house. A home
30 automation system will monitor and/or control home
attributes such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems,
and appliances. It may also include home security such as
access control and alarm systems. When connected with the
 Internet, home devices are an important constituent of the
Internet of Things ("IoT").
A home automation system typically connects controlled
devices to a central hub or "gateway". The user interface
5 for control of the system uses either wall-mounted
terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone
application, or a Web interface that may also be accessible
off-site through the Internet.
While there are many competing vendors, there are
10 increasing efforts towards open source systems. However,
there are issues with the current state of home automation
including a lack of standardized security measures and
deprecation of older devices without backwards
compatibility.
15 Home automation has high potential for sharing data
between family members or trusted individuals for personal
security and could lead to energy saving measures with a
positive environmental impact in the future.

Different Types of Sensors

20  sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem whose

purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment
and send the information to other electronics, frequently a
computer processor. A sensor is always used with other
electronics.There are numerous definitions as to what a
25 sensor is but I would like to define a Sensor as an input
device which provides an output (signal) with respect to a
specific physical quantity (input). The term “input device”
in the definition of a Sensor means that it is part of a bigger
 system which provides input to a main control system (like
a Processor or a Microcontroller). Another unique
definition of a Sensor is as follows: It is a device that
converts signals from one energy domain to electrical
5 domain. The definition of the Sensor can be understood if
we take an example in to consideration.

10
 The simplest example of a sensor is an LDR or a Light
Dependent Resistor. It is a device, whose resistance varies
according to intensity of light it is subjected to. When the
light falling on an LDR is more, its resistance becomes
5 very less and when the light is less, well, the resistance of
the LDR becomes very high. We can connect this LDR in a
voltage divider (along with other resistor) and check the
voltage drop across the LDR. This voltage can be calibrated
to the amount of light falling on the LDR. Hence, a Light
10 Sensor. Now that we have seen what a sensor is, we will
proceed further with the classification of Sensors.
The following is a list of different types of sensors that are
commonly used in various applications. All these sensors
are used for measuring one of the physical properties like
15 Temperature, Resistance, Capacitance, Conduction, Heat
Transfer etc.
 Temperature Sensor
 Proximity Sensor
 Accelerometer
20  IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
 Pressure Sensor
 Light Sensor
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
25  Touch Sensor
 Color Sensor
 Humidity Sensor
 Tilt Sensor
 Flow and Level Sensor
30 Trackig sensor is an electronic security device
which allows you to monitor the location of a person or
object, esp a vehicle .A tracking system, also known as
a locating system, is used for the observing of persons or
 objects on the move and supplying a timely ordered
sequence of location data for further processing.
The purpose of a tracking system is to determine the
location or direction of a target on a near-continuous basis.
5 An ideal tracking system would maintain contact and
constantly update the target's bearing (azimuth), range and
elevation.

CONCLUSION
The very essential part in today’s everyone life is security.
10 The article GPS-GSM predicated vehicle tracking and
monitoring system using mobile App based on Google Map
is proposed to track and monitor the vehicle using GSM
and GPS modules. Ignition key is used as the anti-theft
system to find the vehicle when it is stolen and the data can
15 be received through messages by
using GSM modem by the owner. Security for the GPS is
provided by using RFID technology.

20

25
 PART-II
1. List minimum 3 working principle differences between
stereolithography apparatus (SLA), selective laser sintering
(SLS) and laminated object manufacturing (LOK).
5
Stereoolithography SLA or SL is one of several
methods used to create 3D-printed objects. It’s the
process by which a uniquely designed 3D printing
machine, called a stereolithography apparatus
10 (SLA) converts liquid plastic in to solid objects.
The basic principle of stereolithography is the
selective curing of photopolymer (a resin) using a
UV laser. A thin layer of liquid resin (generally 50-
100 microns deep) is prepared in the machines
15 building space. The laser draws a pattern on that
layer curing only the shape desired in the first layer
of the model.
The SL machine begins the 3D printing process by
drawing the layers of the support structures,
20 followed by the part itself, with an ultraviolet laser
aimed onto the surface of a liquid thermoset resin.
After a layer is imaged on the resin surface, the
build platform shifts down and a recoating bar
moves across the platform to apply the next layer of
25 resin. The process is repeated layer by layer until
the build is complete.
 Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a rapid
prototyping (RP) process that builds models from a
wide variety of materials using an additive
5 fabrication method.
The build material for SLS comes in powder from,
which is fused together by a powerful carbon
dioxide laser to form the final product.

10 It is one of the technologies used by today’s 3D

printers. Tiny particles of plastic, ceramic or glass
are fused together by heat from a high –power laser
to form a solid, 3D object.
Objects printed with SLS are made with powder
15 materials, most commonly plastics, such as nylon,
which are dispersed in a thin layer on top of the
build platform inside an SLS machine.
A laser, which is controlled by a computer that tells
it what object to “print”, pulses down on the
20 platform, tracing a cross-section of the object onto
the powder.
 The laser heats the powder either to just below its
boiling point (sintering0 or above its boiling point
(melting), which fuses the particles in the powder
together into a solid form.
5 Once the initial layer is formed, the platform of the
SLS machine drops-usually by less than 0.1mm-
exposing a new layer of powder for the laser to
trace and fuse together. This process continues
again and again until the entire object has been
10 printed.
When the object is fully formed, it is left to cool in
the machine before being removed.

Laminated object manufacturing (LOK) is a method

15 of 3D printing. During this process layers of plastics
or paper are fused or laminated together using heat
and pressure, and then cut into the desired shape
with a computer controlled lased or blade.it is not
the most popular method of 3D printing used today,
20 it is still one of the fastest and most affordable ways
to create 3D prototypes.
An LOK apparatus uses a continuous sheet of
material plastic, paper or (less commonly) metal
 which is drawn across a build platform by a system
of feed rollers.
Plastic and paper build materials are often coated
with an adhesive. To form an object, a heated rolled
5 is passed over the sheet of material on the build
platform, melting its adhesive and pressing it onto
the platform. A computer controlled laser or blade
then cuts the material into the desired pattern. The
laser also slices up any excess material in a
10 crosshatch pattern, making it easier to remove once
the object is fully printed.
After one layer of the object is formed, the build
platform is lowered by about one-sixteenth inch-the
typical thickness of one layer. New material is then
15 pulled across the platform and the heated of an
roller again passes over the material, binding the
new layer to the one beneath it. This process is
repeated until the entire object has been formed.
Once an object is done “printing ”, it is removed
20 from the build platform, and any excess material is
cut away.

2. Explain the working difference between push-

25 button, roller lever valve and pilot operated valve.
Push-button
It is a simple type of switch that controls an action
in a machine or some type of process.
 These are normally open tactile switches. Push
buttons allow us to power the circuit or make any
particular connection only when we press the
button. Simply, it makes the circuit connected when
5 pressed and breaks when released. A push button is
also used for triggering of the SCR.
A tiny metal spring inside creates contact between
two wires. This allows the electricity to flow
property and the device the switch is attached to
10 function. When the button is no longer depressed,
the spring recoils and the circuit is broken.

Roller lever
The roller lever valve is actuated when the roller
15 lever is pressed, for example by the cam of a
cylinder. After release of the roller lever, the valve
is returned to its initial position by a return spring.
This valve is actuated by pressing the roller lever
e.g. by means of cylinder trip cam. The valve is
20 returned to the normal position via return spring
after releasing the rollerlever.
5 Pilot operated valve
A pilot valve is a small valve that controls a limited
flow control feed to a separate piloted valve… pilot
valves are often used in critical applications (e.g.
emergency and SIS controls) and are human-
10 operated.
They can be set up as a push-to-activate or dead
man’s switch.
The pressure at which the control pilot relieves is
the functional set pressure of the PORV. When the
15 pilot valve reaches set pressure it opens and releases
the pressure from the dome. The piston is then free
to open and the main valve exhausts the system
fluid.

20
 3. How the working of limit switch, pushbutton switch
and relay coil is differentiated in electro
pneumatics?

5 Limit switches
Any switch that is actuated due to the position of a
fluid power component (usually a piston rod or
hydraulic motor shaft or the position of load is
termed as limit switch. The actuation of a limit
10 switch provides an electrical signal that causes an
appropriate system response.
Limit switches perform the same function as push
button switches. Push buttons are normally actuated
whereas limit switches are mechanically actuated.
15 There are two types classification of limit switches
depending up on method of actuating of contacts
a. Lever actuated contacts
b. Spring loaded contacts
In lever type limit switches, the contacts are
20 operated slowly. In spring type limit
switches, the contacts are operated rapidly.
 Push button
A push button is a switch used to close or open an
electric circuit. They are primarily used for starting
5 and stopping of operation of machinery. They also
provide manual override when the emergency
arises. Push button switches are actuated by pushing
the actuator in to the housing. Push buttons are two
types
10 i. Momentary push button
ii. Maintained contact or detent push
button
Relay coil
A relay is an electro magnetically actuated switch. It
15 is simple electrical device used for signal processing.
Designed to withstand heavy power surges and harsh
environment conditions. Whe a voltage is applied to a
solenoid coil, an electromagnet field results. This cause
the armature to be attracted to the coil core. The armature
20 actuates the relay contacts, either closing or opening
them, depending on the design. A return spring returns
 the armature to the initial position when the current to
the coil is interrupted.

5
4. Sketch mechanical pressure switch?
 5. Sketch and explain working principle of
AC/DC/Stepper and servo motor?
5 AC motor
An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an
alternating current (AC). The AC motor commonly
consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having
coils supplied with alternating current to produce a
10 rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached
to the output shaft producing a second rotating
magnetic field. The rotor magnetic field may be
produced by permanent magnets, reluctance
saliency, or DC or AC electrical winding.
15 AC linear motors operate on similar principles as
rotating motors but have their stationary and
moving parts arranged in a straight line
configuration, producing linear motion instead of
rotation.
20 The AC motor is mainly classified in to two types.
They are the synchronous motor and the induction
motor.
Working principle of a synchronous motor
When supply is given to synchronous motor, a
25 revolving field is set up. This field tries to drag the
 rotor with it, but could not do so because of rotor
inertia. Hence, no starting torque is produced. Thus,
inherently synchronous motor is not a self-starting
the motor.
5

Working principle of induction motor

In an induction machine the armature winding serve
as both the armature winding and field winding.
10 When the stator windings are connected to an AC
supply flux is produced in the air gap. The flux
rotates at a fixed speed called synchronous speed.
This rotating flux induces voltages in the stator and
rotor winding.

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DC motor
The DC motor is the motor which converts the direct
current into the mechanical work. It works on the principle
 of Lorentz law, which states that “the current carrying
conductor placed in a magnetic and electric field
experience a force”. And that force is the Lorentz force.
Working principle of DC motor:
5 A DC motor is an electrical machine which converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The basic
working principle of the DC motor is that whenever a
current carrying conductor places in the magnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force.

10
Stepper motor
Stepper motor uses the theory of operation for magnets to
make the motor shaft turn a precise distance when a pulse f
electricity is provided. The stator has eight poles, and the
15 rotor has six poles. The rotor will require 24 pulses of
electricity to move the 24 steps to make one complete
revolution.
Stepper motors are DC motors that move in discrete steps.
Working principle of stepper motor:
20 The basic working principle of a stepper motor is the
following: by energizing one or more of the stator phases, a
magnetic field is generated by the current flowing in the
coil and the rotor aligns with this field. By supplying
different phases in sequence, the rotor can be rotated by a
25 specific amount to reach the desired final position.
Steeper motor have a stationary part (the stator) and
the moving part ( the rotor).
 Cross-section of a stepper motor

Stepper motor steps

10 Servo motor
The servo motor is a rotary actuator or a motor that
allows for a precise control in terms of the angular
position, acceleration, and velocity. Basically it has
certain capabilities that a regular motor does not
 have. Consequently it makes use of a regular motor
and pairs it with a sensor for position feedback.it is
most commonly used for high technology devices
in the industrial applications like automation
5 technology.
Principle of working:
Servo motor works on the PWM (pulse width
modulation) principle, which means its angle of
rotation is controlled by the duration of pulse
10 applied to its control PIN. Basically servo motor is
made up of DC motor which is controlled by a
variable resistor (potentiometer) and some gears.

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6. Differentiate between AC/DC/Stepper and servo

motor?
7. Give example on NAND, NOR, EX-R, EX-NOR
Logic gates used in real life/industry?
 NAND
I. Burglar alarm
II. Freezer warning buzzer

5 NOR
I. Mixer tank
EX-R
I. Game show buzzer
II. Parity checker
10 III. Digital comparator
EX-NOR
I. Cutting edge microprocessors
II. Digital electronics
III. Design the programmable circuits fir
15 multibit inventor
8. What is shape memory alloy? Explain the concept
of working with its application?
A shape memory alloy is an alloy that can be
deformed when cold but returns to its pre-deformed
20 (“remembered”) shape when heated. It may also be
called memory metal, memory alloy, smart metal,
smart alloy, or muscle wire.
It has been used in the manufacture of orthodontic
wires due to their shape memory properties, super-
25 elasticity, high ductility, and resistance to corrosion.
SMAs have greater strength and lower modulus of
elasticity when compared with stainless steel alloys.
Applications;
They are used as wires and tubes in applications
30 with hot fluids flowing through them. These
materials are ideal as they can retain their shape
even in a heated environment. Another application
of SMAs is in civil engineering, example in bridge
structures. In actuators because of their ability to
35 change shapes and have potential applications in
aircraft and space vehicles because they are lighter
 .
9. What is micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS)
explain its architecture in block diagrams, also
mention its application.
5 Micro electro mechanical system is a process
technology used to create tiny integrated devices or
systems that combine mechanical and electrical
components. They are fabricated using integrated
circuit (IC) batch processing techniques and can
10 range in size from a few micrometers to
millimeters.

Typical applications:
Automotive domain, military, biotechnology,
15 commercial application in space exploration field
 Airbag system
 Vehicle security systems
 Inertial brake lights
 Head light leveling
20  Rollover detection
 Automatic door locks
 Active suspension
 Planes
 Pressure sensor
25  Displays etc.
 Block diagram MEMSs
10.Sketch and explain the following sensors with its
application:
5 Vision sensor
Vision sensor use images captured y a camera to determine
presence, orientation, and accuracy of parts. These sensors
differ from image inspections “system” in that the camera,
light, and controllers are integrated together, which makes
10 the unit installation and operation simple.

Application
Vision sensors can be used in a wide variety of
15 applications. In food and beverage industry
Injection modeling assembly lines
The automotive industry
The robotics
General manufacturing industries
 Photodiodes
A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light
in to an electrical current. The current is generated when
5 photons are absorbed in the photodiode.
Photodiodes may contain optical filter, built-in lenses, and
may have large or small surface area.

Applications:
10 They are used in consumer electronics devices such as
compact disc players, smoke detectors, medical devices and
the receivers for infrared remote control devices used to
control equipment from televisions to air conditioners.

15 Photo transducers
A transducer is a device which converts one from of energy
into another.
 They are often employed at the boundaries of automation,
measurement, and control systems, where electrical signals
are converted to and from other physical quantities (energy,
force, torque, light, motion, position, etc.)
5
Application of a transducer
Loudspeaker, earphone: converts electrical signals
into sound.
Antenna: converts propagating electromagnetic
10 waves to and from conducted electrical signals.
Hall Effect sensor: it converts magnetic field level
into an electrical signal.
Electro galvanic fuel cell.

15
Laser Doppler anemometer
Laser Doppler velocimetry, also known as laser Doppler
anemometry, is the technique of using the Doppler shift in a
laser beam to measure the velocity in transparent or semi-
20 transparent fluid flows or the linear or vibratory motion of
opaque, reflecting surfaces.
Applications
Wind tunnel velocity experiments for testing
aerodynamics of aircraft, missiles, cars, trucks,
25 trains, and buildings and other structures
Fuel injection and spray research where there is a
need to measure velocities inside engines
 Environmental research
Velocity measurements in water flows etc..

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