1.1 PART I - Introduction To IC Engines

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Addis Ababa University
Institute of Technology
School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Division of Thermal and Energy Conversion
Course Instructor: Desta Lemma

CHAPTER ONE- Introduction
2
 Contents
 Definition of Engine
 Definition of Heat Engine
 Heat Engine and classification
• Internal combustion Engine
• External combustion Engine
 Brief historical development of IC engines

Definition of Engine
3
 Engine
 is a device which transforms one form of energy into another
form.
 Most of the engines convert Thermal Energy into Mechanical
Work and therefore they are called Heat Engine.
Fuel Energy Thermal Energy Mechanical

Energy
Combustion Heat Engine

Heat Engines
4
 Heat engines differ from one another, but

all can be characterized by the following
points :
1. Heat Engines receive heat from a high-

temperature source (solar energy, oil
furnace, nuclear reactor, etc.).
2. Heat Engine convert part of this heat to

work (usually in the form of a rotating
shaft).
3. Heat Engine reject the remaining waste

heat to a low-temperature sink (the
atmosphere, rivers, etc.).
4. Heat Engine operate on a cycle.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics
5
 Kelvin-Planck Statement
 It is impossible to devise a cyclically
operating device, the sole effect of which
is to absorb energy in the form of heat
from a single thermal reservoir and to
deliver an equivalent amount of work
hot reservoir, TH
heat
entropy
work Q Where:
dS
heat
system T ds- change in entropy
δQ- differential heat transfer
cold reservoir, TC T-temprature at system boundary

Heat Engines
6
Heat Engine
Operate on Operate on
Thermodynamic Mechanical
cycle cycle
Involve working Do not involve

fluid working fluid
External Internal
combustion combustion
Engine engine
Steam power Car engines Gas turbine

plant engines
Heat Engines
7
 Some heat engines perform better

than others (convert more of the heat
they receive to work).
Heat Engines
8
 Steam power plant is an external-combustion engine.

Heat Engine- External Combustion Engine (ECE)
9
 In ECE, the burning of fuel takes place outside the engine.

 ECE is not generally desirable for mobile power plants
Heat Engine- Internal Combustion Engines (ICE)
10
 ICE converts chemical energy in a fuel into Mechanical energy.
Fuel Energy Thermal Energy Mechanical

Energy
Combustion IC Engine
11
 The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a transmission and/or power train to

transmit the rotating mechanical energy to the desired final use.
 For engines this will often be the propulsion of a vehicle (i.e., automobile,
truck, locomotive, marine vessel, or airplane
12
Largest internal combustion engine
 Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel, built in Finland, used
in container ships
 14 cylinder version: weight 2300 tons; length 27.45m; height 13.41m; max.
power 108,920 hp @ 102 rpm; max. torque 7627kNm@ 102 RPM
 Power/weight = 0.053 hp/kg
 Also one of the most efficient IC engines: 51%
Smallest internal combustion engine
 Cox Tee Dee 010
Application: model airplanes
Weight: 28.35gm
Displacement: (0.163 cm3)
RPM: 30,000
Power: 5 watts
Ignition: Glow plug
 Typical fuel: castor oil (10 - 20%),
nitromethane (0 - 50%), balance
methanol
 Good power/weight (0.485 hp/kg) but poor performance
 Low efficiency (< 5%)
 Emissions & noise unacceptable for many applications
Fuel Energy Conversion and Losses in an Engine
15
Chemical energy Mechanical Energy
(Mechanical Energy/work)
Major Energy losses in a Vehicle
16
1 US gallons = 3.785 Liters

Heat Engine- Gas Turbine Engines (ICE)
17
Turbo-Jet
Turbo-Prop
Turbo-Fan
Heat Engine - Car Engine (ICE)
18
Inline
Flat
IC engine
Summary of Heat Engines Classification
19
Historical Development of IC Engines
20
 1860: The first fairly practical engine was invented by Jean Joseph Lenoir (1822-1900)
 Single cylinder two stroke IC Engine
 Burns a mixture of coal gas and air
 Mixture was not compressed before ignition implies lower efficiency
 During the next decade, several hundred of these engines were built with
power up to about 4.5 kW (6 hp) and brake thermal efficiency of 5%.
 The expanding mixture shut the intake valve and produced enough
pressure to push the piston down, rotate the engine through its
exhaust stroke, and start the intake stroke again.
Two Stroke Lenior IC Engines
21
22
 Otto-Langen Engine
 In 1867, the Otto-Langen engine, with brake thermal

efficiency improved to about 11%, was first introduced, and
several thousand of these were produced during the next
decade.
 This was a type of atmospheric engine with the power stroke

propelled by atmospheric pressure acting against a vacuum.
Otto-Langen Engine
23
24
 Otto- Langen Engine
Eugen Langen (1833-1895)

Nicolaus A. Otto (1832-1891)
Otto- Langen Engine

25
 Otto Engine
 In 1876, to overcome the shortcomings of low brake thermal
efficiency and excessive weight, Otto proposed an engine cycle
with four piston strokes:
 Brake thermal efficiency 14%, Displacement 1/16 of Otto and
Langen engine, and weight 1/3
 an intake stroke,
 a compression stroke before ignition,
 an expansion or power stroke
 an exhaust stroke.
 His prototype four-stroke engine first ran in 1876.

Historical Development of IC Engines-4 strokes
26
27
• Intake Stroke
• The piston travels from TDC to BDC with the

intake valve open and exhaust valve closed.
• Piston draws air and fuel mixture into

cylinder
28
• Compression Stroke
• When the piston reaches BDC, the intake
valve closes and the piston travels back
to TDC with all valves closed.
• Rising piston compresses mixture raising

both the pressure and temperature in the
cylinder.
• Near the end of the compression stroke,

the spark plug is fired and combustion is
initiated. (constant-volume combustion).
29
• Expansion Stroke
• With all valves closed, the high pressure

created by the combustion process pushes
the piston away from TDC.
• As the piston travels from TDC to BDC,

cylinder volume is increased, causing
pressure and temperature to drop.
• Exhaust Stroke
• With the exhaust valve remaining

open, the piston now travels from BDC
to TDC in the exhaust stroke.
• This pushes most of the remaining

exhaust gases out of the cylinder into
the exhaust system
30
Historical Development of IC Engines with liquid fuel
31
 Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler gasoline engine

 In1883, Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, built an engine, where gasoline is
induced into the induction air through a surface carburetor
 For the first time people succeeded in using liquid fuels.
 A large step was done toward the automobile with this, because liquid fuel
needs less space than gaseous and can be transported more easily
 Gottlieb Daimler 1889 twin cylinder V was the first engine to be

produced in quantities.
 This twin cylinder V engine used liquid fuel and Venturi type carburetor;
engine was named “Mercedes” after the daughter of his major
distributor
Historical Development of IC Engines-2 Strokes
32
 Two-Stroke
 1880, Sir Dugald Clark developed the first two-stroke internal combustion
engines where the exhaust and intake processes occur during the end of
the power stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke
respectively.
 Two stroke engine reduce or even replace the complicated valve

mechanism in four stroke engine.
 Less number of strokes than four stroke engines but performs the same
power as the Otto engine
 Higher output per revolutions
33
 The two stroke engine employs the crankcase

as well as the cylinder to achieve all the
elements of the Otto cycle in only two strokes
of the piston.
 One power stroke in one revolution of the

crankshaft
 The main difference between two stroke and

four-stroke engines is in the method of filling
the fresh charge and removing the bunt gases
from the cylinder.
34
 In a two-stroke engine, the filling process is accomplished by the

charge compressed in crankcase or by a blower.
 The induction of the compressed charge moves out the product of

combustion through exhaust ports.
 Therefore, no piston strokes are required for these two operations.
 Two strokes are sufficient to complete the cycle, one for compressing
the fresh charge and the other for expansion or power stroke.
35
 A compression stroke (intake +

compression) starts by closing the
intake and exhaust ports, and then
compresses the cylinder contents and
draws fresh charge into the
crankcase.
 The fuel/air mixture is drawn into the

crankcase by the vacuum that is
created during the upward stroke of
the piston.
 As the piston approaches TDC,

combustion is initiated.
36
 A power or expansion stroke (combustion

+ exhaust)
 At the end of compression stroke the

spark plug ignites the fuel mixture. The
burning fuel expands, driving the piston
downward, to complete the cycle.
 At the same time, another crankcase

compression stroke is happening beneath
the piston.
37
 During downward movement of the piston

first the exhaust ports and then the intake
ports are uncovered.
 When the inlet ports are uncovered, the

fresh charge which has been compressed in
the crankcase flows into the cylinder.
(Scavenging)
 The piston and the ports are generally

shaped to deflect the incoming charge from
flowing directly into the exhaust ports and to
achieve effective scavenging of the residual
gases
38
Upward stroke of the piston During the downward stroke
Intake Valve open Crank Case Transfer port Opening

compression Scavenging
39
Upward stroke of the piston Down ward stroke of the piston
Cylinder compression- Power Stroke- Exhaust Stroke-

another intake stroke is Scavenging
Crankcase compression
happening beneath the piston
Historical Development of IC Engines-Diesel Engine
40
 Diesel Engine
 1892: The German engineer Rudolf Diesel (1858-
1913) outlined in his patent a new form of
internal combustion engine.
 His concept of initiating combustion by injecting a
liquid fuel into air heated solely by compression
permitted a doubling of brake thermal efficiency
over other internal combustion engines.
 1893 Rudolf Diesel built successful IC engine
which was 26% efficient (double the efficiency of
any other engine of its time)
 Much greater expansion ratios, without detonation

or knock, were now possible.
 Diesel engine also has four distinct stroke as
that of Otto engine
41
Intake Stroke
 Intake stroke in Diesel engine is the same as the intake

stroke in an SI engine.
 The major difference being no fuel is added to the

incoming air.
42
Compression Stroke
 The same as in SI engine except that only air is compressed and
compression is to higher pressures and temperature.
 Late in the compression stroke fuel is injected directly into the

combustion chamber where it mixes with the very hot air. This causes
the fuel to evaporate and self-ignite causing combustion to start.
 Combustion is fully developed by TDC and continues at about

constant pressure until fuel injection is complete (i.e. after Cut - off)
and the piston has started towards BDC.
43
Power Stroke
o The power stroke continues as combustion ends and the

piston travels towards BDC.
Exhaust Stroke
o The same as SI engine

Historical Development of IC Engines –Wankel Engine
44
 Wankel (Rotary Engine) (1929)

 Operate in four stroke principle
 Alternative to the reciprocating engine geometry
 The intake, compression, combustion and exhaust

process happen in different cavities created
between the rotor and the part of the housing.
 In Wankel engine there are two rotating parts: the

triangular shaped rotor and the output shaft with its
integral eccentric (lobe).
45
 The rotor revolves directly on the eccentric
 The rotor has an integral timing gear which

meshes with the fixed timing gear on one side
of the housing to maintain the correct pulse
relationship between the rotor and the
eccentric shaft rotations.
 As the rotor makes one complete rotation,

during which the eccentric shaft rotates
through three revolutions, each chamber
produces one power stroke.
46
 A rotary engine has an ignition system and a fuel-delivery system that are
similar to the ones on piston engines.
The Rotor
 The rotor has three convex faces, each of which acts like a piston.
 Each face of the rotor has a pocket in it, which increases the displacement
of the engine, allowing more space for air/fuel mixture.
 At the apex of each face is a metal blade that forms a seal to the outside
of the combustion chamber
47
 The rotor has a set of internal gear

teeth cut into the center of one side.
 These teeth mate with a gear that is

fixed to the housing.
 This gear mating determines the path

and direction the rotor takes through
the housing.
48
 The housing is roughly oval in shape.
 its shape is designed so that the three

tips of the rotor will always stay in
contact with the wall of the chamber,
forming three sealed volumes of gas.
 Each part of the housing is dedicated

to one part of the combustion process.
49
 The four sections are:

◦ Intake
◦ Compression
◦ Combustion
◦ Exhaust
 The intake and exhaust ports are

located in the housing. There are no
valves in these ports.
 The exhaust port connects directly to

the exhaust, and the intake port
connects directly to the throttle.
50
Output Shaft
 The output shaft has round lobes mounted eccentrically,
meaning that they are offset from the centerline of the
shaft.
 Each rotor fits over one of these lobes. The lobe acts sort of
like the crankshaft in a piston engine.
 As the rotor follows its path around the housing, it pushes on

the lobes.
 Since the lobes are mounted eccentric to the output shaft,
the force that the rotor applies to the lobes creates torque
in the shaft, causing it to spin.
51
 ADVANTAGES  DISADVANTAGES
 higher output for similar  seals exposed to heating and
displacement and physical size cooling cycles, led to a very high
incidence of loss of sealing
 simple and contain far fewer
moving parts  incomplete combustion of the air-
fuel charge, with the remaining
 the shape of the Wankel unburned hydrocarbons released
combustion chamber and the into the exhaust.
turbulence induced by the
moving rotor prevent localized  Air fuel mixing problem
hot spots from forming  Less fuel efficiency
 Lower production cost

 Lighter and higher speed
 More relayable
Comparison of SI & CI Engines
52
Description SI Engine CI Engine

Otto Cycle Heat addition @ Diesel cycle, Heat addition @
Basic Cycle
Constant volume constant pressure
Diesel oil, non volatile fuel, self-
Gasoline, Highly volatile fuel,
Fuel ignition temp is comparatively
self ignition temp is low
high
Fuel directly injected to the
Fuel-air mixture introduced
Introduction of combustion chamber at high
during suction stroke
Fuel pressure (fuel pump and injector
(Carburetor is necessary)
is necessary)
The quantity of fuel is regulated in
Throttle controls the quantity of
Load control the pump. Air quantity is not
mixture introduce
control
Required an ignition system with Ignition system & sparkplug are
Ignition
spark plug not necessary
Comparison of SI & CI Engines
53
Description SI Engine CI Engine

Compression 6-10, upper limit is fixed by 16-20 upper limit is limited by
ratio anti knock quantity of fuel weight increase of the engine
They are high speed engines They are low speed engines (
Speed (light weight & homogeneous heavy weight & heterogeneous
combustion) combustion)
Thermal Lower thermal Efficiency Higher thermal efficiency (higher

Efficiency (lower compression ratio) compression ratio)
Lighter due to lower peak Heavier due to higher peak

weight
pressure pressure
Comparison of 2-Stroke & 4-Stroke Engines
54
4-Stroke Engines 2-Stroke Engine
The cycle is completed in twoA strokes of

The cycle completed in 4 strokes of piston
the piston or one power strokes obtained in
or 2-revolution of crankshaft
every revo. of crankshaft
Turning moment is not uniform & hence a Turning moment is more uniform & hence a
heavier flywheel is needed lighter flywheel can be used
Power produced for the same size of

The power produced for the same size engine is more (Theoretically twice, actually
engine is less (2 revo gives 1 power) 1.3 times) due to 1 Power stroke in 1 revo.
Of Cra Sh)
Lesser cooling & lubrication requirement
Greater cooling & lubrication requirements
Lower rate of wear & tear
Higher rate of wear & tear
Comparison of 2-Stroke & 4-Stroke Engines
55
4-S Engines 2-S Engine

No valves but ports (some 2-s engines
Contains valve & Valve mechanisms to
are fitted with exhaust valves or reed
open & close valves
valve)
The initial cost is very high (Coz of heavy Initial cost of the engine is less (Coz od
wt. & complicated valve mechanism) light wt. & simplicity)
Volumetric Efficiency is more (Coz of Volumetric Efficiency is low (Coz of lesser

more time for induction) time for induction)
Thermal Efficiency is higher, part load Thermal Efficiency is less, part load
efficiency is better efficiency is poor compared 4-s engine
Used where low cost, compactness &

Used where Efficiency is important
Light Wt. are important (in Scooters,
( in Cars, Buses, aero planes, etc…
Motorcycles
56
 The main difference between the modern day engine and one built 100
years ago are the Thermal efficiency and the Emission level.
 For many years, internal combustion engine research was aimed at

improving thermal efficiency, Emission level, reducing noise and vibration.
 As a consequence, the thermal efficiency has increased from about10%

values as high as 50%.
57
 Currently, Five technologies that make IC engine better are

 Clean diesel
 Direct injection
 Cylinder deactivation
 Turbocharger
 Variable valve timing
 The IC engine will remain the dominant power source for vehicles until
2050 if it is assisted by
 Technology advancement
 Infrastructure
 Less manufacture cost
58
 GM Chevrolet volt plug in

Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Dec 2010
With combined electric gasoline

mode rated as 3.8l per 100km
Electric motor is powered by

batteries
 IC engine is powered by
Gasoline or Diesel fuel
 PHEVs generally have larger

packs than hybrid electric vehicles
do Best sold plug in electric hybrid vehicle in the
world
 PHEVs saves fuel, reduce
emission, increase performance
Current Engine Challenges
59
 Limited energy supply
 Global warming effect
 Environmental protection (Less pollutant emissions)
Why We Study about IC Engines?
60
 Society relies on IC engines for transportaion, commerce and power

generation, utility devices (eg. pumps, mowers, chain-saws, portable
generators etc), earth moving machineries, tractors, propeller aircraft,
ocean liners, and ships, personal watercraft and motorcycles
 The vast majority of IC engines are produced for vehicular applications

(automobile and Truck), requiring a power output on the order of 102 KW
 IC Engine deliver power in the range of 0.01KW to 20×103 KW

depending on their displacement
 The adoption and continued use of IC Engines for different applications has
resulted reltively low cost, favorable power to weight ratio, high efficiency ,
and relatively simple and roubust operating characterstics
Some Figures about IC Engines?
61
 IC Engine power 1.2 billion vehicles worldwide in July 2014,

http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1093560_1-2-billion-vehicles-on-worlds-roads-now-2-
billion-by-2035-report
 Just 2.5 percent of those will be battery electric, plug-in hybrid, or fuel-cell vehicles--the rest
will run on gasoline or diesel fuel
 In USA alone 250 million vehicles (cars, buses, and trucks) were registered in 2008
 50 million cars were made worldwide in 2009, compared to 40 million in 2000
 China become the world largest car market in 2011
 China still has far fewer vehicles per person than Western countries; it has 1.3 billion of the
world's 7 billion residents, but only 100 million or so vehicles.
 A third of all cars are produced in in Europian Union , 50% are powere diesels
Some Figures about IC Engines?
62
 70% of the roughly 86 million barrels of cruid oil consumed daily world-wide is
used in IC engines for transportaions.
 10 million barrels of oil are used per day in the USA in cars and and light duity
trucks, 4 million barrels per day are used in heavy duty diesel engines, a total oil
usage of 2.5 gallons per day per person.
 Of this, 62% is imported (at $80/barrel-costs USA economy $1billion per day)
 what about for Ethiopia?
 Calculate the amount of CO2 released per year in Ethiopia and USA from ICE used
for vehcular applications
SO ARE ENGINES BOON OR BANE?
63
Increased pollution
Greatest invention since the wheel
OR Increased fossil fuel consumption
Made transportation easy!
Made life easy! Increased congestion on roads
 Whether we like it or not….

CAN WE DO WITHOUT IT?
 Do we have viable alternatives?
THINK………
 As of today we have no answer, may be for at least 20 years more!
SO WE ARE STUCK WITH IT………!

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Addis Ababa University

School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Division of Thermal and Energy Conversion

Course Instructor: Desta Lemma

 Definition of Heat Engine

 Heat Engine and classification

• Internal combustion Engine

• External combustion Engine

 Brief historical development of IC engines

Fuel Energy Thermal Energy Mechanical

Combustion Heat Engine

 Heat engines differ from one another, but

1. Heat Engines receive heat from a high-

2. Heat Engine convert part of this heat to

3. Heat Engine reject the remaining waste

4. Heat Engine operate on a cycle.

system T ds- change in entropy

δQ- differential heat transfer

cold reservoir, TC T-temprature at system boundary

Involve working Do not involve

Steam power Car engines Gas turbine

 Some heat engines perform better

 Steam power plant is an external-combustion engine.

 In ECE, the burning of fuel takes place outside the engine.

 ICE converts chemical energy in a fuel into Mechanical energy.

Fuel Energy Thermal Energy Mechanical

 The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a transmission and/or power train to

Chemical energy Mechanical Energy

1 US gallons = 3.785 Liters

 In 1867, the Otto-Langen engine, with brake thermal

 This was a type of atmospheric engine with the power stroke

 Otto- Langen Engine

Eugen Langen (1833-1895)

Otto- Langen Engine

 a compression stroke before ignition,

 an expansion or power stroke

 His prototype four-stroke engine first ran in 1876.

• The piston travels from TDC to BDC with the

• Piston draws air and fuel mixture into

• Rising piston compresses mixture raising

• Near the end of the compression stroke,

• With all valves closed, the high pressure

• As the piston travels from TDC to BDC,

• With the exhaust valve remaining

• This pushes most of the remaining

 Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler gasoline engine

 For the first time people succeeded in using liquid fuels.

 Gottlieb Daimler 1889 twin cylinder V was the first engine to be

 Two stroke engine reduce or even replace the complicated valve

 The two stroke engine employs the crankcase

 One power stroke in one revolution of the

 The main difference between two stroke and

 In a two-stroke engine, the filling process is accomplished by the

 The induction of the compressed charge moves out the product of

 Therefore, no piston strokes are required for these two operations.

 A compression stroke (intake +

 The fuel/air mixture is drawn into the

 As the piston approaches TDC,

 A power or expansion stroke (combustion

 At the end of compression stroke the

 At the same time, another crankcase

 During downward movement of the piston