Internal Combustion Engine

Engine Construction and

Basic Engine Parts
 IC Engine construction
2

 Engine construction can be divided mainly into

1. Top end

2. Bottom end

3. Front end

4. Rear end construction

 IC Engine Construction
3

Engine Top End Engine Bottom End Engine Front End Engine Rear End
 Cylinder Head  Cylinder Block  Front oil seal
 Valve Trains  Rear oil seal
 Cylinder sleeve  Camshafts drives
 Inlet manifold  Fly wheel
 Pistons and Piston Oil pump
 Exhaust manifold Rings


 Valve covers  Water pump

 Connecting Rod
 Crankshaft
 Crank-case/oil sump

 Engine Top End Construction control the flow of air and fuel into the engine cylinders;
control the flow of exhaust out of the engine
4

Engine Top End

5
 Engine Top End
6

Includes the cylinder head, valve train, valve cover, and intake and exhaust
manifolds
 Engine Top End-
End- Cylinder Head
7

 A bare cylinder head is a head

casting with all of its parts removed

 If a cylinder head becomes damaged,

the technician may need to install a
new bare head

 All the old, reusable parts can be

removed and installed in the new
head
 Engine Top End-
End- Cylinder Head
8

 In line light vehicle engine has only one cylinder head for all cylinder

 In line heavy duty engine has two or more cylinder head

 V type engine or horizontally opposed engine has separate cylinder head for
each bank of cylinder

 Cylinder head can be made of cast iron or aluminum alloy

 The underside of the head is shaped to form part of the combustion chamber

 Cylinder head is deigned to help improve the swirl or turbulent of the air fuel
mixture and prevent fuel droplet settling on the combustion chamber or cylinder
wall
 Engine Top End-
End- Cylinder Head
9

Seals the “top-end” of the combustion

chamber.

Head bolts and head gasket ensure air-

tight seal of the combustion chamber.

Contains the valves and the intake and

exhaust “ports”.

Contains oil and coolant passages.

One –piece castings of iron alloy

 Engine Top End-
End- Cylinder Head Gasket
10

 General Purpose of a Gasket

 To confine; gas, oil, water, vacuum or

exhaust
 Seal out foreign objects such as; Dirt,
Water
 Must withstand heat, cold, pressure, erosion,
corrosion, moisture and oil

 Cylinder head gasket seal and contain

 Combustion pressure within the engine between

cylinder block and head

 Controls coolant between block and head

 Seals oil passages between block and head

 Cylinder Head Gasket Must be capable of

withstanding tremendous heat and pressure.
 Engine Top End-
End- Cylinder Head Gasket Materials
11

 Gasket Materials
 Synthetic rubber

 Cork-rubber

 Embossed steel (Corrugated)

 Paper
 Engine Top End-
End- Cylinder Head Gasket
12
 Engine Top End-
End- Cylinder Head Gasket
13

 Design and use of gasket depends:

 On substance to be sealed,

 Pressure and temperature to be involved,

 The material and mating surface to be

sealed
 Engine Top End-
End- Intake and Exhaust passages
14

 Each intake and exhaust passage  If all intake and exhaust port are
can be formed separately on the formed on the same side of the
head head it is called counter flow
 Engine Top End-
End- Intake and Exhaust passages
15

 If all intake and exhaust port are

formed on the opposite side of
the head it is called cross flow
head

 Cross flow head helps for strait

passage ways and higher
efficiency
 Engine Top End-Valve Trains
16

 Valve Train  Controls flow into and out of the

combustion chamber.

• Time and Duration

 Components (for OHV)

• Camshaft
• Valve tappets
• Push rods
• Rocker arm
• Valves
• Valve springs
• Valve rotators
• Valve seats
 Engine Top End-Valve Train Construction
17

 Construction will vary with Engine design

 Automotive engines commonly use poppet valves

 Some valve stems are chrome plated to better resist wear

 Grooves are cut into the valve stem tops for the keepers
 Engine Top End-
End-Valves
18

 Each cylinder will have:

◦ Intake valve : open to admit air to

cylinder (with fuel in Otto cycle)
◦ Exhaust valve: open to allow gases
to be rejected

 Valve nomenclature
◦ Head
◦ Margin
◦ Face
◦ Tulip
◦ Stem
 Exploded view of
Intake and exhaust
Valve assembly
components

19
 Engine Top End-
End- Exhaust Valves
20

 Controls the flow of exhaust Thicker

gases out of the cylinder stem

 Smaller than the intake

valve

 Fits into the port leading to

the exhaust manifold

Exhaust has higher temperatures.

Thicker stem.
Hollow-stem type.

Metallic sodium for cooling.

 Engine Top End-
End- Exhaust Valves
21

 Used when extra valve cooling action is needed

 During operation, the sodium inside the hollow valve melts, becoming a
liquid

 This liquid is used to cool the valve

 When the valve is opened, the sodium splashes down into the head and
collects heat

 When the valve is closed, the sodium splashes up into the stem

 Heat transfers out of the sodium and into the stem, valve guide, and engine
coolant
 Engine Top End-
End- Intake Valves
22

 Larger than the exhaust valve

 Controls the flow of the air-fuel

mixture (gasoline engine) or air
(diesel) into the combustion
chamber

 Fits into the port leading from the

intake manifold
 Engine Top End-Valve Seats
23

 Valve seats can be integral or

pressed--in
pressed

 Integral valve seat

 Machined portion of the cylinder
head casting

 Pressed-in valve seat

 Separate part that is forced into a

recess cut into the head

 Commonly used in aluminum heads

 Engine Top End-Valve Seat Angle
24

 Angle formed between the valve

face and valve head

 Normal valve face angles are

45º and 30º

 Most engines use a 45º angle

 Some high-performance engines

use seat angles of 30º
An interference angle increases sealing
pressure and speeds seating
 Engine Top End-Valve Guide
25

 There are two basic types of valve guides:

 Integral valve guides

 Pressed-in valve guides

Integral Valve Guide

 Part of the cylinder head casting

 Simply a hole machined through the cylinder head

 Very common because of its low production cost

Pressed--In Valve Guide

Pressed
 Separate sleeve forced into a hole machined in the cylinder head

 Made of cast iron or bronze

 During repair, a worn guide can be pressed out and a new guide can be quickly pressed in
 Engine Top End-
End- Valve Seal
26

 Valve seals come in two basic types:

I. Umbrella valve seals

II. O-ring valve seals

I. Umbrella valve seals

 Shaped like a cup

 Made of neoprene rubber or plastic

 Slides down over the valve stem before the spring and retainer

 Covers the small clearance between the valve stem and guide

 Keeps oil from being drawn into the cylinder head port and combustion
chamber
 Engine Top End-Dual Coil Spring Assembly
27

Increases valve closing pressure. Cotters

Cotters and spring retainer.

Outer spring.

Inner spring.

Oil seal, umbrella type.

Spring seat.
 Engine Top End-
End-O-Ring Valve Seal
28

 Small round seal that fits into an extra

groove cut in the valve stem

O-ring
 Seals the gap between the retainer and seals.
valve stem

 Stops oil from flowing though the retainer,

down the stem, and into the guide
Valve stem

 Fits onto the valve stem after the spring

and retainer
 Engine Top End-Valve Retainers and Keepers
29

Used to lock the valve spring

onto the valve
 Engine Top End-Valve Spring Seat and Valve Rotators
30

Valve Spring Seat

 Cup-shaped washer installed between the cylinder head and the bottom of the
valve spring

 Provides a pocket to hold the bottom of the valve spring

Valve Rotators

 Turn the valves to prevent carbon buildup and hot spots on the valve faces

 May be located under or on top of the valve spring

 Commonly used on exhaust valves, which are exposed to more heat than intake
valves
 Engine Top End-
End- Cam shaft
31

 Used to time the opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves
 Operates valves via pushrods & rocker arms
 Driven by gear (or chain) from the crankshaft.
 2:1 crankshaft to camshaft gear ratio.
Made from forged steel.
Consists of a number of cams (lobes) and journals
Cams

Journals
 Engine Top End-
End- Cam Lobes
32

 Precision-machined and polished surfaces

on the camshaft

 Variations in lobe shape control:

 When each valve opens in relation to

piston position

 How long each valve stays open

 How far each valve opens

 Engine Top End-
End- Camshaft Terminology
33

 Camshaft lift
 how far the valve opens

 Camshaft duration
 how long the valve stays open

 Valve timing
 valve opening and closing in
relation to the position of the
pistons

 Some camshafts are machined with dual cam lobes that have two different
profile shapes, one lobe is designed for low-speed efficiency while the
other lobe is designed for high-speed efficiency
 Engine Top End-Camshaft Terminology
34

 Variable valve timing

 Engine can alter when the valves open with engine speed

 Valve overlap

 Time when both the intake and exhaust valves in the same
cylinder are open

 Used to improve the movement of gases through the engine

 Engine Top End-Valve Timing
35
 Engine Top End-Valve Lifters or cam followers
36

Cam followers ride on the camshaft

lobes and transfer motion to the other
parts of the valve train; Rocker arm

Zero valve clearance (lash).

Push
rod
Mechanical Cam
follower Hydraulic cam
follower

Cam lobe
 Different arrangement of valve and camshaft
37
 Engine Top End-
End- Push Rods
38

 Metal tubes or rods with specially

formed ends

 Used in cam-in-block engines to

transfer motion from the lifters to the
rocker arms

 An inline engine using a pivot ball to

hold the rocker arm
 Engine Top End-Rocker Arms
39

Transfer valve train motion to the

valve stem tips
Cast or pressed steel construction.
40

Engine Bottom Parts

 Engine Bottom Parts
41

 Cylinder block

 Piston

 Piston ring

 Piston pin

 Connecting rod

 Crankshaft

 Engine bearing

 Rear main bearing oil seal

 Engine Bottom End-
End- Cylinder block
42

Cylinder block is the largest part

of the Engine

It is “Backbone” of the engine.

Supports / aligns most other
components.

Contains:
Cylinders
Coolant passages
Oil passages
Bearings
 It can be casting from one piece grey cast
iron or alloyed from other metal like Its upper section carries cylinder
Nickel or Chromium and pistons, the lower part
forms the crank-case and
 All cylinder block are with webs, ribs and support the crankshaft
fillets to provide rigidity but also to keep
weight to minimum
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Cylinder block
43
 Engine Bottom End- Block Girdle
44

 Block Girdle

 Also called a main bearing

bedplate

 Large one-piece cap that fits over

the entire bottom of the block

 All the main caps are formed as

one piece to increase strength and
block stiffness

 Two-bolt main block

 Uses two cap screws to secure each

main bearing cap to the block
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Four and cross bolted Mains
45

 Four-bolt main block

 Uses four cap screws to hold each

main cap
 Used on high-performance engines
 With extra bolts, the block can
withstand more crankshaft downward
pressure

 Cross bolted Block

 Has extra cap screws going in

through the sides of the block and
main caps for added strength
 Often used on high-performance
engines
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Cylinder sleeve
46

 Cylinder sleeve is used in engine blocks

to provide a hard wearing material like
piston and piston rings

 Cylindrical holes in which the pistons

reciprocate: Cylinder bore = diameter of
cylinder

 Types of cylinder sleeve

• Enblock

• Liners
 Wet liners
 Dry liners
 Flanged dry
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Cylinder sleeve
47

Type of cylinder sleeve

 Engine Bottom End-
End- Cylinder sleeve
48

 The dry sleeve can be casted or pressed into a new engine block or can
be used to recondition badly worn or damaged cylinder that can be easily
rebuild

 It is pressed fit in its bore in the cylinder block, its thickness is about 2mm
thick.

 Its outer surface in contact with the cylinder block with its full length, once in
place it is a permanent part of the engine block
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Cylinder sleeve
49

Dry sleeve Wet sleeve

 Not exposed to engine  Exposed to the engine coolant

coolant

 Made from relatively thin  Thicker construction than a dry

material sleeve

 Presses into a cylinder that  Designed to withstand

has been bored oversize
 The outer surface touches the
walls of the cylinder block
combustion pressure and heat
without the added support of
the cylinder block
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Piston
50

 Piston
 Forms the “moveable bottom’ of the combustion chamber.
 Lightweight but strong/durable
 Pistons are normally cast or forged from an aluminum alloy
 Cast pistons
 relatively soft, used in slow-speed, low-performance engines
 Forged pistons
 used in fuel-injected, turbocharged, and diesel engines

 When a component is cast, molten metal is poured into a mold. The

resulting component is then machined to provide the final finish and
possibly machine holes etc.
When a component is forged, it is formed by plastic deformation of the
metal (usually at high temperatures). The resulting component is then
machined to finish.

A forged component will be much stronger than a cast component. The

only time that you would want to use forged pistons or crankshafts is
when you are really trying to get the maximum out of a motor. Unless
you are building a very high performance motor, the expense of forged
components is not worth it.
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Piston
51

This piston is for a diesel engine and has a groove that allows
an oil spray to help cool the piston
 Engine Bottom End-Piston Dimensions
52
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Piston Taper
53

 Used to maintain the correct

piston-to-cylinder clearance

 The top of the piston is machined

slightly smaller than the bottom

 Since the piston head gets hotter

than the skirt, it expands more

 The piston is almost equal in size at

the top and bottom at operating
temperature
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Piston Shape
54

 Refers to the contour of the

piston head

 Piston head is shaped to match

and work with the shape of the
combustion chamber

 Piston may have a flat top or a

domed head

This is a piston for a diesel engine having

a direct injection nozzle
 Engine Bottom End-Slipper Skirt
55

 Produced when the portions of the piston

skirt below the piston pin ends are
removed

 Provides clearance between the piston

and the crankshaft counterweights

 Piston can slide farther down in the

cylinder without hitting the crankshaft
 Engine Bottom End-Piston Rings
56

 Automotive pistons normally use three rings:

 Two compression rings (upper and Lower)
 One oil ring

 Compression rings

 Top compression ring

 This ring operates under the harshest conditions with respect

to thermal and mechanical loading. Its job is to form a gas-
tight barrier between the piston and cylinder wall in order to
seal the combustion chamber. They also transfer the heat to
the cooled cylinder walls like a bridge.

 Second compression ring; one of its job is to work together with

the top ring in order to seal the combustion chamber and
transfer the heat to the cylinder walls. They also control oil
consumption.

 Usually made of cast iron, an outer layer of chrome or other

metal may be used to increase wear resistance
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Compression Rings
57
 Engine Bottom End-Oil Rings
58

 Keep crankcase oil out of the

combustion chambers

 They scrape off excess lubricating oil

from the cylinder walls and return it to
the crankcase.

 They are designed to provide a thin oil

film to ensure piston and ring
lubrication.

 Available in two basic designs:

 Rail-spacer type (three piece)

 One-piece type
A. Rail-spacer ring (most common)
B. One-piece ring made from cast iron
 Engine Bottom End-
End Piston Ring Gap
59

 Distance between the ends of the

ring when installed in the cylinder

 Allows the ring to be installed on

the piston and to “spring”
outward in its cylinder

 Allows the ring to conform to any

variation in the cylinder diameter Most piston rings use a butt joint
due to wear
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Piston Ring Coatings
60

 Soft ring coatings

 Porous metal, such as iron

 Help the ring wear in quickly
 The outer surface will wear away rapidly so the ring conforms to the
shape of the cylinder

 Hard ring coatings

 Chrome
 Increase ring life and reduce friction
 used in new or freshly machined cylinders
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Piston Pin
61

 Piston pin is used to connect piston with

connecting rod

 Piston pins are normally made of case-

hardened steel, which increases the wear
resistance

 A hollow piston pin is machined and

polished to a very precise finish

 Piston pins are held in the piston by one

of two means:

 Snap rings (full-floating piston pin)

 Press-fit
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Piston Pin assembled with CR
62

Secured by snap rings, Free to Forced tightly into the connecting rod’s
rotate in both the rod and piston small end and free to rotate in the piston
pin hole
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Piston Pin Assembly
63
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Piston Pin Assembly
64
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Connecting Rod
65

 Connects the piston to the

crankshaft

 Converts reciprocating piston

motion to rotary motion at the
crankshaft.

 Drop-forged steel
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Connecting Rod
66

 Most connecting rods are made

of steel

 Connecting rods normally have

an I-beam shape for a high
strength-to-weight ratio

 Oil spurt holes

 provide added lubrication for
A. Oil spurt holes the piston pin, cylinder walls,
and other parts

 Drilled rod
 allows oil to enter the clearance
B. Drilled rod between the pin and bushing
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Connecting Rod Numbers
67

Ensure that each connecting rod is in the

proper location and that the rod cap is
installed on the corresponding rod body
correctly
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Crankshaft
68

Works with connecting rod to

change reciprocating motion of
the piston to rotary motion

 Transmits mechanical energy

from the engine to drives
camshafts, generator, pumps,
etc.

 Made of heat-treated steel

alloys.
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Crankshaft
69

 Engine crankshafts are usually made

of cast iron or forged steel

 Forged steel crankshafts are needed

for heavy-duty applications

 Turbocharged or diesel engines

 Oil enters the crankshaft at the main

bearings and passes through holes in
the main bearing journals

 Oil then flows through passages in

the crankshaft and out to the
connecting rod bearings
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Crankshaft
70

 Parts of Cranking mechanism in IC Engine

 Vibration damper
 Gudgeon pin
 Piston
 Piston rings
 Connecting rods
 Main bearing
 Flywheel
 Connecting rod bearing
 Thrust washers (axial bearings)
 Crankshaft
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Crankshaft
71

 Crankshaft should withstand

 High working pressure

 Mechanical stress
 Fatigue resistance and hard
bearing surfaces
 Centrifugal forces

 Crankshaft is
 More expensive to produce
Stringent quality standards as
regards both material and design

 Forged of special steel and

undergo a special heat treatment
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Crank shaft
72

 What happens in an in-line six

cylinder engine

 Pistons 1 and 6 perform their

upward and downward
movements simultaneously.

 Pistons 2 and 5 move together.

 Pistons 3 and 4 move together.

 120 crankshaft degrees

 Ignition impulses
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Crank shaft
73
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Engine Bearings
74

 There are three basic

types of engine bearings:

 Crankshaft main bearings

 Connecting rod bearings

 Camshaft bearings
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Engine Bearings
75

Steel is used for the body

Alloys are plated over the

backing to form the bearing
surface
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Bearing Crash
76

 Used to help prevent the bearing

from spinning inside its bore

 The bearing is made slightly larger

than the bearing bore

 When the rod or main cap is

tightened, the bearing ends press
against each other, locking the
bearing in place
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Engine Bearings Size
77

 Standard Bearing “STD”

 Has the original dimensions specified for a new, unworn, or un machined

crankshaft

 May have the abbreviation “STD” stamped on its back

 Undersize bearing

 Used on a crankshaft journal that has been machined to a smaller

diameter

 Available in under sizes of 0.010", 0.020", 0.030" and sometimes 0.04 "

 Undersize is normally stamped on the back of the bearing

 Engine Bottom End-
End- Engine Bearings Size
78

This bearing is for a journal that has been machined 0.010" undersize
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Oil channel and oil hole
79

 Holes allow oil to flow through

the block and into the
clearance between the bearing
and the journal

 Grooves provide a channel so

oil can completely encircle the
bearing before flowing over
and out of it
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Main Thrust Bearing
80

 Main thrust bearing

 Limits crankshaft end play

 Thrust flanges are formed

on the main bearing sides,
almost touching the thrust
surfaces machined on the
crankshaft

 Thrust washers

 Used instead of a thrust

bearing to limit crank end
play
 Engine Bottom End-
End- Thrust Washers
81

Washers slide into place between the

crankshaft and block
82

Engine Front End

 Engine Front End
83

 Consists of the parts that attach to the front of the engine

 These parts include:

 Vibration Damper

 Crank shaft Pulley

 Camshaft drive mechanism

 Front cover-mounted oil pump

 Water pump

 Auxiliary shaft
 Engine Front End-Vibration Damper and Crankshaft Pulley
84

 Vibration damper is keyed to the

crankshaft snout

 It controls harmonic vibration

 Harmonic vibration is a high-frequency

movement resulting from twisting and
untwisting of the crankshaft

 If harmonic vibration is not controlled,

the crankshaft could vibrate

 Vibration can result in serious damage,

such as a broken crankshaft

 Vibration damper is also cuts load

variation on the engine timing belt,
chain, or gears, so these parts last
longer
 Engine Front End-Vibration Damper
85

 Vibration damper

 Constructed of a heavy wheel mounted on

a rubber ring

 The inertia ring and the rubber ring set up

a damping action on the crankshaft as it
tries to twist and untwist

 Crankshaft Pulley

 Operates belts for the alternator, water

pump, and other units

 May be part of the harmonic balancer, or

bolted to the front of the balancer

 Provides either V or ribbed grooves for

the belts
 Engine Front End-
End- Camshaft Derive
86

 The camshaft drive must turn the camshaft at one-half of the crankshaft
speed

 There are three types of camshaft drives:

 Timing gears
 Timing chain and sprockets
 Timing belt and sprockets

 Timing Gears

 Commonly used for heavy-duty applications

 trucks, taxicabs, and diesel engines

 Very dependable and long-lasting design

 Noisier than a chain or belt drive
 Engine Front End-
End- Timing Gears
87

 Two timing gears are used to drive the

camshaft
 One on the crankshaft and one on
the camshaft

 The cam gear is twice the size of the

crank gear

 Provides a 2:1 reduction

 Timing marks show the technician how

to install the gears properly
 Engine Front End-
End- Timing Chain and Sprockets
88

 Used to turn the camshaft

 The crank sprocket is keyed to the

crankshaft snout

 The cam sprocket, with either

metal or plastic teeth, bolts to the
camshaft

 The timing chain transfers power

from the crank sprocket to the cam
sprocket

 Timing marks must line up to time

the camshaft with the crankshaft
 Engine Front End-
End- Timing Chain and Sprockets
89

 Chain guide

 May be needed to prevent chain

slap

 Chain tensioner

 May be used to take up the slack

in the chain as it and the
sprockets wear

 Spring tension is used to push a

plastic or fiber block outward,
keeping a constant tension on the
chain

OHC Timing Chain

 Engine Front End-
End- Double overhead camshaft (DOHC)
( Timing Chain
90

 Auxiliary Chain

 May be used to
drive the engine oil
pump, balancer
shafts, and other
units on the engine

 Driven by an extra
sprocket, usually
placed in front of the
crankshaft timing
chain sprocket
 Engine Front End-
End- Engine Front Cover
91

 Also called a timing cover

 Bolts to the front of the engine
 Encloses the timing chain or gear mechanism
 Prevents oil leakage from the front of the engine
 Made of thin, stamped steel or cast aluminum
 Engine Front End-
End- Engine Front Cover
92

This front cover houses the oil

pump and water pump
93

Used to drive the camshaft on OHC

engines
 Engine Front End-
End- Timing Belt and Timing Sprocket
94

Timing Belt Timing chain Sprockets

 Provides a very smooth and  Usually made of cast iron or
accurate method of turning aluminum
the camshaft
 The crank sprocket is keyed to the
crankshaft snout
 Some belts are made of
fiberglass-reinforced nitrile
rubber  The cam sprocket bolts to the
camshaft

 Some have a service life

of 100,000 miles  Timing marks must be aligned with
specific points on the engine to
(160,000 km)
properly time the opening of the
valves
 Engine Front End-
End- Belt Tensioner
95

 The tensioner is a spring-loaded wheel that keeps the timing belt

firmly seated on its sprockets

 Pushes inward on the back of the belt

 Prevents the belt teeth from slipping on the sprocket teeth
 Mounted on a sealed antifriction bearing

 Some tensioners use both spring tension and hydraulic pressure

 Hydraulic pressure adjusts the belt tension with engine speed

 At higher rpms, belt tension is increased to keep the belt from

slipping or flying off
 OHC Engine
96

 This engine uses a belt-drive for the

camshaft and the auxiliary shaft

 Timing Belt Cover

 Protects the belt from damage

 Protects the technician from injury
 Made from sheet metal or plastic
 Tightly sealed at the bottom to keep
road debris and water off the rubber
belt
 Engine Rear End-
End- Rear Main Bearing Oil Seal
97

 The rear main bearing oil seal

prevents oil leakage around
the back of the crankshaft

 There are several different

types of seals

 These types include:

 two-piece neoprene
 one-piece neoprene
Two--Piece Neoprene Seal
Two
 wick or rope seal

 Has a lip to trap oil and another

lip that keeps dust and dirt out of
the engine
 Engine Rear End-
End- Two-Piece Neoprene Seal
98

The seal fits into a groove cut into the block and rear main cap
 Engine Rear End-
End- One-Piece Neoprene Seal
99

The seal fits around the rear flange on the crankshaft

 Engine Rear End-
End- Flywheels
100

 Flywheel
 Rotating mass with a large moment of
inertia connected to the crankshaft of
the engine.

 The purpose of the flywheel is to

store energy and furnish a large
angular momentum that keeps the
engine rotating between power
strokes and smoothes out engine
operation.
 Engine Rear End-
End- Flywheels
101
 Crankcase
102

 Crankcase
 The crankcase is that part of the engine block below the cylinders

 It supports and encloses the

crankshaft and provides a reservoir for the lubricating oil

 Contains a place for mounting the oil pump, oil filter,

starting motor

 The lower part of the crankcase is the OIL PAN, which is bolted at
the bottom. Is used as a reservoir for collecting and holding lube oil
 Basic Engine Componenets
103
 IC Engine Components
104

 Engine Components can be broken down into two categories:- Stationary and
Moving components consist of top, front, bottom and rear end construction

1. Stationary Components
o Cylinder block,
o Cylinder liners
o Bare Cylinder head
o Crankcase
o Exhaust Manifold
o Intake Manifolds.

 Stationary Components furnish the framework of the engine.

 IC Engine construction
105

2. Moving Components contains three groups according to

their motion
I. Reciprocating only (Pistons and Valves)

II. Reciprocation & rotary (Connecting Rods)

III. Rotary only (Crankshafts, Camshafts and fly wheel)

All movable parts are attached to or fitted into this framework.