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Kech: A District Proﬁle
Technical Report · January 1997

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4327.9688
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Kech
(formerly Turbat)
A District Profile
Gateway to Turbat
Planning & Development Department

Bureau of Statistics Government of Balochistan
Planning Studies Section Quetta
The District Profiles for all 26 Districts of Balochistan have been developed
under responsibility of the Planning Studies Section and Bureau of Statistics,
Planning and Development Department, Government of Balochistan, in the
framework of Implan-project. This project is funded by Governments of
Balochistan and The Netherlands. The United Nations Children’s Fund
(UNICEF) has financed the research and the printing costs of the District
Profiles in Kalat Division. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
has committed funds for the printing of the Profiles of the other Districts.
Planning and Development Department, Government of Balochistan
Planning Studies Section/Bureau of Statistics:
• Mr. S. Sajid Hussain Gilani, Assistant Chief, Planning Studies Section.

• Mr. Jawad Ahmed Khan, Research Officer, Planning Studies Section.
• Mr. Khalid Pervaz, Assistant Director, Bureau of Statistics.
Improving the System for Development Planning in Balochistan/Implan-

Project.
Consultants:
• National Management Consultants, Karachi.
• Management for Development Foundation, Ede, the Netherlands.
• Mr. Koen de Wilde, Chief Technical Advisor
Researcher:
• Mr. Hamid Sarfraz, Department of Sociology, University of Balochistan.
Editors:
• Mr. Taj Muhammad Faiz, Chief of Planning Studies Section, P&DD,

Government of Balochistan.
• Ms. Salma Majeed Jafar, Women in Development, IMPLAN, Quetta.
• Mr. Abdul Ahad Khan, Resident Project Officer UNICEF, Quetta.
• Prof: Dr. Mahmood Ali Shah, Department of Political Science, University
of Balochistan
• Mr. Teun van Dijk, Regional Planner/Institutional Development, MDF,
Ede.
Printed by Quetta Printing Press.

July, 1997.
Kech
(formerly Turbat)
A District Profile
Planning & Development Department

Bureau of Statistics Government of Balochistan
Planning Studies Section Quetta
FOREWORD.
From my various discussions with the general public, Government officials and NGO
representatives on development planning in Balochistan, it is clear that lack of
accessible information is a major concern. In order to address this matter, a number of
initiatives have been taken over the years. However, in most cases, they are of a
sectoral nature. Examples include the creation of the Balochistan Education
Management Information System (BEMIS), the initiation of the Health Management
Information System (HMIS) and further compilation of Agricultural Statistics.
We have entered a phase in which more attention must be given to the information
needs generated by inter-sectoral efforts, such as planning for specific geographical
areas. It is my view that the Planning and Development Department has the primary
responsibility for all multi-sectoral aspects of the planning process which includes
providing information. Therefore, I wholeheartedly supported the efforts of the
Planning Studies Section & Provincial Bureau of Statistics of P&DD, in the framework
of the Dutch supported Implan-project, in developing Profiles for each of the 26
Districts in Balochistan. These Profiles contain information on a variety of sectors and
subjects.
This is the first time since the publication of the Gazetteers at the start of this century,
that information is provided for all the Districts of the Province in such a
comprehensive manner. I see a great potential for the use of the Profiles by policy
makers, planners and implementors in both the public and private sector. Planners in
the Districts and at Provincial and Federal level will find them a useful source of
information. It can also be a resource for researchers and members of the general
public.
The District Profiles are not meant to be policy or planning documents by themselves.
The main objective of the Profiles is to provide data, and identification and analysis of
issues. It is not intended to provide recommendations or solutions to development
problems. The Profiles can be an invaluable input in the process of framing policies,
and of identifying and formulating development schemes.
No new data has been generated in the preparation of the Profiles. All the statistical
information included in the district profiles is based on secondary data gathered by the
Planning Studies Section & Bureau of Statistics (Sources for all the statistics are cited).
The research and analysis has been carried out by university staff. I am proud to say
that this is essentially an indigenous effort, in which the lion’s share of the work has
been carried out by people from our Province (all but one of the researchers are from
the University of Balochistan).
In conclusion, I would like to thank the staff of the Implan-project, particularly Planning
Studies Section, for providing support in this endeavour, and the researchers and the
editors for their untiring efforts. I also wish to express my gratitude to the Royal
Netherlands Embassy, UNICEF and UNDP for their assistance.
(Mohammad Yunus Khan Mandokhel)

Additional Chief Secretary (Dev.)
Government of Balochistan
Quetta, July 1997.

Kech: A District Profile page i
Table of Contents
Outline District Profile iii
Preface vii
Kech 1
1. District Resources 4
2. Demography and Housing 10
3. Social Organisation 18
4. Government Organisation 25
5. Productive Sectors 34
• Agriculture / Horticulture 35
• Livestock 44
• Fisheries 47
• Forestry 47
• Mining 49
• Industry & Manufacturing 49
6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications 54
7. Social Infrastructure 61
• Water Supply 61
• Health 64
• Education 68
• Sports 73
8. District Accounts and Development Funds 74
9. The District in comparison to Balochistan 77
10. Conclusion: Potential and Constraints 81
Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004

Kech: A District Profile page ii
Annexes:
1. List of names of all Union Councils, Tehsils,

and Municipal Committee
2. Population Figures Census 1981 and Projected Figures 1995
3. Meteorological Data
4. Functions of Local Government
5. List of names of the MPAs, MNAs and Senators
6. Agricultural Statistics
7. Livestock Statistics
8. Overview of Post, Telecommunication, Banking and

Rest House Services at Union Council level
9. Overview of Water Supply Schemes per Union Council level
10. Overview of Health facilities
11. Overview Enrolment Government Primary Schools
12. Problems and Bottlenecks for Development as mentioned by

various Functionaries and others in the District
13. Some Observations about the Data
14. List of Acronyms
15. Metric System and its Equivalents
16. Bibliography

Kech: A District Profile page iii
Outline District Profile
District at a Glance
• District Headquarters Kech at Turbat
• Date of Notification 1st July 1977
• Area 22,539 sq.km.
• Population 1981 1995

Male Female Total (Projection)
217,216 162,251 379,467 607,628
• Sex Ratio m/f 1.34
• Population density per sq.km. 16.8 27.0
• Registered Voters (1997) Male: 88,684 Female: 84,289 Total: 172,973
• Major Ethnic Groups An overwhelming proportion (about 99%) of the

population is Baloch.
• Major Languages Balochi.
• Climate Arid with hot summer and mild winter.
• Major Crops (1994-95) Ave. Yield

Area (Ha.) (Tonne/Ha.)
Fruits 26,328 9.7
Fodder 4,871 51.2
Vegetables 3,514 11.0
Condiments & Spices 1,642 12.7
Wheat 1,400 2.1
Barley 1,090 0.9
• Major livestock (1996) Number

Goats 410,520
Sheep 88,128
Cattle 38,425
Draught Animals1 18,803
Camels 15,113
Livestock Units (LU)2 313,059
Grazing Capacity3 (Ha./LU) 0.3
1
Draught animals include horses, mules, and donkeys.
2
A livestock unit (LU) is a comparative unit, based on its fodder requirements, through which all livestock can be
summarised; e.g. a cow, bull, camel and horse are defined as 1 LU, while a sheep, goat and donkey are defined as 0.5
LU.
3
The grazing capacity of an area is defined in the same way as the carrying capacity: It is defined that one livestock
unit can optimally survive on one hectare of area under fodder and range land (range land being forest area and area
under pastures). The grazing capacity = Range land + area under fodder / livestock units

Kech: A District Profile page iv
• Economy Agriculture is the major economic activity followed by

livestock farming and construction. Trading
community is involved in cross-border trade also.
• Important Minerals No mineral resources have been reported in the

district.
• Important Places Punnu’s fort near Turbat, an archaeological site.

Koh-i-Murad, centre of worship for Zikris
• Education Facilities (1996) for Boys for Girls

Primary Schools 326 103
Middle Schools 33 6
High Schools 23 2
Degree College 1 1
Tech. Training Centre 1
Private Primary Schools 4
• Level of recurrent expenditure Rs. 2,244 (as per enrolment of all the students in
per student (1995-96) Kech in April 1996).
• Teacher-student ratio (1996) Male Female

Primary 1:31 1:66
Middle 1:17 1:29
High 1:12 1:31
Intermediate & Degree 1:59 1:5
• Health Facilities (1996) Number

Hospital 1
Dispensaries 40
Rural Health Centre 5
Basic Health Units 24
Sub Health Centres 1
Mother-Child Health Centres 4
Mobile Dispensaries 2
School Health Service 2
Private Clinics 25
• Water supply (coverage) About one fourth of the population has access to
drinking water through water supply schemes.
• Energy (sources) Wood and kerosene oil are widely used as fuel for
cooking and heating while illumination is arranged
through kerosene oil lamps. Only a small proportion
of the population uses electricity, diesel generators,
and gas for light, cooking, and heating.
• Major Industries There is no major industry in Kech.
• Communication (1996) Metalled Road 50.6 km.

Kech: A District Profile page v
Shingle Road 1,466 km.

Railway None
Airport 1

Kech: A District Profile page vi
Map of Kech

Kech: A District Profile page vii
Preface
The Kech district profile is an attempt to accumulate the available information and to
address the socio-economic issues at the district level. Although validity of the data on
some sectors is debatable, it may become the point of departure for a regular district level
documentation in future.
I would like to thank Mr. Koen de Wilde, Mr. Teun van Dijk, and Dr. Saif Sherani for their
continuous guidance and support during the whole task. The review comments made by
Dr. Sherani made this profile more area specific and critical.
During the data collection many of the government functionaries extended their sincere
co-operation. More knowledge-worthy were the discussions I had with local key
informants and common folks. I owe my sincere thanks for all these friends, whose
names are hard to be given here.
Hamid Sarfraz Quetta

15th April 1997

Kech: A District Profile page 1
Kech
Kech, the land of a romance legend, has always been a place of importance for its
geographical location. It has been, and still is, the centre of Makran region;
geographically, socially, and politically. Known history of the area ways back to the time
of prophet Dawood, when people entombed themselves to avoid famine. The area is said
to be possessed by Iranian King Kaus followed by Afrasiab of Turan and then by Kai
Khusrau, again an Iranian. Then there is a long list of rulers, including Lehrasp,
Gushtasp, Bahman, Huma and Darab, to the year 325 BC when an army contingent of
Alexander the Great passed through Makran, then known as Gadrosia, on its way from
India to Macedonia. Greek historian Arrian has commented on the land, environment and
people of the area. He found the climate very hot, the soil sandy and the land inept for
human settlement. Afterwards, the area was ruled by Seleukos Nikator, one of
Alexander’s generals, who lost it to Chandragupta in 303 BC. Then the tract of history is
lost in darkness for centuries and in the fifth century after the death of Christ, we find the
area being given to Bahram-i-Gor as a part of dower of Shermah’s daughter. An
ascertained account of the area is found in 643 AD, when Islamic army under the
command of Abdullah conquered Makran and wrote to the caliph Umar about aridity of
the land. Arabs ruled the land one after the other. All the Arab geographers of the era, like
Ibn Haukal, Ibn Khurdadba, Al Istakhri and Al Idrisi, have described the country as “for the
most part desert”. In the 10th century Ibn Haukal notices that the ruler of Makran was an
Arab, Isa bin Madan, who had established his residence in the city of Kech which was
half the size of Multan. According to a local legend, Muhammad bin Qasim also passed
through the area on his way to Sind. Although many invaders, like the Deilamis, the
Seljuks, the Ghaznivids, the Ghorids and the Mangols, conquered the land but mostly the
local rulers, including Hoths, Rinds, Maliks, Buledais and Gichkis, exercised authority in
the area as the conquerors had no intentions to stay here.
Two regimes of local rulers, of Buledais and Gichkis, are worth mentioning here. The
Buledais gained power with the rise of the Zikri sect. These rulers are said to be
connected with the rulers of Maskat and were called Buledais in reference to the valley of
Buleda where they resided. The Buledais ruled the area for more than a century up to the
year 1740. In the last years of their regime they embraced Islam. The Zikri folk joined
hands with the Gichkis who also were Zikris by faith. After complete take-over of the area,
the younger branch of Gichkis took hold of Kech and Gwadar. The family feuds and
internal dissension between Gichkis resulted in nine, either partially or fully successful,
expeditions by Mir Nasir Khan I. It is said that the main motive behind all these
expeditions, made by Mir Nasir Khan I, was to eliminate the Zikris as he belonged to
(anti-Zikri) Muslim faith. These expeditions resulted in division of revenues between the
Khan and Gichkis. Mir Mehrab Khan, grand successor of Mir Nasir Khan I, appointed
Faqir Muhammad Bizanjo as his naib (assistant) in Kech to keep a stronghold. This naib
represented the Khan in this area for more than 40 years. Afterwards local influential
were appointed as naibs of the Khan due to ineffectiveness of non-local naibs. Foreign
support and fragmented local population of Balochs gave the Gichkis super-ordination
and they became Hakims (rulers) of the area.
The first Afghan war (1838-39) directed the attention of the British to the area. Major
Goldsmith visited the area in 1861 and an Assistant Political Agent was appointed at

Gwadar in 1863.4 Kech remained under control of the Khan of Kalat, through his nazims,
during the colonial era however the British rulers had influence in the affairs of the area.
After the division of the Indian subcontinent into two sovereign states, Makran joined the
Balochistan States Union in early 1949 along with Kalat, Lasbela and Kharan. In October
1955, Makran was given the status of a district of former West Pakistan province after its
accession to Pakistan. On 1st July 1970, when ‘One Unit” was dissolved and Balochistan
gained the status of a province, Makran became one of its 8 districts. On 1st July 1977,
Makran was declared a division and was divided into three districts, named Panjgur,
Turbat (renamed Kech) and Gwadar. Turbat was notified as a district on July 1, 1977. In
1994-95, the name of Turbat district was changed to its old name, i.e., Kech. Now the
name of the district is Kech while Turbat town is its headquarters.
Kech has been very much popular for a love story of Punnu and Sassi. Punnu was a Hoth
prince remnant of whose miri (fort) can still be seen near Turbat, and Sassi was his
beloved. Many folklore have been written about this legend in all the local languages.
4
The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Makran, (Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab, 1986), pp. 33-51.

Punnu’s Fort
An old building of the Police Station

1. District Resources
1.1 Introduction
The statistics on land use reveal that only one fourth (24.6%) of the total geographical
area of the district is reported and only 5.2 percent of the total geographical area is
potentially available for cultivation. More than half of the potential area available for
cultivation area is culturable waste. This situation indicates a high level of under-
exploitation of the district’s resources. Most of the reported area is not available for
cultivation. Time series data reveal that the area under cultivation is gradually increasing.
It represents a healthy trend. Therefore, it may be inferred that if efforts are directed
towards mechanisation, provision of irrigation sources, introduction of modern agricultural
technology, and development of infrastructure like road and electricity, the agricultural
potential can be fully exploited in Kech. Consequently, the agriculture based economy of
the district can sustain.
Land use 1994-95 Area (Ha.) % of total district area

Total Geographical Area5 2,253,889 100.0
Area not Reported 1,699,553 75.4
Area Reported6 554,336 24.6
- Area not available for cultivation7 437,052 19.4
- Area under forest8 0 0
- Area under permanent pasture 85,910* 3.8*
- Culturable waste9 67,934 3.0
- Area under water logging/salinity 0 0
- Arable land10 49,360 2.2
Potential area available for cultivation11 117,294 5.2
Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95
* These figures are provided by the National Management Consultants (NMC) in reference with the Irrigation
Department, however these are not reported by any other source.
1.2 Topography
Kech district is located from 25°-24′ to 26°-39′ north latitudes and from 61°-49′ to 64°-31′
east longitudes. It is bounded on the north by Panjgur district, on the east by Awaran
district, on the south by Gwadar district, and on the west by Iran. Total area of the district
is 22,539 square kilometres.
The district is mountainous in its character and the direction of the mountain ranges is
from north-east to south-west. It lies between two important mountain ranges, i.e., the
5
Total geographical area is the area within the administrative boundaries (of the district).
6
Area reported is the area covered by village and/or district record. The difference between the geographical area and
the area reported is the “area not reported” (yet).
7
Area not available for cultivation includes barren or mountainous land, area under roads, canals, sites of villages,
houses, etc., or otherwise area put to uses alien to agriculture.
8
Area under forest is any land, which is covered by trees, permanent pastures, game sanctuaries and also those areas,
which fall administratively under Revenue and Forest Departments.
9
Culturable waste is such area, which may be available for cultivation but has either not been cultivated or abandoned,
is water logged or saline or left fallow for more than four years.
10
Arable land is land suitable for ploughing and crop production (or being ploughed), net sown or left fallow for less than
four years.
11
Net potential area available for cultivation is both arable land and the culturable waste, as the latter one can be
brought under cultivation by way of e.g. land levelling, irrigation, etc.

Makran Coast range, which separates it from Gwadar district in the south and the Central
Makran range, which separates it from Panjgur district in the north. The elevation of the
district ranges between 100 to 1400 meters above sea level. Most of the western part of
the district is relatively at a low elevation compared to the eastern one. The Kech valley is
well-known for it’s hot weather.
Gokprosh, an offshoot of the Makran Coast range, starts from Tal-e-Sar, due south of
Oshap in the Kech valley and runs due westward to Baho Kalat in Iran, separating
Pidarak from Shahrak and Sami, and Nigwar from Tump and Mand. It consists of a single
ridge at the eastern end which gradually widens into the usual collection of parallel ridges
as it approaches the western boundary of the district. Here the little valley of Kastag is
found enclosed within it. Midway in its length, the Nihing and Kech rivers join at Kaur-e-
Awaran and form Dasht river.
The Central Makran range is in the north of Kech. At the north-eastern end the main
mass consists of a single ridge known as the Koh-e-Patandar but opposite Gwarjak in
Mashkai this ridge bifurcates. The lower one forming a larger arc and running along the
northern edge of the Kolwa and Kech valleys to Mand. Opposite Sami this ridge is called
Sami Koh and between Kech and Buleda is known to the people of Kech as the Buledai
Band and to those of Buleda as the Kech Band. The latter name is more common.
Westward the range includes the area of closed drainage known as Balgattar and the
valley of Buleda.
The major rivers and streams of Kech district include Dasht river, Nihing river, Basol river,
Kech kaur, Gish kaur, and Kil kaur.
1.3 Climate
The climate of Kech, elevated at 100-1400 meters above sea level, is dry arid hot. It is
placed in “hot summer and mild winter” temperature region.12 Summer is not only hot but
also long. It continues from March through November (9 months) while winter starts in
December and continues till February (3 months). June is the hottest month and January
the coldest. Mean monthly temperature in the hottest month remains above 32°C. The
highest ever recorded temperature at Turbat is 44.8°C in 1982. In the coldest month,
January, the mean monthly temperature remains between 10°C to 21°C. Sometimes it
drops below 10°C but it does not reach 0°C. In winter a cold wind, locally called goorich,
blows, which takes the temperature feel like below freezing point.
Aridity is severe in the district because average annual rainfall is below 250 mm and in
some years annual rainfall was even below 100 mm. The potential evapotranspiration
which exceeds precipitation by more than two times results in aridity or desertification.
Winter precipitation exceeds summer rainfall but overall precipitation level remains low.
According to the Pakistan Meteorological Department, total annual precipitation in 1982
was 155 mm. No recent climate data is available for Kech as presently there is no
meteorological station in the district.
12
Fazale Karim Khan, A Geography of Pakistan: Environment, People, and Economy, (Karachi: Oxford University Press,
1993), pp. 32-51.

Rainfall 1982 (in mm)

45 41
40
35
30 25
25 21
18
20 14
15 10 9
10 6 6
5 2 1 2
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source: 1981 District Census Report of Turbat (1983)
1.3.1 Annual Mean Rainfall

The only data available by the Pakistan Meteorological Department is of 1982 published
in 1981 census report. In that year total annual rainfall was 155 millimetres at Turbat. This
data confirms the “dry arid” climatic category of the area. Winter rainfall provides irrigation
water for Rabi crops, i.e., wheat, barley, bakla, and masoor. Sometimes traffic across the
streams discontinues due to floods resulting from rainfall.
1.3.2 Annual Mean Temperature
At Turbat mid summer mean maximum temperature (in June) was 44.8°C in 1982 while
mid summer mean minimum temperature was 28.1°C. In the same year the mid winter
mean maximum temperature (in January) was 24.7°C and mean minimum temperature in
mid winter was 11.6°C.
Mean Temperatures 1982 (in °C) Max.

Min.
45.0 43.7 44.8

40.0 40.7 40.4 40.0
38.8 38.2
35.0 33.7 32.8
30.0
27.9 28.1 27.6 26.4 27.3
25.0 24.7 25.9 24.2
20.0 21.1 20.7
16.8 16.2
15.0
11.6 12.7 12.3
10.0
5.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
The annual mean maximum temperature for 1982 was 36.1°C while the annual mean
minimum temperature for that year was 20.3°C. This data validates the climatic
categorisation of the district as “hot summer and mild winter” because mean monthly
temperature in the hottest month of summer was 36.5°C and mean monthly temperature
in winter was 23.2°C in 1982.

1.4 Soils
Kech has two types of soil. Western and central part of Kech consists of alluvial soil while
the remaining mountainous land is made of rock outcrops, lithosols, and rigosols. With
the virtual absence of vegetation, soil formation is minimal. In the west, wide basins of
Dasht and Nihing rivers bounded by hills and mountains, are covered with alluvial soils.
The foothills are covered with talus cones and alluvial fans generally composed of gravel,
pebbles, and sands. Beyond the foothills, the valley floors are covered with silt and loam.
Kolwa and Dasht valleys are the largest un-irrigated tracts in Makran. Other such tracts
include Buleda. Balgattar, Nigwar, and Kech valleys. These are fertile soils of great
agricultural value in the rocky waste.
The mountainous area of the district is covered with lithosols and rigosols. Limestone,
shale and sandstone are the main rocks involved in the formation of this area. Volcanic
rocks cover the area in patches. Limestone yields very little soils. Most of the soils formed
on the slopes are removed by wind, water, and gravity. These stony soils lie over the
bedrock and are classified as lithosols. Over the flatter areas, rigosols dominate. Unlike
lithosols these are usually not stony.13
Soil in the dry crop (khushkaba) areas has more agricultural value than that of the
irrigated lands. In irrigated areas continuous cultivation has gradually decreased all the
nutrients in the soil. Shadows of closely planted date trees have diminished the nature’s
process of nitrogen enrichment of soil by obstructing sunlight. Khushkaba lands are flood
irrigated. Torrential waters from hill slopes bring along nutrient enriched soil, which is
highly valuable for agriculture.
In Kech, soil is divided into four local categories; milk and mat for khushkaba, and rek and
kork for irrigated lands. Milk, found in Balgattar, Dasht, Nigwar, and Kolwa, is white soft
clay brought down from the hills and deposited by the streams and hill torrents. It is
considered fit for all kinds of grain crops, specially wheat and barley. It has a great
capacity of moisture retention thus it does not crack or harden. Another form of milk,
called gach, is found mostly in Nigwar area. It becomes hard and uncultivable after two or
three years of cropping. Mat consists of a thick layer of silt containing a mixture of earth
and sand. It is found mostly in Dasht area where it is most suitable for cultivation of juar.
Rek, soil of irrigated lands, is composed of milk mixed with sand. It is good for rice and
zurrat (sorghum) cultivation. Rod is another type of soil found in irrigated lands. In order
to cultivate in this soil, milk has to be mixed in it continuously. Most of such land is
irrigated by kaurjos by which sufficient silt is periodically deposited to give the field a new
lease of life. It is found only in few areas of Kech. There are some tracts of sorag, dak,
pat, kallar, and kap soils but these are not cultivated.
In some areas, soil erosion through wind is a potent threat to agriculture in the area
because in this way land is striped of soil, impregnated with nutrients. Afforestation can
helping minimising this problem.
1.5 Minerals
No mineral resources have been reported anywhere in the district. However salt is
obtained from kaps of Kolwa and Balgattar areas.
13
Fazale Karim Khan, pp. 54-60.

1.6 Vegetation
Grass and fodder plants are fairly numerous in the district. The most important of these
are the barshonk, sorag, drug, and kandar. The landscape, specially along the coarse of
Dasht river, is featured with kahur (prosopis spicigera) and gazz (tamarix galica) or
tamarisk trees. Some plants of pharmaceutical importance including aishak, lantoo,
danichk (Ispaghol), and shrish are also found in the district. Some other wild plants are
chigird, kabarr, babbur, kharak, chish, kahsh, gwanick, and gunsh. Frequently found plant
is pish (nannorhops ritchieana), or dwarf palm, which is used for construction of huts in
some areas of the district.
1.7 Energy
Fuel wood and kerosene oil are mainly used for cooking and heating in Kech district while
most of the tubewells are diesel operated. Kerosene oil is used for lightening in most of
the areas as electricity is provided in Turbat (regularly) and Buleda (for limited hours)
areas only. All the kerosene oil, diesel and petrol comes from Iran through cross-border
trade, except a limited quantity of diesel. As this trade is in violation of the country laws,
record of total import is not available. The price difference in Iranian and Pakistani
petroleum products is significant and there is no vigilance on cross-border trade.
Therefore this illegal trade flourishes well. One litre of petrol is available for 10-11 rupees,
of diesel for 6 rupees and that of kerosene oil for 12 rupees. The only Pakistani petroleum
product being sold in the district to some extent is diesel, because it is without any
contamination hence good for motor vehicles. The consumption of liquid petroleum gas
(LPG) is increasing, mainly for cooking. Electricity, where available, is mainly used for
light. However, 58 connections have been provided for agricultural purpose.
Although official reports contradict the existence of forest in Kech, fuel wood comes from
woodlands of the district. The price of fuel wood is increasing as at present 40 kilograms
of fuel wood cost rupees 80-85. Regular electric supply is a great need of the area as it
will ensure the running of more tube-wells for irrigation.
1.8 Environment
The soil of Kech having great agricultural potential is threatened by wind erosion. The
wind blowing at high speed strips off the upper layer (about 5 cm thick) of soil which has
most of the nutrients necessary for cultivation. Wind erosion can be one reason behind
less soil formation and consequent less agricultural activities in the district.
Although overall population density is low in the district, the human settlements are very
densely populated. This thickly located population becomes a problem in the absence of
civic facilities. The sewerage system is absent and solid waste disposal is not effective. In
various localities, around Turbat town, people throw their household garbage just outside
their houses, in the streets, and drainage in most cases is without any channel. Solid
waste disposal arrangements are available in the municipal limits of Turbat only. The
municipal committee has one tractor trolley for the collection of household garbage but
they dump the garbage along side Kech kaur and sometimes burn it there. This situation
poses serious environmental threats to the health of inhabitants. This threat is more
serious in other villages as there is no solid waste collection arrangement on communal
level.

Noise pollution is not a problem in Kech district due to less traffic. As there is no industry
chemical pollution of soil is also not there. It may be concluded that presently the district
is facing environmental threats of soil erosion (green pollution) and solid waste
management (grey pollution). However, the area under cultivation is gradually increasing
which may protect wind erosion.
1.9 Conclusion and major Development Issues
According to the land use statistics only one fourth of the area in Kech is reported and 5.2
percent of the total geographical area is potentially available for agriculture. There is
shortage of water for irrigation therefore agricultural resources are hard to be exploited.
Moreover, due to employment in the Gulf states and the consequently high level of
income, people are reluctant to work as agriculture workers. Average annual rainfall is
less than 250 mm, therefore aridity is prevalent in the area. The area is well-known for its
scorching heat in summer.
Wind erosion being a major environmental threat needs afforestation as a protective

measure. Grey pollution also needs attention of public health planners which is causing
severe health hazards in Kech district. Awareness amongst men and women about
garbage disposal, etc. needs to be created at a vast scale.
Fuel wood and petroleum products are used as energy sources because the electric
supply is either non-existent or not regular. Cross-border import has made the availability
of petroleum products easy and affordable. No mineral resources are reported in Kech.
After an overview of the district resources it might be concluded that the district has
potential for agriculture if irrigation water and agricultural machinery or labour is available.
There is need for development of irrigation as well as water supply schemes and for
availability of agricultural inputs, like fertilisers, seeds, and pesticides, on affordable
prices.

2. Demography and Housing
2.1 Population
Since independence, four population censuses have been conducted: in 1951, 1961,
1972, and 1981. The new census was due in 1991 but due to political reservation of the
provinces and other political forces it could not be executed. The data provided by
previous censuses do not present a consistent trend. The Planning Commission had
indicated under-enumeration of population in the 1961 census by 7.5 percent.14 Usually
male enumerators are deputed to interview the respondents, male members of the
household in most cases. This makes girls and women invisible in the census data,
specially in the productive sector. Female family members are usually less reported due
to social norms. Their participation in the productive sector is also ignored. All the
enumerators of the census as well as the supervisory officials were government
employees who, as a matter of routine, were not very careful about the validity of
censuses. Supervision has also been ineffective and cooking of census data has been a
common practice. Keeping in view all these facts, reliability of all these censuses is can
be questioned.
1951 1961 1972 1981 1995 (projected)

Population 83,631 70,326 147,97 379,467 607,628
8
M/F ratio n/a n/a n/a 1.34 n/a
Population Density 3.7 3.1 6.6 16.8 27.0
No. of Households n/a n/a n/a 46,315 n/a
No. of Female Headed
Households n/a n/a n/a 0 n/a
Average Household Size n/a n/a n/a 8.2 n/a
Percentage under 15 years n/a n/a n/a 53.8 n/a
Urban Population 3,549 4,578 27,671 52,337 n/a
M/F ratio Urban n/a n/a n/a 1.22 n/a
Rural Population 80,082 75,748 120,30 327,130 n/a
7
M/F ratio Rural n/a n/a n/a 136 n/a
Urban Population (%) 4.2 6.5 18.7 13.8 n/a
Source: 1981 District Census Report of Turbat, NIPS projections, and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units
The NIPS projections for the district’s population in March 1995 show an annual growth
rate of 3.4 percent as compared with the growth rate 11.8 percent for the inter-censal
period 1972-81 which is more than three times higher than the new one. This great
fluctuation in growth rates also represents unreliability of census data.
2.1.1 Population Growth Pattern

The population growth rates for the district have been inconsistent right from the initial
censuses. During the inter-censal period 1951-61 a significantly negative growth pattern
(-1.2%) has been observed while in the next 11 years (1961-72) this rate increases to 6.5
percent. Even after the increase in population in 1961 by 7.5 percent, as indicated by the
Planning Commission, the growth rate remains in minus (-1.0%).
14
Abdul Razzaque Rukanuddin and M. Naseem Iqbal Farooqui, The State of Population in Pakistan, (Islamabad: NIPS,
1988), p. 4.

Population density (per sq.km.)

30
27
25
20
16.8
15
10
5 3.7 3.1 6.6
0
1951 1961 1972 1981 1995
The population growth rate during 1972-81 has been 11.8. This indicates an exaggerated
over-enumeration of population. The NIPS projection for the district’s population in 1995
is not compatible with the total number of voters (172,973)15 in 1997. The recent rate of
growth (3.4%), which has been calculated on the basis of projections of population for
1995, made by NIPS, is slightly higher than that of the Pakistan (3.1%). In 1981, total
fertility rate in the district was 9.6. It explains, to some extent, high growth rate for the
district but the highly fluctuating growth trend cannot completely be explained.
Annual Growth Rates 11.8 National

12 Provincial
10 District
8 6.5 6.6
5.5
6
3.6 3.9 3.4
4 3.1 3.1
2.4
1.5
2
0
-2 1951-61 -1.2 1961-72 1972-81 1981-95
Source: 1981 District Census Report of Turbat, NIPS Projections, and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units
2.1.2 Population Composition

According to 1981 census, the male population in Kech district outnumbers the female
population throughout the population pyramid, except for the age group 35-40 years. One
probable reason may be that young girls are often not reported at the time of census as
people consider it against the code of honour to tell the names of or details about their
young female family members to strangers or enumerators. In this way women become
less visible in the population. It is evinced by a significant gap between number of males
and females of young age group (5-19 years). Another reason could be malnourishment
and neglect of girls. However, final conclusions can only be drawn after availability of age
and gender specific birth and death rates at the district level.
In 1981, about one third (34.2%) of the total population was eligible to vote (21 years of
age and above) while adult population (18 years of age and above) was 40.3 percent.
Women of the child bearing age (15-49 years) were 38.4 percent of the female
population. Married population constituted 63.1 percent of the population of 15 years and
above while 30.4 percent of this population was never married. Divorcees and widowers
15
Deputy Director, Local Government and Rural Development Department, Makran division.

constituted 1.0 and 5.6 percent respectively. Mean age at marriage for females in Kech
district was 21.3 years.
1,387 Age Sex Composition (1981)

75 and above 1,482
978
70 to 74 1,397
1,028
65 to 69 1,662
2,502 Female
60 to 64 4,742
2,847 Male
55 to 59 3,171
5,467
50 to 54 5,676
5,881
45 to 49 6,056
7,373
40 to 44 8,046
9,308
35 to 39 8,904
8,579
30 to 34 9,546
9,925
25 to 29 11,363
9,089
20 to 24 13,423
12,121
15 to 19 23,517
24,342
10 to 14 39,294
31,087
5 to 9 42,591
30,337
0 to 4 36,346
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000
Source: 1981 District Census Report of Turbat
2.1.3 Household Size

The average household16 size in the district, according to 1980 housing census, is 8.2
which shows an increasing trend in retrospect of the previous censuses. One reason for
this trend may be the high total fertility rate (9.6 in 1981) which surely can result in a
larger household size. The employment of male family members in Gulf states has also
necessitated the joint family system which in turn results in a large household.
2.1.4 Dependent Population

According to the 1981 census, the majority (55.9%) of the population in the district is
dependent, either below the age of 15 or 65 years of age and above. The youth
dependency ratio is 121.8 percent while the old age dependency ratio is 4.7 percent. An
overall dependency ratio of 126.5 percent is a significant burden on the earning
16
A household is defined as a person or a group of persons living together and eating from the same kitchen and using
the same budget, whether or not related to each other. Hospitals, hostels, jails and hotels are not considered as
households.

population. This situation increases the economic pressure for the families which may
result in child labour and malnutrition of both women and children; the most neglected
strata of the society.
2.1.5 Rural-Urban Dimensions

The definition of “urban area” has been changing in different censuses. In 1972, urban
areas included municipal corporations, municipal committees, cantonment boards, and
town committees. Other places having a concentration of population of at least 5,000
persons in continuous collection of houses, where the community sense was well
developed and the community maintained public utilities, such as roads, street lighting,
water supply, sanitary arrangements, etc., were also treated as urban areas. These
places were generally centres of trade and commerce with a population mostly non-
agricultural and had a comparatively higher literacy rate. As a special case, a few areas
having the above urban characteristics but with a population less than 5,000 persons
were also treated as urban.17 The 1981 census defined the urban locality on the basis of
type of local government institutions. All the localities which were either metropolitan
corporation, municipal corporation, municipal committee, town committee or cantonment
at the time of census, were treated as urban.18 The definition of urban areas in 1961
census is not given in the census reports. This variation and unavailability of the definition
of urban area has made comparative analysis difficult.
Urban Population
20.0% 18.7%
15.0% 13.8%
10.0%
4.2%
5.0% 6.5%
0.0%
1951 1961 1972 1981
Source: 1981 District Census Report of Turbat and 1951-81 Population of Administrative Units
According to 1981 census, only 13.8 percent of the population is urban. Only the
municipal area of Turbat is designated as urban. The highest of the urban population ratio
can be observed at the time of 1972 census (18.7%), a sudden rise from 6.5 percent in
1961. In 1981, percentage of urban population decreased to 13.8 percent. This
unprecedented change in proportion of urban population can only be defined in terms of
change of definition.
2.1.6 Spatial Population Distribution

In Kech, the human settlements are spread throughout the district. However, most of
them are alongside the irrigated agricultural lands. Turbat town is the only urban area in
Kech, while other important localities include Mand, Tump, Buleda, Balnigore, Nasirabad,
Kalatuk, Pidarak, Hoshab, Niwano, and Menaz. In 1981, there were 343 (excluding 29
un-inhabited) mauzas/villages. The population of two individual mauzas was above 5,000
while 242 had a population less than 1,000. See chapter 7.3 for the spatial distribution of
schools all over the district.
17
Government of Pakistan, District Census Report: Makran (Islamabad: Census Organisation, 1977).
18
Government of Pakistan, (1983), p. viii.

2.1.7 Ethnic Composition

The Balochs constitute an overwhelming proportion (about 99%) of the population in the
district while the remaining include Brahvis, Pushtuns, Sindhis, Punjabis, and others.
Balochi is the language spoken in almost all the homes in the district. This is a different
dialect however from that of being spoken in Dera Bugti and Kohlu. Balochi spoken in
Panjgur and Kech has more Persian words than the Balochi spoken in other areas of
Balochistan. It has great variation as far as accent is concerned. Accent varies from
village to village, even located in close vicinity of each other. Urdu is the second major
language for communication in the area, mainly because of people’s links to Karachi.
2.1.8 Nature and Extent of Migration

Intra-district migration is minimal in Kech. The majority of the population is permanently
resident in its villages. Seasonal migration is observed in the area to some extent when
livestock farming communities of the district migrate to the date producing areas in the
date harvesting season, from July to October. The considerable immigration is of the
people who are coming home from Gulf after completing their service tenure and those of
skilled workers from other parts of the country. International out-migration is of potential
workers to Gulf states.
According to the 1981 census, the total number of in-migrants was 2,385 (0.6% of the
total population). They were 18.2 percent in rural areas and the remaining in urban area.
The male and female in-migrants were 67.6 and 32.4 percent respectively. The persons
who had migrated into the district during the last 5 years before 1981, i.e., after March
1976, were 43.8 percent, while 26.3 percent had migrated before 5 years but after March
1971. The remaining 29.5 percent had migrated 10 years earlier. During the last ten years
1,030 persons had gone abroad – 348 from urban and 682 from rural areas and were still
residing there at the time of census.19.
2.2 Labour Force
In 1981, the civilian labour force constituted 46.0 percent of the population in Kech. More
than three quarter (78.2%) of the male population and a small percentage (1.8%) of the
female population participated in the labour force. The urban and rural labour force
participation rates were 31.8 and 48.2% respectively. The major occupation group
“Agricultural animal husbandry and forestry workers, fishermen and hunters” was adopted
by a majority (72.1%) of the labour force.20 Farmers themselves work in their fields but
tenants, locally named as shareeks, are also employed as agricultural labourers. After
agriculture, livestock farming is the second important sector of labour force involvement.
Other important occupation groups were “production and related workers, transport,
equipment operators and labourers”. The majority of the labour force in the district is
local. Migrant labour is small in number. All the agricultural labour is local. The non-
resident workers are involved in tasks needing specific skills, specially in the field of
construction work. Cleaning of karezes is done by the farmers themselves but excavation
and major cleaning of karezes and kaurjos needs employment of Pushtun labour.
The male labour force is visible only, both in reality and in statistics. However, women are
actively involved in various productive sectors, including agriculture, livestock farming,
19
Government of Pakistan, (1983), pp. 8.
20
Government of Pakistan, (1983), pp. 8.

date processing (drying), and handicrafts. Women are allied workers in agriculture and
livestock farming.
The main reason behind the invisibility of the female labour force is the socio-cultural
milieu of the district. Women of upper income groups are not allowed to work outside their
homes. The veil is considered necessary for these women. Women of Darzadas, Golams,
and Loris have been working outside their homes but these days they also follow the
Baloch traditions as the segregative group boundaries between Balochs and other low
status social strata are now merging at societal level. Urbanisation is very slow in the
area thus the consequent socio-cultural change, allowing and sometimes necessitating
the women’s active participation in the productive labour, is also slow. Male out-migration
usually results in communities with women working outside, but in Kech district the
average family size exceeds 8 family members which lessens the need for work by
women outside their homes. Nonetheless women’s household work itself comprises
multiple activities, which keeps them busy all day long.
The education expansion has resulted in the participation of women in the formal sector,
specially in education. The Strengthening Participatory Organisation is motivating women
of Kech for education and income generation activities through its Village Education
Program. Presently women, mainly from outside the district, are occupying jobs as lady
doctors, teachers, and educational administrators where they have to deal mostly with
girls and women.
2.3 Housing
According to the 1980 housing census, the district was reported having 46,315 houses.
On the average a house was occupied by 8.2 persons and crowding per room was 7.
Most (94%) of the houses consisted of only one room while the remaining (6%) had more
than one room. A boundary wall was around almost all the houses.
2.3.1 Tenure
In 1980, ninety-eight percent of the houses were occupied by the owners; only some
houses were rented out. Some houses were given to others rent-free. Houses are rented
out in urban areas only. In rural areas there is no tradition of renting out one’s house.
Nonetheless the practice of renting out houses has increased, mainly, due to the
establishment of various government offices in the district, which do not have their own
buildings. Similarly most of the immigrant labour also lives in rented places.
2.3.2 Construction Material

There has been a tremendous change in construction material being used for buildings.
In the past mud and un-baked bricks were used for the construction of houses and
specially for courtyard walls. Roofs were made of trunks and leaves of date trees. In
1980, about three quarter (71%) of the houses had roofs made using girders/beams and
kiln bricks. RCC or RBC construction was very rare. According to the 1980 housing
census, about 87 percent of the houses were constructed after the creation of Pakistan.
Thirty-one percent of the houses were constructed in the period of 1975-80. In some
areas, pish mats are used with date tree branches for construction of abodes.
Presently, many buildings are being constructed with concrete blocks made of cement,
gravel crush, and sand. The roofs in such buildings are constructed using RCC or iron

girders and concrete blocks or kiln bricks or tiles, while the walls are constructed with
concrete blocks.
2.3.3 Sources of Energy

Kerosene oil lamps are used in most of the houses as source of light. Turbat town area
has regular electric supply, while in Buleda electricity is provided daily for 7 hours only. In
these areas electric appliances are used for light, and rarely for cooking. Kerosene lamps
are used for light in all the other villages. In Kech, a total of 8,627 electric supply
connections were given up to February 1997, out of which 6,723 were domestic
connections. Keeping in view the number of houses (46,315 in 1980) in the district,
electricity supply coverage seems quite insufficient. Very few people have electric
generators for their own use.
Cooking is mainly done by using fuel wood. Kerosene oil stoves are also used for cooking
to some extent as petroleum products are relatively cheaper in Kech due to cross-border
trade. Liquid petroleum gas is also available in cylinders which is mainly used for cooking.
At present more than 6,000 cylinders, each containing 11 kg of LPG, are being consumed
per month in the whole district. Fuel wood is collected by both, men and women. Some
people have the business of collecting fuel wood from woodlands and basins of rivers and
selling it in towns.
2.3.4 Housing Characteristics

According to 1980 housing census, 94 percent of the houses had only one room for
multipurpose use. Detailed information on housing characteristics are available for the
urban areas only. In urban areas, a separate kitchen was available in 28 percent of the
houses, separate bathrooms in 38 percent of the houses, and latrines in 26 percent of the
houses. Separate latrines with flush were very few (2%). Houses without bathrooms
constituted 44 percent while 53 percent of the houses were without any latrine facility.
2.3.5 Drinking Water and Sanitation

In 1980, none of the households had access to piped drinking water. About half of the
households were using drinking water obtained from open surface wells, while 47 percent
of the households were obtaining drinking water from springs, karezes, and rivers or
streams.
The Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) has completed 88 water supply
schemes till February 1997, out of which 65 are functional providing drinking water to
23.2 percent of the population. In some water supply schemes, drinking water is supplied
to the houses through pipelines, while in others community tanks have been constructed
at relatively central places from where people fetch water. In case the source of drinking
water is not located inside the house, usually it is the duty of the women or children to
fetch water for household needs.
The Water and Sanitation Section of the Local Government and Rural Development
Department (LG&RDD) has recently completed a project in collaboration with UNICEF
which covered the installation of 120 deep well hand pumps (on open surface wells) for
drinking water and construction of 220 latrines at public places throughout the district.
However some of these latrines were constructed in government offices which may not
be seen as public places. Most of the houses in Turbat town have dry latrines while few
houses have latrines with flush system. There is no sewerage system, therefore drainage

water is often collected in the streets. Turbat municipal committee has one tractor trolley
for collection and disposal of household garbage but this arrangement is limited to the
municipal area of Turbat only and is inadequate.
The population is overwhelmingly Baloch. It increases at a growth rate of 3.4 percent. The
population density is 27 people per square kilometre. The average household size in
Kech is 8.2 and more than half of its population is dependent. Both total fertility rate (9.6)
and mean age at marriage for girls (21.3) are relatively high. Highly inconsistent
population growth trends indicate unreliability of census data. There is an immense need
for a more carefully executed fresh census. The under-enumeration of women, specially
of the girl-child , and cultural norms, which result in their invisibility in all walks of life,
should be kept in mind while making policies and devising strategies.
The majority of the population resides in rural areas and is deprived of all civic facilities.
The provision of safe drinking water, solid waste disposal, link roads, and electric supply
are some of the basic prerequisites for their development. Usually women and children
fetch drinking water from community sources and collect fuel wood.
The major economic activity is agriculture, followed by livestock farming and social and
government service. Women are not so involved in formal sector employment. However
they are allied workers in agriculture and livestock farming. They also produce very skilled
handicrafts, but most of the labour input of women is unacknowledged. Because of the
distinction between productive and reproductive work, women’s labour is invisible in the
official statistics.

3. Social Organisation
3.1 Introduction
Historically the society in Kech was divided in three social strata, Hakims, Balochs, and
Hizmatgars, locally known as Darzadas or Golams (also known as Naqibs in Panjgur).
Hakims constituted a privileged class of the society, as they were owners of the land, free
to kill any Baloch or Hizmatgar without any fear of blood compensation. Balochs being
intermediatery class were basically pastoralists, partially settled, and semi-agriculturists.
They were relatively in better position than Hizmatgars, who were the lowest socio-
economic stratum of the society. This comparison becomes visible by the amount of
blood compensation which ranged from 2,000 to 3,000 rupees for a Baloch and from 500
to 1500 rupees for a Hizmatgar.21
As a result of social changes Hakims lost their influence as tribal chiefs and the social
class system gave way to economic compromises. Presently all inhabitants of the area
are known by a common name, Baloch and calling someone Darzada or Golam is
considered derogatory. But the fact is that social class boundaries lost their existence
between Hakims and Balochs but not between these two dominant strata and
Hizmatgars. Hakims still believe in endogamy, however now they accept inter-marriages
with Balochs. Some Balochs get married with Hizmatgar girls, mainly due to less amount
of labb (bride price) or haq mehr (dower) , but this is not a common practice.
Socio-cultural change is on its way in Kech. Educational expansion has broken down old
chains and economic status has become the major determinant of social status. This has
affected the whole socio-cultural scenario. The Darzadas are educated people now and
they have achieved prestigious jobs This has improved their socio-economic status. Now
they have become a political force under various political parties, playing an effective role
in electing representatives to the constituent assemblies and local bodies’ institutions.
3.2 The Family
The district has a predominant tradition of joint families. Male siblings reside in one
household even after marriage. However, some nuclear families also exist. New life styles
have motivated people towards a nuclear family system, but sometimes economic
compromises and sometimes cultural values restrain them from adopting this type of
family system. If brothers are employed abroad, it becomes a moral and cultural
obligation of the brothers staying at home to live in a joint family and look after the
families of brothers abroad. If parents are old, then also it is considered duty of the
children to look after them.
The family ties are still good and relatively less materialistic. The family plays its role of
social control very effectively by means of socialisation. As a social institution, the family
is very strong. In Kech the family pattern is patriarchal and patrilocal in most cases.
21
Bedh P. Upreti, Agriculture and Society in Makran, (Islamabad: USAID, 1989), p. 12.

3.3 Marriage
In Kech, marriage rituals significantly differ from those in other areas of Balochistan.
Unlike other parts of Balochistan, the labb (bride price) or haq mehr (dower), received in
marriage contract, is owned by the bride herself and she has the full right of spending or
dispensing it. Haq mehr is more prevalent in Kech and the parents of the bride do not get
any money from the groom’s parents. Endogamy is the prevalent style of marriage
specially among Gichkis. Most of the people are monogamous as a second marriage is
expensive. The custom of bride exchange is not practised in Kech.
The marriage starts with the search of a bride by the grooms father. Mothers have very
little role in decision making about marriages of their sons or daughters. Neither the
groom nor the bride is allowed to choose his or her life partner. The decision of the
parents is considered final, however sometimes the bridegroom is consulted before a final
decision is made. When parents of the groom selects a bride for their son, they make a
formal proposal to the bride’s parents, who have full authority to accept or reject the
proposal. If both the parties agree, details of the marriage, including an amount of haq
mehr and date of the wedding, are finalised. Some people arrange a mangni
(engagement ceremony) also. Customary haq mehr contains 120-130 sona (about 325-
350 grams of gold), 40 date trees, some land along with irrigation water rights, and 20-30
pieces of cloth, which are given by the groom to the bride. At the time of nikah the parents
of the groom give about 10,000 rupees, 2 bags of flour, 1 bag of sugar, 1 bag of rice, 1 tin
of ghee (cooking oil), enough quantity of condiments and spices, and 5-6 goats or sheep
to the bride’s parents for arranging a feast. After marriage, the groom stays for three
nights at the bride’s home, after which he takes her to his home.
The bride has full autonomy in using, spending, or selling the items received as haq
mehr. Only a part of the haq mehr is paid at the time of marriage and the remaining is
given in written form. If the husband divorces his wife, he will have to pay the haq mehr in
full. If the wife demands divorce, she will have to withdraw from all her rights of haq mehr.
The wife’s rights on haq mehr not only give her economic security to some extent but also
raise her social status. It is for this reason that the amount of haq mehr is considered a
matter of social prestige for both the parties. After the death of the wife, the amount of
haq mehr is divided among her children according to Muslim inheritance laws.
3.4 Social Organisation
In Kech, society is structured on kinship basis. Tribal identity is losing its importance and
Baloch is a common identity. All the decisions are made at household level and no tribal
structure is present to make collective decisions. Communal leadership is a function of
aged people in the community. Sometimes educated individuals are accepted as
community leaders, specially in collective welfare and development. Wealth plays a role
in political popularity but the people have elected educated individuals from middle
income group as their representatives in the previous provincial and national assembly
elections. Education and social relationships are also basis of local leadership.
Unlike many other parts of Balochistan, society here is liberal and there is no place at all
for authoritarian ethos or leadership. The vestiges of the sardari system have been
eliminated to a great extent. The tribal leaders, sardars, nawabs, and kahodas, are still
there, but their role has been minimised in politics or decision making. In case of conflict,
parties go to court of law instead of any tribal jirga. Political consciousness is wide spread

and all the political decisions are made individually or, at the maximum, at the family
level. However people do co-operate in collective welfare activities.
3.5 Customs of Co-operation
Co-operation is a prerequisite for survival of a society. Co-operation is necessary for

welfare as well as for development activities. The people in Kech have very old traditions
of co-operation. One of the forms of co-operation is called bijar or sarrech. This is a
system of making contributions by members of the tribe or community to arrange labb or
haq mehr for marriage. Usually people contribute according to their affordability and a
reciprocal contribution is made later on by the receiving party at marriage of the giving
party. However reciprocity of amount is not obligatory.
Another form of co-operation is excavation of karezes and utilisation of karez’s water for
irrigation or domestic purposes. Excavation of karez is a very difficult task and can be
expensive in case of employing labour for this purpose. Therefore all the potential users
of water pool their efforts or money to get a karez excavated. The water obtained by that
karez is distributed on equity basis. A person amongst the share holders, locally called
sarishta, is held responsible to take care of the karez and arbitrate in case of any dispute
regarding the distribution of water.
A newly introduced form of co-operation is the management of water supply schemes by

the community. These schemes were completed by the Public Health Engineering
Department and handed over to the Water Management Associations, committees
formed amongst the community. These associations fix tariff for water consumers,
operate and manage the schemes, and arrange for minor repairs up to 10,000 rupees, if
needed.
The Strengthening Participatory Organisation (SPO) is active in the formation of Anjuman

Zanana Taleem (AZT) – Association for Female Education – with local women as its
members to implement the Village Education Program. These AZT’s are gradually
converted into community based organisations (CBOs). Similarly the National Rural
Support Program (NRSP) is working in Kech with an objective to foster a network of
grassroots organisations which would enable local communities to plan and undertake
their own development. At present, at least 31 community based organisations are active
in the district for social welfare, providing training in embroidery and tailoring to girls, and
promoting the expansion of educational facilities. Through this induced type of co-
operation communities are mobilised for their socio-economic development.
3.6 Religious Beliefs
According to 1981 census, the Muslims constitute an overwhelming majority of population

in Kech while the remaining population include Christians, Ahmadis, Hindus, Parsis, and
Sikhs. Zikri, a significant religious faith in Makran, is not mentioned in the 1981 census.
The reason is that Zikris claim to be Muslims while the Sunni Muslims denounce their
claim. The beliefs and rituals practised by Zikris are completely different from those of
Islam. The Zikris believe in a new prophet and deny the performance of the most
important rituals of Islam. Zikris, taking their name from the Arabic word zikr
(remembering the Almighty), believe that only repeating the litany is a valid form of
worship. The Zikris repudiate the performance of nimaz (Muslim prayer five times a day)

and name other Muslims as Nimazi. The most important of the rituals is performed on the
27th day of Ramazan when the barefoot Zikris circumbulate the Koh-i-murad, located in
Turbat and perform other rituals. In the past Zikris named this ritual as hajj but now they
call it simply a ziarat (visit to a shrine). According to the information obtained Zikris are
about 50 percent in Turbat town and about 70 percent in the areas east of Turbat town
and in Kolwa. But they are non-existent in the north-western areas of Kech district. The
Zikris are about 25 percent in the south-western part of the district.22
The conflict between Muslims and Zikris is centuries old. Zikri religion is said to be
originated about four centuries ago. When the Buledais converted from Zikri faith to
Islam, the Zikris denied their rule and supported Gichkis who were Zikris by faith. Mir
Nasir Khan of Kalat sent nine expeditions to obsolete the Zikri faith in Makran. Many a
times religious scholars from both sides of the Iran border called for jihad (sacred fight)
against Zikris and organised efforts were made to eliminate Zikris or to convert them to
Islam. The most recent conflict surfaced in 1987 when a Zikri mullah (religious leader)
challenged the Muslims for a munazara (arguments and counter-arguments) on trueness
of Zikris. Almost all the Islamic religious parties took it as a stimulus and demanded a
proclamation by the government to declare Zikris as non-Muslims. In Ramazan, they
gathered in Turbat and tried to stop Zikris from performing their rituals. For the last two
years this conflict has been cooled down as the Muslim scholars have decided to preach
to Zikris and create awareness about the misleading beliefs of Zikris. It is said that a large
scale conversion of Zikris to Islam has happened due to preaching. However, Zikri
sources denounce this claim and say that the campaign initiated by the Muslim ulema
(scholars) has strengthened the boundaries of their faith.
In Kech, sectarian violence is minimal as most of the people belong to Sunni sect of
Islam. They believe in Hanfi interpretation of Shariah. Generally, folks have religious
attitudes and practice Islam according to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided
according to the Islamic principles and even daughters are given their property rights
accordingly. However some Gichki families give their daughters an equal share in
inheritance as of a son. All Islamic days are celebrated with zeal and fervour.
There are only a few residents of other minorities, such as Hindus, Parsis and Ahmadis.
3.7 Conflict Resolution
Kech is a relatively peaceful area. Tribal vendettas are rare and usually do not prolong for
years. However people in some areas of Zamuran and Buleda do indulge in tribal
conflicts perpetuating for long duration. A recent example is the murder of a provincial
minister. In revenge to this murder at least five people have been killed. Common
conflicts arise from time to time and are solved at community level or by court of law. An
official aman (peace) committee was constituted after Zikri-Muslim conflicts in 1987 for
peace-keeping and conflict resolution. Now this committee is not functional. Mostly in
case of a conflict between two individuals only the families or closest friends take sides of
the conflicting rivals so there are rare chances that personal conflict will transform into a
tribal vendetta. Women are not involved in conflict resolution as it is in some other areas
of Balochistan.
22
Sherani, (1993), p. 11.

Jirga system has been there but after the Balochistan High Court decision, it has been
abolished. Now people try to mediate their conflicts at community level by involving old
wise men or common friends as mediators. Sometimes, elected representatives to the
local councils are also involved in mediation. Otherwise people pursue the court of law. It
was told that usually people do not want to go to the police.
3.8 Arms
Kech is a frontier district which makes it ideal for illegal arms dealers. These arms illegally
imported from Afghanistan and Iran are sold in the district without any fear of legal action.
Various types of assault rifles are available in Kech at affordable prices. Arms of other
calibre and ammunitions are also available freely. This situation has resulted in law and
order problems for the law enforcing agencies but the district administration seems least
concerned about illegal arms. Major crimes like murder and robbery are common in the
area due to the easy availability of weapons.
3.9 Role, position and status of Women
Makran has a unique history regarding the status of women. Every woman in Kech has
control over the property acquired from her husband as dower and, as the Islamic law of
inheritance is followed, she may expect in course of time to inherit a portion of her
parents’ property and will be entitled to a share in her husbands property if he pre-
decease her. Sometimes this ownership of the property saves a women from divorce as
in that situation her husband has to transfer the property which he promised her as haq
mehr. Furthermore it may be mentioned that it has been customary to attribute the
qualities of a son or daughter to the mother and not to the father.23
A few women have joined the formal sector through government jobs, specially in the field
of education. Few girls are working as motivators for Primary Education Development
Project as well as for the Water and Sanitation Cell of the LG&RDD. Since 1995, the
government has started employing middle-pass girls as Lady Health Workers under the
Prime Minister’s Programme for Family Planning and Basic Health. The Strengthening
Participatory Organisation is promoting community based organisation of women in Kech
for education and income generation activities. Through these opportunities women are
striving towards economic independence, but still women are either deprived of many
income generation activities or being exploited by undervaluing such activities. One such
example is of embroidery work which is bought from the women at nominal price and is
further sold in the markets of Quetta or Karachi at much higher prices.
The economic independence of women in Kech is not fully translated into social
independence. She has multiple roles, but either the socio-cultural milieu does not allow
her to perform these roles satisfactorily, or she has no opportunities. Sometimes her role
performance is restricted to what suits the male domination. She makes many of the
routine domestic decisions but decisions regarding major issues, like children’s
marriages, are made by males in the family. However, she definitely has an advisory
position in decision making. Unmarried girls have no say in the decision about their
marriage. Although veil is not very strictly practised in Kech, very few women can be seen
around. It is not an appreciable act for women to go outside their homes alone, even for a
23
The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Makran, p. 75.

medical check-up. Male drivers do not like to seat their female family members adjacent
to themselves.
Kech is still a male dominated society where the boy is preferred. This preference results
in discrimination of girls in education, health and nutrition. Expenditure on female
education is considered a waste. In this way women loose their chance to be financially
secure and they remain men’s dependants. Due to boys’ preference mothers without a
boy are required to conceive repeatedly without an appropriate break which endangers
their lives. Although women exclusive health facilities, e.g. four Mother and Child Health
Care Centres, are established in Kech district, they do not function, as staff has not been
sanctioned for two of these centres,.
Women have limited chances of recreation. Although indoor games are arranged for girls
in their schools, outdoor recreational facilities are banned for them. The only political role
women in Kech can play is casting their vote, usually according to the will of their male
family members.
3.10 Apprenticeship and Child Labour
A relatively better economic status of families in the district, mainly due to good income
from employment in Gulf states, has limited the number of children working as labourers.
A small number of boys are found working in some of the automobile workshops. They
work as apprentices and are supposed to open their own workshops after completion of
the training. Some of the working children are in bakeries, bicycle repair shops, black-
smith shops, beef and fish shops, furniture workshops, cloth merchants, hotels,
engineering and electrical workshops, tyre shops, hair cutting saloons, tailoring shops,
tunnoors (loaf makers), and welding works. In most of the cases children are working as
apprentices and are paid a little amount as stipend.
In the localities far from settled villages, where water is not available in the house,
children are supposed to fetch water and sometimes to collect fuel wood. In the livestock
farming communities, they herd cattle and help in cattle raising. Sometimes children are
engaged for picking fruit from trees like dates and mangoes. Although all these tasks,
children perform, are considered as a help to their families, these activities actually keep
them from going to school. The girl child faces a similar situation, who is either not
allowed to go to school or is taken off because her presence is needed at home, to look
after younger siblings and help in household chores, collection of water, etc.
The kinship based society of Kech differs, in various aspects, from other parts of
Balochistan. Marriage here is a source of emancipation for women by giving her
economic independence. Collective decision making on development issues is there, but
does not interfere in interpersonal conflicts and political decisions. Conflict resolution is
made by mediation at the community level or by court of law. Religious conflict between
Muslims and Zikris has been a major cause of violence in the past, but now it has been
cooled down. Arms are frequent and crime rate is increasing. Child labour is minimal in
the district and most of the working children work as apprentices.

The social change is inevitable and Kech is no exception. However pace of this change is
slow here. Old family ties remain intact and cultural values still play an important role in
the life of an ordinary man.
Women do not play an effective role in decision making. Their political participation is
limited to casting a vote only. Awareness raising amongst men and women regarding the
importance of women’s participation is required. It is due to lack of awareness that
women’s role and potential is limited to the household and their mobility is affected to the
extent that she cannot have access to health and educational facilities available. Women
cannot freely participate in economic activities, which in turn is affecting the economic
uplift of households and communities within the district.

4. Government Organisation
4.1 Administrative Division
Kech was notified as a district, with its name as Turbat, on July 1, 1977, when Makran
district was given the status of a division and was divided into three districts. Previously it
was one of the 3 tehsils of Makran district. In 1995, the name of the district was changed
from Turbat to Kech, the old name for the area, when even Awaran was part of it. For
administrative purposes, Kech district is divided into 4 sub-divisions, i.e., Turbat, Buleda,
Dasht, and Tump. Turbat sub-division is further divided into Turbat tehsil and Hoshab.
Buleda sub-division comprises 2 sub-tehsils Bit Buleda and Niwano. Sub-division Dasht
comprises Dasht Kuddan and Balnigore sub-tehsils and Tump sub-division has two
tehsils, Tump and Mand. Land settlement has been completed for Dasht sub-division
only, but officially this area has not been declared as a settled area. The remaining part of
the district is still unsettled. Due to lack of appropriate and trained staff land settlement
work is suspended.
Being the divisional headquarters, the offices of the Commissioner and other divisional
heads of various federal as well as provincial departments are located at Turbat.
4.2 Brief history of Local Government Institutions
The first local government system introduced in Kech district was the Village Aid
Programme, which was initiated in the entire of Makran district in June 1957. It was
basically a rural development programme. A total of 26 Village Councils were formed with
a total strength of 312 councillors. This system was replaced by the Basic Democracies
Order of 1959. Under the Basic Democracies system 19 Union councils and 3 Town
Committees were established in Makran district. In 1969, all these local government
institutions were suspended and later on were totally abolished on 22nd January 1972. A
new local government system was introduced in 1975 under the Balochistan Local
Government Act 1975. This law could not be enforced in its true sense as the elections
proposed under this act were never held. In 1979, another local government system was
introduced in the country which was implemented in Balochistan under the Balochistan
Local Government Ordinance 1980.24 This system is still enacted in the province. Under
the provisions of this law, one district council, one municipal committee, and 31 union
councils are functional in Kech district.
4.3 Local Government Administration
The local government at Kech district comprises 31 union councils, one district council,
and one municipal committee. The mandate of local councils was to address various
socio-economic development issues on local level through need assessment, planning
and implementation (see annex 4 for functions of local government). These local councils
are supervised and supported by Local Government and Rural Development Department
through an Assistant Director at district level. However, it is a common complaint that
instead of working as an auxiliary organisation, LG&RDD has been posing bureaucratic
hurdles in the affairs of local government institutions.
24
Mahmood Ali Shah, Sardari, Jirga, & Local Government Systems in Balochistan, (Quetta: Qasim Printers, 1992), pp. iv-
v, 54, 60.

Ideally, local government institutions are constituted on the assumption that in this way
grass root decision making and implementation for development could be ensured; but
this ideal has not been realised. Although small communities elect their representatives at
local level and there is more intense interaction and exchange of ideas between
representatives and the electoral college, participation of common folks in the decision
making process is minimal. After being elected, members of local councils rarely consult
their voters on development issues. Similarly, the appraisal of development potential and
planning for exploitation of this potential is not according to the bottom-up approach.
Rather a top-down decision making and implementation approach is followed. This
approach leaves no room for participation of local government institutions in development
planning.
All local government institutions in Balochistan have been dissolved on 18th of December
1996 for new elections in 1997. Now these institutions are working under the supervision
of government officials. The Deputy Commissioner, the Assistant Commissioner and the
Development Officer, LG&RDD administer the district council, the municipal committee
and the union councils respectively.
4.3.1 Union Council

The Union Council is the lowest local government institution. The membership of each
union council varies from 5-15 members. However, the elected councillors in every Union
council have to elect 2 women and one peasant member in their Union council. Women
have been elected, but they hardly participate in activities. There are 31 Union councils in
Kech, a list of which along with number of their wards and voters is given in annex 2.
The Union council, ideally, provides an opportunity for the people of rural areas to
participate in decision making at micro level. It was assumed that a council of a small
community will have better chances of intense interaction and grass root appraisal of the
problems of the people. However, the Union council is not consulted in development
planning for the rural areas. Usually decision making follows top-down approach,
therefore, nullifying the ideal function of Union councils. In addition, the Union council has
never received the financial support of higher authorities, it was supposed to receive, to
be able to fulfil its functions, as described in the Local Government Ordinance of 1980
The only income of the Union council is a regular grant of rupees 18,000 per annum by
the provincial government. This small amount does not allow the Union council to plan
development strategies for the people in rural areas. The Union council is not consulted in
development planning for the rural areas..
4.3.2 Town Committee

At present (1997) there is no Town Committee in the district.
4.3.3 Municipal Committee

The only Municipal Committee of the district is of Turbat. The MC Turbat comprises 35
directly elected councillors, one from each of the wards, and 2 women and one labour
councillor elected by the 35 elected councillors. In 1992, total voters of the Municipal
Committee Turbat were 26,723 out of which 13,100 were female voters.

The MC Turbat has arranged the collection of household garbage by employing sweepers
and a tractor trolley. This garbage is dumped alongside the Kech kaur and sometimes
burnt there. There is no sewerage system in the town. Streets, specially of surrounding
villages, are hard to walk through as the sewerage water flows just in the middle of these
streets. The major source of the municipal committee’s income is octroi. Some other
taxes like business fee and land tax are also levied. In 1994-95, the municipal committee
earned Rs 2,860,349 while its expenditure was Rs 4,090,194. In 1995-96, income of
Turbat MC was 4.13 million rupees against total expenditure of Rs 4,478,855. This deficit
budget created financial crises for the municipal committee. At present the MC Turbat is
paying only salaries and pension, while all other expenditure is being made on loan basis.
The municipal committee has prepared a surplus budget for the year 1996-97 (income Rs
5,945,563, expenditure Rs 5,942,485) but it may be converted into a deficit budget by the
end of the year. Annual Development Plan has not been awarded since 1992-93 and the
municipal committee does not have money for its development plans. The elected
representatives are at odds with each other. In this situation the people of Turbat town
are the ones who are actually suffering from health hazards and an unclean environment.
4.3.4 District Council

The District Council Kech comprises 35 councillors out of which 31 are elected directly
(one from each of the 31 union councils) while 4 councillors including 2 women, one
peasant and one labourer are elected indirectly by the elected councillors. The District
council is primarily responsible for the overall development of rural areas of the district
(detailed functions of the local government institutions are described in annex 4).
Apart from special grants and annual development plans, zila (district) tax is the sole
source of regular income for the District council. Total income of the District council was
Rs. 1,338,008 in 1994-95 while the total expenditure was Rs. 1,375,963. In 1995-96, the
total income of the council was Rs 1,150,673 against the expenditure of Rs 1,138,377.
For 1996-97 it is expected that the District council will be able to earn Rs 1,322,626 to
meet its expected expenditure of Rs 1,119,912.
It seems that mismanagement is one of the major factors to the financial crisis of the
District council. Fluctuations in the revenue collection and expenditure confirm this
assumption. A grant of 148,630 rupees was awarded by the central government in 1996
for POL of the grader, which has been purchased and is being used to grade the link
roads. No annual development plan was granted after year 1992-93.
The District Council Kech, also, is a victim of political rivalries. Since the chairman of the
council belongs to a political party other than that of the MPA or MNA, the result is that no
special development funds have been provided to the District council in the previous 4
years. If appropriate funding and proper management of zila tax collection is arranged,
the council can achieve its mandatory goals.
4.4 Federal/Provincial Government Administration
At district level, the provincial government is represented by the Deputy Commissioner.

All the departments, functional in the district, are supposed to work in liaison with the DC.
He super-ordinates 4 Assistant Commissioners, one at each of the 4 sub-divisions; 3
Tehsildars, one at each of the 3 tehsils; and 6 Naib-Tehsildars, one at each of the 5 sub-
tehsils and one for Zakat and Ushar. The Deputy Commissioner is ex-officio member (in

most cases head) of almost all the important committees and forums in the district. He is
responsible for the maintenance of law and order in the district, to collect ushar from
farmers through a Naib-Tehsildar and to participate in development planning concerning
the district.
The Deputy Commissioner, Kech is supervised by the Commissioner, Makran division

and then by the Secretary, Services and General Administration Department (S&GAD) at
the provincial level. He is an intermediary link between micro and macro level
administration. Despite the fact that he is supposed to play an important role in socio-
economic development of the district through co-ordination and progress review, he is
rarely consulted in policy making. The District Development Committee meets regularly
under the chairmanship of the Deputy Commissioner but is not very effective. Another
dimension of the issue is rapid transfers of Deputy Commissioners. Kech district has seen
19 Deputy Commissioners in its 20 years’ history as a district. The posting period of the
Deputy Commissioner ranges from three months to four years. This trend not only
creates adhocism but also limits the Deputy Commissioner’s chances of fully acquainting
himself with the district affairs. To make long-term plans in such a situation is difficult.
4.5 Maintenance of Law and Order
Kech is divided into two areas as far as law enforcement is concerned. Area “A” is
controlled by the Balochistan Police headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP), while “B”
area is controlled by the Balochistan Levies Force, headed by the Deputy Commissioner
(DC) of the district. Kech and Panjgur districts are jointly supervised by one
Superintendent of Police (SP) posted at Turbat. There is only one police station in the
district, i.e., at Turbat, with a total force of 150 policemen. The police station at Turbat is
responsible for maintenance of law and order in a radius of 8 kilometres. Initially the
whole district was controlled by the police but in 1969 the district was bifurcated into two
areas, “A” and “B”. Police lines for both Kech and Panjgur districts are located at Panjgur
with a force of 125 policemen to provide support to police stations in these districts.
Levies force controls the remaining parts of the district. The Deputy Commissioner
controls the levies through his Assistant Commissioners, Tehsildars, and Naib-Tehsildars.
Moreover, the DC has the support of the Balochistan Reserve Police (BRP) manned by
35-40 constables in each platoon. A total of 8 platoons are deputed in Makran division.
Another armed force named Makran Scouts is also deputed in Kech under an Army Major
for keeping vigilance at the international border. The Makran Scouts are responsible for
about 70% of all government expenditure, administered by the District Treasury of Kech
(see chapter 8.2)
The overall law and order situation is good in the district, however over time the number
of crimes is increasing. Usual crimes include robbery, theft and physical violence. The
areas near the Iranian border are a heaven for smugglers. They know all the routes,
therefore can easily deceive the customs officials. Iranian Balochistan provides a place of
shelter for the culprits. People in Zamuran and Buleda often create problems of law and
order. Cases of tribal rivalry are also reported in these areas. Motorcycle snatching at
night time is increasing. The frequency of crimes has decreased remarkably in the last
year. It may be interpreted in two ways. First that the police has been efficient and
preventive, so that crimes have decreased. Second that people have lost their confidence
in Police and they do not register the crimes with the police any longer. Last year one
murder of a politician resulted in at least 5 other murders, all in revenge.

Cases Registered at the Turbat Police Station

350
316
300
250 240
232
200 187
175
150 150
100 113
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Source: The Superintendent of Police Office, Kech
Justice is administered through regular as well as through Qazi courts. In the district
regular courts are headed by an Additional District and Session Judge. A District and
Session Judge is also posted at Turbat, being the divisional headquarters. Previously the
District Magistrate and the Sub-division Magistrates had judicial powers, but recently
administration and judiciary have been separated. The judiciary is of the view that this
action has speeded up the delivery of justice while the administration opined, that justice
process is slow in courts and people are suffering due to delays. This action has resulted
in a system of checks and balances between administration and judiciary.
Qazi courts were established in 1976 under the provisions of Qanun-e-Diwan-i-Kalat and
have powers of civil, family and rent courts. In tribal areas, they provide justice to private
parties under the provisions of shariat laws. Appeal against decisions of Qazi courts can
be made before a Majlis-e-Shoora which comprises upon two Qazis under the
chairmanship of District and Session Judge. Both types of courts work in complete
harmony.
Another justice delivery mechanism was jirga system, which has now been abolished.
Jirga is a very old institution, which was provided a legal framework under Ordinance I
and II of 1968. According to these ordinances jirga was empowered to decide civil as well
as criminal cases. Amongst the influential of the area, 20 members were nominated for
jirga membership by the Deputy Commissioner, out of whom two members were selected
by each of the conflicting parties. Jirga was headed by a nominee of the DC. The Deputy
Commissioner and afterwards the Commissioner was the appellate authority. Jirga
system was abolished by an order of the Balochistan High Court. It surely was a time
saving and economical mechanism of justice administration.
4.6 Revenue Administration
In Kech revenue is collected through various agencies. The District council is responsible
for collection of zila tax, which is assumed to be utilised to meet development and
recurrent expenditure. Similarly, the municipal committee collects octroi and business fee
to meet its financial liabilities. Some utility fees are collected by the provincial government
like water charges, livestock cess, ushar, and motor vehicle registration fee. Income tax
and customs duty is levied by the federal government.
Usually revenue generated through the local councils remains less than that required for
development, and even for recurrent expenditure. Major obstacles to revenue raising
include lack of co-ordination between various government agencies and non-co-operative

attitude of the politicians. Sometimes the elected representatives advise their voters not
to pay government duties and taxes.
Revenue collection is a tough task in Kech. Officials blame the public for non-payment of
taxes, but the public demands appropriate facilities in return of the taxes paid. Tax culture
is non-existent in Kech. People take every facility for granted and expect that the
government should provide them every facility without paying any cost. This trend is
widespread in the district.
Board of
Union Municipal District Revenue/ Provincial Federal
Taxes Council Comm. Council Dep. Comm. Govt. Govt.
Water charges - - - - x -
Sanitation Fee - - - - - -
Livestock cess - - - - x -
Agricultural cess - - - x x -
Octroi - x - - - -
Zila - - x - - -
Land tax - x - - - -
Property tax - - - - - -
Business Licence - x - - - x
Registration of
Vehicles - - - - x -
Income tax - - - - - x
Custom duty - - - - - x
Legend: x is responsible for collection of revenue concerned.
4.7 Political Parties
On basis of the 1997 elections, the major political parties in Kech include Balochistan
National Movement (BNM), Balochistan National Party (BNP), and Jamiat Ulma-i-Islam
(JUI). Balochistan National Party is a recently incepted party through merger of
Balochistan National Movement (Mengal group) and Pakistan National Party (Bizinjo and
Lehri groups). This party has won all the 3 Balochistan Assembly seats from Kech and
has taken lead in recently held elections (1997) for the National Assembly from this area.
Other political parties are Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Pakistan Muslim League (PML),
Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and Jamat-e-Islami (JI), but they do not have much public
support. The major parties, except JUI, have a nationalist political ideology, while JUI is a
rightist party with its emphasis on the Islamic system of governance.
None of these parties have their women wings although these parties have some active
women supporters. Students’ wings of these parties, specially Baloch Students
Organisation (BSO) and Jamiat Tulaba-i-Islam (JTI) are very much active and also play a
role in political activities of their parent organisations. The political parties have exploited
the students politics to accomplish their vested interests, but this practice has severely
deteriorated the standard of education and discipline in the educational institutions. The
political parties in the district do not have their labour wings, but they support various
workers’ unions in government organisations.

4.8 Non Government Organisations
Non government organisations (NGOs) are active in Kech district. There are 31
registered and some non-registered NGOs active for women, child and youth welfare.
One of the province-wide NGOs has established a primary school at Turbat. Many
football clubs in the district provide a forum for youth to sit together and communicate,
which can result in collective development. A few women participate in various activities
of existing NGOs.
The Rural Community Development Council (RCDC), with its headquarters at Gwadar, is
collaborating with the Primary Education Development (PED) Project and Primary
Education Quality Improvement Project (PEQIP) to establish primary schools for girls in
the district. The Rural Community Development Council has employed male as well as
female Community Education Promoters to motivate the population in Kech for
establishing girls primary schools on self-help basis. To date this council has established
4 such schools in the district. Under the council, many youth clubs have been established
to provide the youth of Kech chances for social interaction and various sports activities.
Some of these clubs are registered with the Department of Social Welfare.
The Strengthening Participatory Organisation (SPO) has been working on Village

Education Program for females since 1993. Under this program Anjuman Zanana Taleem
(AZT) – Association for Female Education – is organised in the village where there is no
school at all. To date the SPO has organised 26 AZTs of which 5 have been registered
with the Social Welfare Department as CBOs. These community based organisations not
only monitor the educational activities of the school but also strive to motivate women for
income generating activities like embroidery, small shops, and goat farming. Women are
provided training in embroidery, kitchen gardening, and health issues. Presently the
organisation is working in six clusters in Tump, Balicha, Nasirabad, Klatuk, Sami, and
surroundings of Turbat.
The National Rural Support Program (NRSP), established in 1993, is active in Kech for
the socio-economic uplift of the rural population through a community participation
approach. Under this program community based organisations (CBOs) are organised and
NRSP staff provides training for capacity building in various sectors. Small projects are
financed by the National Rural Support Programme in the form of loans, of which the
recovery rate is 97 percent. The programme provide technical support in agriculture,
livestock, forestry, infrastructure development, and technology transfer. To date, the
National Rural Support Program has provided furniture and 2 years’ pay for 10 single
teacher primary schools in Hoshab and Kolwa, while the building was provided by the
community. The programme is involved in community motivation for the hand-over of
water supply schemes to the community. The programme intends to start family planning
and health education programme in the near future.
GO/NGO/Private Enterprise coverage of major sectors

Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private
Sector Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Productive - xx x - x xx
Agriculture - xxx x - x x
Horticulture - xx x - x x
Livestock - x - - - xx
Forestry (harvesting) - x - - - -
Industry/Manufacturing - - x - - -

Economic Service - xx xx - - x
Financial Services - - xx - - xx
Roads - xxx - - - -
Rail/Airways - - xxx - - -
Social Service x xxx x x x x
Water Supply x xxx - x x -
Health x xxx x x x x
Education - xxx - xx x x
Sports x x - xx - -
Social Welfare - xx x xx x x
Women & Development - x - x - -
Legend: - no involvement
x minor involvement
xx substantial involvement
xxx major involvement
Some international organisations and projects have been active in the district, specially in
the field of education, health, and rural development. Through the World Food
Programme (WFP) cooking oil is distributed among pregnant women. The World Bank
has provided assistance for water management through the On Farm Water Management
Project in Kech district.
Kech is a semi-settled area with two types of government-administration There are local
government institutions to ensure public participation in planning and implementation of
development strategies and there is a district administration to represent federal and
provincial government. The district council and municipal committee are under financial
pressure and hardly have any money for development activities. There has been a
practice of frequent transfers of government officials. As an example, the district has been
supervised by 19 Deputy Commissioners in the last 20 years of its existence. Some of
them served here just for a period of three months. This adhocism results in a greater
discontinuity of planning and implementation and consequent under-development of the
area. Local government institutions can play an important role in development of the area
if provided with administrative and financial support.
Women have no role in government administration and in the decision making process of
political parties. The marginalisation of women in decision making affects the entire issue
of women development.
Law and order situation is relatively good in the district. Local peace and arbitration
committees can help improve it further. Increase in revenue generation needs more
efficient vigilance and provision of adequate civic facilities so that the public can be
motivated for an equitable behaviour.
NGOs/CBOs are playing an active role in mobilising the communities.

5. Productive Sectors
Agriculture is the main economic activity in Kech, followed by livestock farming and
government or social services. The land under cultivation is increasing and the majority of
the population wins its bread from agriculture and horticulture. According to 1981 census,
the major economic activity in Kech district was “Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing”
followed by “Construction” and then by “Community, Social, and Personal services”.
Working Population by Economic Activity (1981)
0.4%
2.2%
Sector 1
7.6%
3.1% Sector 2+3+4
Sector 5
11.4%
Sector 6
Sector 7
Sector 8+9
Sector 0
0.8%
74.5%
Source: 1981 District Census Report of Kech

Legend: Sector 1 Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting, and Fishing
Sector 2 Mining and Quarrying
Sector 3 Manufacturing
Sector 4 Electricity, Gas, and Water
Sector 5 Construction
Sector 6 Wholesale & Retail Trade and Restaurants & Hotels
Sector 7 Transport, Storage, and Communication
Sector 8 Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Business Services
Sector 9 Community, Social, and Personal Services
Sector 0 Activities not Adequately Defined
5.1 Agriculture / Horticulture
5.1.1 Introduction
In Kech agricultural crops are categorised in two types, Rabi and Kharif, according to their
cultivation seasons. Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in late winter or during
early summer. Kharif crops are sown in summer and harvested in late summer or early
winter. The major Rabi crops of the district include wheat, barley, muttar pulses, and
various vegetables. Kharif crops in Kech include jowar, rice, melons, chillies, onion, guar
seed, garlic, coriander, vegetables, and pulses including mash and moth. Fodder is
cultivated throughout the year. All the fruits are produced in Kharif season. Date is the
major agricultural produce of the district which is exported to other parts of the country.
Agricultural labour is predominantly male. However women are involved in allied activities
like home-base date processing. Women’s labour is usually unpaid. Mostly the farming
activities are performed by the land owner himself but tenants are also employed.

5.1.2 Classification of Land

In Kech, agricultural land can be classified into irrigated and un-irrigated. Irrigation land
has the permanent sources of water like karezes, kaurjos, tubewells and open surface
wells. This land is mainly in Turbat, Buleda, Tump, Pidarak, and Dasht where most of the
karezes, kaurjos and open surface wells are excavated and used for irrigation as well as
for water sources for household use. Un-irrigated land, mostly in Kolwa and Dasht areas,
is either rain-fed, locally called khushkaba or flood irrigated (sailaba). Irrigated land is
predominantly used for production of fruits, wheat, rice, sesame, onion, chillies, coriander,
garlic, vegetables and fodder. Some crops are cultivated in orchards. Crops like jowar,
barley, wheat, pulses, melons and guar seed are cultivated in un-irrigated land.
The Agriculture Department has sub-divided the net potential area available for cultivation
into current fallow, net sown, area sown more than once and culturable waste. In Kech,
about 95 percent of the area is either not yet reported or not available for cultivation. The
arable land constitutes only 2.2 percent of the total area. The major reasons are scarcity
of water and unavailability of agricultural labour.
5.1.3 Land Ownership and Tenure System

Kech is not a settled area. Land settlement started in 1981 but has not been completed
yet. Only the Dasht sub-division has been settled, but this is also not officially announced
as settled area. In this situation a cadastrial map and record of land settlement or land
ownership is not available. This, sometimes, results in conflicts over land ownership. The
land settlement itself has resulted in conflict between owners and tenants, who in the
absence of owners claim, that the land they are cultivating is owned by them. In this way,
some of the land owners were deprived of their land ownership. In Kech, land ownership
is of two types. In irrigated areas communal ownership of land exists while individual
ownership is predominant in un-irrigated areas. The reason is an economic one. Un-
irrigated areas are flood irrigated for most parts therefore financial inputs for irrigation are
minimal. While irrigated lands are irrigated by karezes or kaurjos, which require
considerable amount of money or manpower to be excavated. Usually a group of farmers
pool financial or human resources for excavation of karez or kaurjo. Usually the yield
produced from land irrigated by the communal source of irrigation is distributed on equity
basis.
According to the 1990 Census of Agriculture, about one third (66.8%) of the land-holdings
sized below 5 hectares while only 12.8 percent of the farms were larger than 20 hectares.
However in un-irrigated areas size of land holdings is relatively large.
Tenancy is not very much common as farm sizes are small and most of the farmers
themselves work on their fields. Some large land and orchard owners employ tenants,
locally called shareeks. Tenancy contracts are not formal and verbal understanding is
considered enough. Mouroosi (inherited) tenancy is not practised in the district and it is
usually the tenant, rather than the land owner, who discontinues the contract. Sometimes
tenants make deals with more than one land owner, mainly due to scarcity of agricultural
labour. In case of irrigated land, tenants get one third of the total yield, while in un-
irrigated land the tenant gets one quarter share in the yield. In both cases all inputs are
provided by the land owner. Another form of tenancy is also practised which is locally
called lathbandi. In this type of tenancy the tenant provides all inputs and he retains three
quarter of the total yield. If he provides half of the inputs then he gets half of the share of
the total yield.

5.1.4 Agricultural Statistics

Agricultural statistics are collected primarily by a Field Assistant posted in every union
council. An Agriculture Officer at district level is responsible to compile district data and
send it to Statistics Wing of the Agriculture Department through the Assistant Director,
Agriculture Extension. The Directorate General of Agriculture Department compiles and
publishes this data in the form of Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan, every year. It has
been a common complaint that the Statistics Wing of the Agriculture Department do not
follow the data sent by the Assistant Directors.
Crops (1994-95) Area (Ha.) Production (tonnes) Yield (kg/Ha.)

Fruits25 26,328 256,209 9,731
Fodder26 4,871 247,260 51,193
Vegetables27 3,514 38,480 10,950
Condiments & Spices28 1,642 20,789 12,661
Wheat 1,400 2,870 2,050
Barley 1,090 970 890
Rice 981 2,130 2,171
Jowar 867 710 819
29
Melons 772 10,980 14,223
30
Pulses 583 475 815
Guar seed 441 470 1,066
Sesame (oil seed) 40 23 575
Total 42,529 581,366
5.1.5 Cropping Pattern

After dates, wheat is the major agricultural produce of the area. It is cultivated mostly in
irrigated areas. However it is cultivated in un-irrigated areas as well. Although average
per hectare yield of wheat in Kech (2,050 kg/Ha.) is not at par with the average yield of
wheat for the province of Balochistan (2,320 kg/Ha.), it fulfils the local needs to a great
extent. Barley is another crop cultivated mostly in khushkaba lands. According to local
sources, once rice has been a good crop in Kech district but now the area under rice
cultivation has reduced, mainly due to minimum rainfall and unavailability of alternate
irrigation sources. Different vegetables and fodder are cultivated throughout the year in
the irrigated areas.
25
Grapes, Pomegranate, Dates, Mangoes, Citrus, Banana, Guava, Papaya, Chikoo, Fig, and others.
26
Lucerne and Wheat & Barley Fodder.
27
Tomatoes, Lady Finger, Tinda, Brinjal, Bitter Gourd, Bottle Gourd, Pumpkin, Broad Bean, Cabbage, Carrot, Cauliflower,
Peas, Radish, Spinach, Turnip, and Beet Root.
28
Onion, Garlic, Coriander, and Chillies.
29
Water Melon and Musk Melon.
30
Mash, Moth and Muttar Pulses.

Cropping Pattern (1994-95)

Fruit
Wheat
62%
Fodders
4%
Barley
Vegetables
Others
9%
Cond. &
8% Spices
3% 3%
11%
Dates, the major produce among fruits, are most frequently planted on irrigated land.
About 40 types of dates are produced in the district, of which begum jangi, abedandan,
khunzanbad, shakar, chupshak, chini, shangashkan, pashpag, shakri, peshna, kangan,
sunt gorag, roghani, krooch, shakash, makli, mozawati, alini, rabai, jawansor, and dandari
are most popular. Dates require continuous irrigation and a lot of care. The process of
impregnation is unique in case of dates. Pollens from male date trees are sprinkled on
female date tree manually. This requires more manpower as compared to other
horticulture. Other important horticultural crops are mangoes and citrus fruit.
5.1.6 Average Yields / Total production

The time series data on average yields and total production show an inconsistent trend.
Although total production has increased over the years, average yield is unpredictable. A
significant increase (from 47,740 tonnes to 256,209 tonnes) has been observed in the
total production of fruits during the years 1989-95 whilst the area under cultivation has
also increased considerably (from 5,566 Ha. to 26,328 Ha.; about 475%). The production
and average yield of wheat has increased gradually while production and yield of fodder,
rice, pulses, and vegetables have fluctuating trends. The main reason behind this
fluctuation seems to be the inconsistent statistics.
5.1.7 Organisation of Production/Farming Systems

Men are the visible agricultural workers in Kech. Women take part in agriculture-allied
activities inside the household boundaries. For example dates are dried by women at
household level. Land owners themselves till the land and tenants are not easily available
to be contracted. Although mechanisation, like use of tractors, threshers, and tubewells,
is increasing, still most of the farming is performed through indigenous methods. For
instance bullocks are used for inter-cropping in orchards.
5.1.8 Irrigation
According to the Agricultural Statistics 1994-95, the major source of irrigation in Kech is
tubewell followed by kaurjos, a small water channel taken to the fields from a pit dug in
the bed of a perennial flow to obtain under surface water. Other sources include open
surface wells, from where water is taken out for irrigation with the help of bullocks using

persian wheel or electric or diesel pumps. A small proportion of land is irrigated with
karezes and springs etc., while the remaining khushkaba or sailaba land is dependent
upon rain fall. The installation of tubewells in Turbat area has resulted in dry karezes. The
total number of tubewells has increased in khushkaba lands over the past years but the
numbers of functional tubewells has decreased, mainly due to increase in diesel price.
Irrigation Sources (1994-95) Area (Ha.) % of total Cultivated Land

Tube wells 20,292 41.1
Open Surface Wells 1,040 2.1
Karezes, Spring, & others 1,000 2.0
Canals (Kaurjo) 20,000 40.5
Total 42,332 85.7
In 1993, it was estimated that there were 225 active karezes and 14 kaurjos being used
for irrigation. According to the Agriculture Extension Department, in 1995-96, there were
325 active karezes in Kech district and 52 karezes were extinct. The Agricultural Statistics
1994-95 claim that 40.5 percent of the cultivated land in the district is being irrigated
through kaurjos and only 1,000 hectares (2.0%) out of the total cultivated land is being
irrigated by karezes, springs etc. This also supports the assumption that there is
significant unreliability in agricultural statistics data.
Usually karezes are excavated and maintained on communal basis. Minor cleaning is
done by the farmers themselves while Pushtun labour is hired for excavation and major
cleaning of the karezes. The same is the case with kaurjos. As the quantity of water
obtained through kaurjo decreases, the length of pit in the bed of a semi-perennial flow is
increased to obtain more water. The water of the karez is divided according to the share
of the inputs. Division of water is done in terms of time. The irrigation time from sunrise to
sunset or from sunset to sunrise is called hangãm, while a small fraction of time is called
tãs. The person who is responsible for the maintenance of the karez and the division of
water is called sarishta and his assistant is called gazir. The United States Agency for
International Development (USAID), in the late 1980’s, tried to improve the karez system
by fixing infiltration galleries in karezes to increase the quantity of water, but it failed
because the cleaning of the karezes became a difficult task. Although government has
assisted farmers in tubewell installation through bank loans from the Agricultural
Development Bank of Pakistan and through technical expertise, people in karez irrigated
areas are very much reluctant to use tubewells. The main reason of reluctance is that
tubewells will result in lowering of the water table and the karezes will be dried up. This
has been observed in Turbat where all the karezes have dried due to installation of
tubewells. Operation and maintenance costs of diesel powered tubewell are far higher
that those of karezes. Therefore, most of the people do not want to switch from a cheaper
method to an expensive one. New karezes are being excavated in Buleda, Tump, and
Mand areas.
In un-irrigated tracts, flood irrigation is the major source of irrigation followed by tubewells.
In flood irrigation, rain-water is harvested into the fields by embankment of fields against
its flow. This provides enough water for cultivation of crops like wheat, jowar and barley.
The Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95 show a majority (85.7%) of the
cultivated area as irrigated land. These statistics seem fake as there are hundreds of
hectares which depend upon flood water irrigation. Most of the tubewells are diesel
powered. These are used for irrigation when diesel, illegally imported from Iran, is cheap.
At other times tubewells are not operated and farmers wait for rainfall. Here it is

necessary to clarify a misunderstanding: open surface wells with diesel pumps are often
also called tubewells. According to an estimate there are 1,560 open surface wells (in
1995-96) being used for irrigation. The Agricultural Statistics 1995-96 has mentioned only
260 wells and 1,691 tubewells. These data seem incorrect because according to a study
by the USAID in 1993 there were 1,472 open surface wells in Kech for agricultural use.
The government has assisted water management in collaboration with the World Bank
under the On Farm Water Management Project (88% share by WB and 12% by GoB).
The project has constructed lined water channels, to avoid wastage of water during
irrigation, and water tanks (of 40,000 gallons capacity) for collection of water. The project
has completed its third phase in December 1996. The first phase of the project was not
implemented in Balochistan. In its second phase (1988-91), the project afforded all the
construction costs for water tanks, but farmers were asked to share 25 percent of the total
cost for water channels while the remaining (75%) was paid by the project. In the third
phase, farmers were facilitated by giving them the opportunity to pay their share in
instalments (40% advance, 60% in instalments). The project has completed about 100
schemes in its second and third phase.
5.1.9 Agricultural Mechanisation

The major agricultural machinery being used in the district includes tractors, threshers
and tubewells. There has been a consistent increase in the number of private owned
agricultural machines, specially tubewells (see Annex 6). The farmers in Kech seem
considerate about increased mechanisation of agriculture as they are buying agricultural
machinery, specially tractors and tubewells. The Agricultural Engineering Department
provides bulldozers at the rate of rupees 300 per hour for levelling of agricultural lands
and construction of embankments. The average use of dozers in Kech district is 45,000
hours per annum.
5.1.10 Agricultural / Horticultural inputs

A total of 45 tonnes of chemical fertilisers, Urea, Nitro Phos, DAP, SOP, and NPK, were
used in Kech district in 1994-95. There is no consistent pattern of fertiliser usage (see
Annex 6). In 1991-92, 305.9 tonnes of fertilisers were used which decreased to 14.1
tonnes only in 1992-93. Pesticides are used for horticulture, vegetables, melons and
fodder through ground sprays. Sometimes wheat seed is also treated with pesticides. In
1994-95, 1,644 kilograms of pesticides were used in the whole district. Supplies are made
through the Department of Agriculture Extension and small dealers in the private sector.
Fertilisers imported from Iran have not been taken into account here, as there is no
record of this illegal import.
5.1.11 Marketing
Unavailability of adequate road connections has incapacitated the farmers to bring their
yield to the local market. Most of the produce is locally consumed. Only dates are
exported to other parts of the country like Karachi, Quetta, and Sukkur. Vegetables are
exported just to the neighbouring districts. Agricultural as well as horticultural produce is
sold on farms, where a middle man buys the goods and further sells it out in the markets.
A Date Factory was started at Turbat but after continuous loss it has been closed. The
Strengthening Participatory Organisation supports a small project of date packing but it is
still in its preparation phase.

5.1.12 Producer and Consumer Prices of major Crops

There are no fixed prices of agricultural products. Official rates are totally invalid in Kech.
The price of dates depends upon the crop situation in other date producing areas of the
country. If there is a good crop of dates in other areas, the price of dates will be low in
Kech and vice versa. Grain crops just meet the local needs, therefore organisations like
PASCO are not active in the district.
5.1.13 Levels of Income

As most of the agricultural produce is used domestically at local level, agriculture in
general is not a significant source of income. The average yield of cash crops like rice
and wheat is low hence farmers are unable to raise their economic status through
agriculture. However, agriculture fulfils their nutritional needs to some extent. The date
producers are relatively at an advantageous position as date is a profitable crop, but this
also depends upon price of dates in other districts. Hardly any data are available to
calculate the level of income of the farmer households in reference to agriculture, but
based on the total volume of the various produces and the Quetta wholesale prices as
indicated in the Agricultural Statistics of 1994 - 1995, the per capita income from
agriculture is estimated Rs. 7,400 per capita for the year 1995, which for over 50% is
solely dependent on the production of dates (see annex 6).
5.1.14 Department of Agricultural Extension

The Department of Agriculture Extension is providing assistance to farmers through
dissemination of technical know-how and information regarding agriculture/horticulture.
The department is also responsible for the implementation of On Farm Water
Management Project. The department has developed a date farm at Turbat over an area
of 40 hectares while another Date Research Centre is under the Balochistan Agriculture
Research Institute, which is designed to be covering an area of 100 hectares; out of
which 20 hectares has been planted with date trees. There are 39 demonstration plots for
different crops and 110 new demonstration plots are under consideration. Under the
departmental arrangements, a total of 1,909 hectares was sprayed to protect plants from
various insects while 5,220 hectares of land were treated for rodent and weed control.
Store fumigation was done on 7,362 cubic metres. The department has one seed and
fertilisers depot at Turbat from where seeds and fertilisers are provided to the farmers at
prices fixed by the government. There seems very little co-ordination between research
activities by the federal government and the knowledge dissemination process by the
provincial government through the Department of Agriculture Extension. Another problem
is lack of viable communication between farmers and the department. The information
given was that the department often gives advice to the farmers, but they rarely care
about advice. One example is of date farming. In order to maximise the use of irrigated
land, farmers cultivate date trees very closely whilst minimum recommended distance
between two date trees is 6 metres. Moreover the farmers grow wheat or vegetables
under these trees. Less distance between trees results in less fluorosynthesis and mix
crops result in increased pests and diseases. Farmers ignore this information and
continue close cultivation of trees and grow crops and vegetables under the date trees.
5.1.15 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Agricultural Development

The Balochistan government and private sector are the main partners providing support
structure to agricultural sectors. Federal government is also involved to some extent. The
World Bank has provided assistance through On Farm Water Management Project.


Coverage Agri. Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Agr. Extension - xx - - - -
Input Supply - xx x - - xx
Marketing - - - - - xx
Price setting - - x - - x
Agr. Credit - - xx - - -
Irrigation Development - xx x - x -
O&M Irrigation - xx - - - -
Agr. Mechanisation - x - - - xx
Agr. Statistics - xx x - - -
Agr. Research - x x - - -
Agr. Training/Education - x x - x -
x minor involvement
5.1.16 Conclusion and major Development Issues

Traditional crops are sown and innovative farming is non-existent in Kech. Although there
is a potential for date processing industry, people are reluctant to invest in this sector.
One reason is a failed experience of date processing factory at Turbat and the other is an
atmosphere of non-co-operation and lack of trust on each other. For one reason or the
other, people do not want to invest their money in partnerships.
Women are involved in allied agricultural activities. As this is done inside the houses it is
not seen and no steps have been taken so far to profit women.
The regular supply of electricity can facilitate tubewells which in turn will increase irrigated
land. This may help the development of the agricultural sector. There is a need for
innovative and mechanised farming which can increase the average yield and total
production.

Date: the cash crop
Vegetables: another cash crop

Indigenous way of obtaining water from open surface well
A diesel powered engine for open surface well

5.2 Livestock
5.2.1 Introduction
Kech is one of the largest livestock raising areas in Makran division. The areas of
Zamuran, Buleda, Dasht, and Mand are major small ruminant raising areas in the district.
There is a gross discrepancy in the livestock census figures for 1976, 1986 and the
preliminary figures for 1996. In the last ten years, an overall increase of more than 60
percent in Livestock Units has been reported in the 1996 census. The most significant
increase has been observed in the population of goats, cattle, donkeys and camels. A
significant statistical depression of livestock in 1986 is incomprehensible. This fluctuation
seems a result of unreliable data collection and inefficient supervision during the census
process.
Livestock Census 1976* 1986 1996

Sheep 385,155 77,424 88,128
Goats 499,576 247,500 410,520
Cattle 76,648 20,496 38,425
Dairy Cattle 70 0 9
Horses 636 20 1,392
Donkeys 33,331 5,729 17,230
Camels 41,996 8,295 15,113
Mules 496 0 181
Total Livestock Units (LU) 578,877 194,118 313,059
Pastures in Ha. - - 85,910
Grazing Capacity31 (Ha./LU) - - 0.3
Source: Pakistan Census of Livestock 1976 and 1986
District livestock Officer, Kech, 1996
* Figures are for whole of the Makran division.
Livestock farmers own herds of more than one hundred heads of small ruminants and
there is a regular pattern of seasonal migration. The livestock raising communities live in
mountainous or un-irrigated areas, like Zamuran, Mand, Tump, Nag, Balgattar, and
Dasht. Apart from the livestock farming household, all the agricultural households in Kech
raise different animals. An average household may own a couple of cows, a pair of
bullocks or a camel for ploughing, sometimes a donkey as a beast of burden and several
sheep and goats. Horses were kept by a vast majority of landowners about two decades
ago but the popularity of motorcycles has drastically reduced the horse population. Now
an insignificant number of landowners still own horses. Poultry is raised by a vast majority
of the households but mortality rate is reported to be high and discouraging.
Although women in less populated areas graze their animals, mostly the children are
livestock grazers. Women are involved in a variety of livestock activities. They feed the
animals in the home, if fodder is available, and cure them by traditional methods. By
grazing the animals children share the economic burden of the household. However, this
deprives the children of schooling, which is a basic constitutional right of every child.
31
The grazing capacity of an area is defined in the same way as the carrying capacity: It is defined that one livestock
unit can optimally survive on one hectare of area under fodder and range land (range land being forest area and area
under pastures). The grazing capacity = Range land + area under fodder / livestock units

5.2.2 Cattle
The cow is the most raised cattle in Kech and is a major source of milk production.
Buffaloes are rare. Bullocks and camels are raised for farming as well as to fulfil
nutritional needs of the area. Beef of these cattle is not only consumed locally but is sent
to other areas also for slaughter. According to an estimate, local consumption amounts to
7,257 cattle per month. Hides are sold in the open market at Turbat to the retailers and
afterwards sent to Karachi for processing. Cattle are marketed to a mandi (market) which
commences every week.
5.2.3 Small Ruminants

Sheep and goats constitutes an overwhelming majority of the livestock population. Even
agricultural households have tens of small ruminants. These are raised mostly in un-
irrigated areas where range land provides pasture. Sheep and goats are raised for
multiple purposes like milk, mutton, and money. In Kech district, at the average, 11,500
sheep and 53,100 goats are estimated to be slaughtered every month. Women are
involved in milking, milk processing, medication and cleaning of abodes, etc.
5.2.4 Poultry
There are a few poultry farms in Kech but the major part of poultry requirement is met
through illegal import of poultry birds from Iran. There are 2 functional poultry farms which
produce about 3,000 Pakistani poultry birds. Other poultry farms are closed. Iranian
chicken is relatively cheaper.
5.2.5 Disease Control

Major diseases prevalent among livestock in Kech are long worm, wire worm, liver fluke,
pelorononenia and mange. Although women and men are both involved in curing of
diseases, people are not very much considerate about diseases of their stocks. Again
lack of road links and unavailability of veterinary services at union council level results in
high livestock mortality. However exact mortality rates are not known.
5.2.6 Veterinary Institutions

At present only one veterinary hospital is functional in Kech district at Turbat. There are
22 veterinary dispensaries. The facility of an Artificial Insemination Centre is not available
in the district, however a Disease Investigation Laboratory Unit is present. As these are
the only veterinary health outlets in the district, change in fee policy affects animal
treatment to a great extent. Presently, 50 percent of the total treatment cost is charged
from livestock owners while it is planned to be raised up to 75 percent in 1997-98 and to
100 percent in 1998-99. The vaccination was free in 1993-94 but in 1994-95 a fee of
rupees two per vaccination was imposed. This policy resulted in decreased livestock
vaccination from 30,981 to 17,900 animals. Therefore the government made it free again
in 1995-96. Now rate of vaccination is again on increase (see Annex 7). In order to
provide veterinary services to people living in far flung areas, mobile camps are also
organised in winter season.
5.2.7 Department of Livestock Development

In Kech, the Department of Livestock Development is supervised by an Assistant
Director. The total staff strength of the department is 58, which includes four veterinary

officers also. The department is responsible for providing veterinary treatment facilities,
running dairy and poultry farms, and collection of livestock data.
5.2.8 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Livestock Development

The provincial government is providing veterinary services and, to some extent, input
supplies while price setting and marketing is done by the private sector. The federal
government is providing credit services through the Agricultural Development Bank of
Pakistan which can facilitate and enable the people for livestock development.
Coverage Livestock Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private

Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Animal Husbandry - x - - - xx
Veterinary Hospital - xxx - - - -
Veterinary Dispensary - xxx - - - -
Input Supply - xx - - - xx
Marketing - - - - - xxx
Price setting - - - - - xxx
Credit - - xx - - x
Dairy Development - x x - - xx
Slaughtering - - - - - xx
Livestock Statistics - x xx x x -
x minor involvement

Livestock statistics are rather inaccurate. Different sources give different figures. Although
statistics indicate a growing trend, unavailability of fodder discourages people to keep
much livestock and the number of Livestock Units in Kech is among the lowest in
Balochistan. Inception of new occupations and urbanisation have decreased interest in
livestock farming. However, a considerable proportion of the population is still involved in
this activity. Livestock farming can take the form of an organised sector if the government
provides more effective guidance and veterinary services along with easily payable credit.
Mostly small ruminants are preferred to by most of the people and only a few dairy
animals are kept by households. Agricultural development may result in better fodder
crops and, consequently, in increased cattle farming.
Women and children are mainly involved in daily livestock herding and caring. Livestock
services, however, are mainly rendered towards men. Farmers in general, but women at
household level in particular, lack information and knowledge in livestock raising, as they
do not have access to adequate training in animal husbandry.
5.3 Fisheries
Kech, although a land of mahikhoran (fish eaters), is devoid of any fisheries related
activity. Fish is imported from Pasni, Gwadar, and Jewni and is consumed in a large
quantity. About 4-5 years ago people in Kech were used to salted fish but now fresh fish
is also liked in this hinterland.

Coverage Fisheries Services Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private

Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Processing - - - - - -
Marketing - - - - - x
Fishing gear manufacturing - - - - - -
x minor involvement
5.4 Forestry
5.4.1 Introduction
There has always been a controversy regarding existence of forests in Kech district. The
Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95 claim that there is no forest in the district
while the Development Statistics of Balochistan 1989-90 mentioned an area of 1,036
hectares as forest in Kech district. The Divisional Forestry Office is unable to confirm the
information.
5.4.2 Forestry
There is no state forest in the district.. According to the District Forestry Officer (DFO),
Makran, about 93 hectares of tree plantation has been done by the Forestry Department.
The department had plans for tree plantation in various areas of the district, but these
could not be implemented due to budget constraints.
5.4.3 Major Vegetation

Grass and fodder plants are fairly numerous in the district. The most important of these
are the barshonk, sorag, drug, and kandar. The landscape, specially along the coarse of
Dasht river, is featured with kahur (prosopis spicigera) and gazz (tamarix galica) or
tamarisk trees. Some plants of pharmaceutical importance including aishak, lantoo,
danichk (Ispaghol), and shrish are also found in the district. Some other wild plants are
chigird, kabarr, babbur, kharak, chish, kahsh, gwanick, and gunsh. Frequently found plant
is pish (nannorhops ritchieana), or dwarf palm, which is used for construction of huts in
some areas of the district.
5.4.4 Cutting/Marketing/Processing
According to an estimate about 2 metric tonnes of timber wood is harvested from local
wood lands for furniture. However major quantity of timber comes from Karachi. People
do cut fuel wood and poles from wood lands for construction of houses.
5.4.5 Department of Forestry Development

The department comprises 32 personnel. At the district level the District Forestry Officer
is head of the department. The department has developed a nursery from where
seedlings are provided to the general public as well as to government departments. On
1st October 1996, the total number of seedlings available at the nursery was 41,853,
which if planted, is equivalent to about 25 hectares only. The department also has
developed a national park on 5,665 hectare area while one game sanctuary is also under
the department’s control.

5.4.6 Wildlife
Once the district’s mountainous area contained plenty of Sind ibex (Capra lircus) and
ravine deer (Gazella gazella bennetti) but now they are rarely found. Hares and wild
ducks are hunted in the district. Occasionally, wolves (Canis lupus pallipes), and Urial
(Ovis orientalis) are found but these species are endangered. Most common animal found
in Kech is the jackal (Canis aureus). Among birds the grey partridge, black partridge and
see partridge are common, while sand grouses has been declared endangered in Kech.
5.4.7 Bee-keeping
Bee-keeping is an alien idea in the district as people are acquainted with wild honey only.
5.4.8 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Forestry Development

Coverage Forestry Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Tree planting - x - - - -
Tree harvesting - - - - - -
Fuel wood cutting / processing - - - - - x
Fuel wood marketing - - - - - x
Timber wood cutting - - - - - x
Timber wood processing - - - - - x
Sale of timber - - - - - x
Game ranches - - - - - -
Bee keeping - - - - - -
x minor involvement

There is contradiction in reports about forest in Kech. However, wild plants , grasses, and
trees are found of which some are of pharmaceutical use. Game birds are also found in
the area. Afforestation is needed for the area, specifically in order to stop wind erosion.
Especially women are involved in the collection of fire/fuel wood and the use of plants.

5.5 Mining
5.5.1 Introduction
The district has always been ignored for mineral survey. The Geological Survey of
Pakistan and the Inspectorate of Mines have not reported any minerals in the area.
However salt is obtained through private enterprise from some areas of close drainage,
locally called kaps, in Balgattar and Kolwa.

Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Mining - - - - - x
Processing - - - - - -
Transportation - - - - - x
x minor involvement
The mountainous land of Kech might be rich in minerals. The action needed is exploration
and onward exploitation of the mineral resources in the district. Exploitation of minerals
will not only benefit the national economy but will also help the socio-economic
development of the area.
5.6 Industry and Manufacturing
5.6.1 Introduction
Kech has no major industry except a power generation plant at Buleda owned by WAPDA
and a modern flour mill at Turbat. However some manufacturing enterprises are
functional in the district. Factors inhibiting the growth of industry and manufacturing
concerns include non-existent infrastructure, unavailability of skilled labour, lack of
training institutions, and inability of government functionaries to support adequately.
Number of Units with indicated Employees

Enterprise 1 2-5 6-10 11-25 26-100 > 100
Retail 285 234 1 - - -
Wholesale - 36 - - - -
Mills - - - - - -
Manufacture 13 143 7 - - -
Trade 22 3 4 - - -
Transport Companies - 6 - - - -
Restaurant - 41 - - - -
Hotel/guest house - - 1 3 - -
Total 320 463 13 3 - -
Turbat being the divisional headquarters is relatively more developed in terms of business
activities. Still there is potential for business if the adequate infrastructure and
government support is made available. Essential infrastructure including roads and power
are lacking in most parts of the district. There has been little planning regarding the
provision of infrastructure, either due to lack of interest or fiscal resources.

5.6.2 Manufacturing
There are few manufacturing concerns in the district. Most of them are furniture making
workshops, while others include ice factories, engineering workshops, and crushing
plants. The ice factories work in summer only. There is more potential for manufacturing
units but irregular electric supply and unavailability of skilled labour are the major
constraints. The date factory has been closed due to losses.
There is one flour mill equipped with modern technology. It is a 6 body factory with a
capacity of 600 kilogram per hour production of flour. The flour produced is of 3 types. At
present the mill works for 8 hours a day due to unavailability of wheat from the
government depot. The ex-factory price of a flour bag of 80 kilogram is rupees 530. Every
month the government provides 1,300 tonnes of wheat at subsidised price of rupees
5,150 per tonne. It is said that if the government provides more wheat, the mill can work
for 24 hours a day.
Another manufacturing unit is a bread plant. It was established by a retired Oman army
personnel in January 1996. It has proved a successful experience. There are 2 crushing
plants which provide crush for construction work.
5.6.3 Trade (import/export)

Major trade in the district is illegal cross border import from Iran. Many of the consumer
items, including flour, sugar, plastic goods, biscuits, blankets, liquid petroleum gas and
poultry birds come from Iran and are relatively cheaper than the Pakistani ones. Although
Makran Rangers and Pakistan Customs are responsible to check this illegal import,
acquaintance of locals with the safe routes along with inefficient vigilance results in a
large scale transportation of the goods into the district. Moreover local influential are of
the view, that due to the low economic status of the majority of the population, it is
imperative to allow this cross border trade. Unavailability of adequate road links to major
civic centres like Karachi and Quetta is another factor for the high prices of Pakistani
goods, which also results in a greater need for illegal imports. However, many Pakistani
consumer items are imported from Karachi. Even some of the Iranian goods are imported
from Quetta where these goods are available for lesser price. A small quantity of
vegetables is imported from Panjgur.
Dates remains the major export item being exported to Karachi, Quetta, Sukkur, and
other parts of the country. Dates produced in Kech are processed in Karachi and
afterwards exported to foreign markets. One date processing unit was established at
Turbat but has been closed due to mismanagement and continuous losses. The export of
dates in raw form gives relatively less return and even the quantity to be exported
depends upon the produce of dates in other parts of the country. If crop is good there,
price of dates in Kech remains low and vice versa.
5.6.4 Tourism
There are some archaeological sites in the district, like Punnu’s fort and some old tombs
but the inappropriate road links to Kech make the travelling difficult. There are 6 rest
houses and 3 well furnished hotels which can provide good accommodation to tourists.

5.6.5 Handicrafts
Embroidery work is the main handicraft done by women of the area with excellent skill
and craft. Mostly it is done on women’s dress for personal use. More skilled women
receive orders to make dresses for other women also. The work is mainly done at home.
The embroidery work is rarely sold in the local markets. Karachi and Quetta are the main
importers of such work. Cost of such embroidery ranges from rupees 500 to 7,000 and
work can take 3 to 6 months for completion. Almost all the women are skilled in craft, but
as there is no “proper” marketing of such embroidery, the middle men really make the
profit.
5.6.6 Department of Small and Medium Enterprise and Industrial Development

The Department of Industries exists at the provincial level, but it does not play an
effective role for development of industries or small business enterprises at district level.
The department has established a mini industrial estate at Turbat, but to date no investor
has shown interest to set up an industry here. The department is imparting training in
carpet making, leather embroidery and mazri work through its Carpet Centre, Leather
Embroidery Centre and the Mazri Centre.
5.6.7 GO/NGO/SME, etc. involvement in Industrial Development

The federal government has provided support to the development of small enterprise and
manufacturing through banking and a Technical Training Centre at Turbat. This centre
was established in 1990. Now its recurrent budget is provided by the provincial
government. It has 9 teachers and 21 auxiliary personnel. In this centre training is
provided in 3 trades: auto mechanic, electrical wiring and welding. There is a demand for
further trades like computer programming, air-conditioning and refrigeration. To date 300
students have completed their training from this centre while 52 are enrolled.
Banks, either in public or private sector, provide long and short term loans to finance
various trade activities. Marketing is done through private sector, but there is not a very
effective marketing network for export of goods from Kech.
Coverage Commercial Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private

Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Vocational Training - xx x - - -
Management Training - - - - - -
Acquisition - - - - - -
Public Relations - - - - - -
Credit - - xxx - - x
Marketing - - - - - xx
x minor involvement

The district has only two industries, a power generation plant and a flour mill. A few
manufacturing units and mills are also there. Import in Kech is, for the most part, illegal,
i.e. smuggled in from Iran. Many consumer items are imported from Iran and are cheaper
than the Pakistani items . The only considerable export product of the district is dates.
Although it failed in the past because of mismanagement, a feasibility study for a date

processing industry should still be conducted. Appropriate infrastructure is not available

for development of business or manufacturing concerns. Even electricity, a basic
necessity, is not available at regular basis to the major part of the district. It might be
inferred that provision of infrastructure, like electricity and roads, can ensure increased
manufacturing and business activities. Technical know-how and training for some more
skills is highly needed to encourage industrial development.
Tourism is minimal as no remarkable tourism attraction is there. Embroidery work is done

by women for personal use as handicrafts and a small proportion is sold out in the
markets of Karachi and Quetta. Pish mats and baskets are also made by few people.
Organised efforts may be directed towards development of embroidery work as cottage
industry and, consequently, development of women folk. GOs, NGOs and SME need to
make good use of the potential of women and provide them with loans and training to
develop this industry. Handicrafts are a major income generation activity of women, which
may attract both the national and the international market.

A modern flour mill at Turbat
A stone crushing plant at Turbat

6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications
6.1 Introduction
Kech, a predominant rural district, is connected with other parts of the province and the
country by air and by road. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) has daily flights from and
to different destinations. Although black top roads are only 50.6 kilometres long, shingle
roads connect the district to other cities of the country. Buses ply daily to and from
Karachi, Quetta, Panjgur, Khuzdar, Kharan and some other cities. These roads are
difficult to travel during the rains. As the roads cross small streams and flood channels
without any bridge, traffic is blocked till the lowering of the water level.
6.2 Roads
The total length of roads within the district is 1,516.6 kilometres out of which only 50.6
kilometres is metalled (black top). All these roads were constructed and are maintained
by the provincial Buildings and Roads (B&R) Division of the Communications and Works
(C&W) Department. A program of “farm to market roads” has been started by the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) under which roads from small villages to the major towns have
been surveyed. Unavailability, and sometimes improper utilisation, of development
budget and highly inequitable cost-benefit analysis are two major factors behind this little
length of metalled roads.
At present Turbat-Buleda road is under construction with a total cost of rupees 17.5
million which has been reduced from its original cost of rupees 25.0 million (as approved
in the PC-I). To reduce the cost bridges have been excluded. It was proposed by the B&R
staff that instead of constructing black top roads, shingle roads should be made after
earth work. The department is spending 0.6 million rupees per month for repair and
maintenance of the existing shingle roads.
National Provincial District Other

Type of Road Highway Roads Council Agencies Total
Metalled (km.) - 50 - - 50
Shingle (km.) - 1466 - - 1466
Total (km.) - 1516 - - 1516
Source: Provincial Buildings and Roads Division, Balochistan
Unavailability of black top roads in the district has hampered the transportation and,
consequently, trade activities. According to the provincial B&R division, total daily traffic
count on various roads of the district was 1,026 only. Due to high maintenance cost of the
vehicles, transporters demand for high fare which further affects costs. Some areas do
not even have shingle roads. Hence agriculture products cannot be marketed. The idea of
private investments through Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) system for roads’
construction is viable if these roads help in enhancing the economic activities.
6.3 Transport
Any exact data on transport in Kech district is hard to find as no private motor vehicle
owner gets his vehicle registered in the district. Only the government vehicles are
registered or some vehicles are registered in other districts. Most of the vehicles are

illegally imported from Gulf states via transit trade facility to Afghanistan and are re-
imported illegally to Pakistan without paying any duty. These automobiles do not have
any documentation, hence, are available for a relatively cheaper price. Same is the case
with motorcycles. Hardly any of the motorcycles have a registration number. Many of
them are illegally imported from Iran. The Department of Excise and Taxation is
responsible for registration of automobiles and collection of revenue from the owners but
the excise authorities seem quite heedless regarding this issue. Some vehicles move
even with fake number plates on the road, but there is no authority to check them.
Type of Vehicle Registered in District 1995

Trucks 11
Buses 1
Cars, Jeeps, Taxis 48
M-cycle, Rickshaws 13
Camel/horse/donkey cart 0
Tractors 0
Others 74
Total 147
Source: Motor-vehicle Registration Authority, Kech
A limited number of buses ply from and to Turbat for other parts of the province due to
unavailability of metalled roads. Journey from Turbat to Karachi takes about 30 hours
while it is about 48 hours from Quetta to Turbat. Daily 6 coaches, from each side, ply
between Karachi and Turbat, 2 between Quetta and Turbat, 2 between Khuzdar and
Turbat via Panjgur, and two between Gwadar and Turbat via Pasni. A few pickups also
ply daily from Turbat to Hoshab, Panjgur, Pasni, Jiwani, Gwadar, Awaran, and some
other destinations.
6.4 Rail- and Airways
Kech has no railways. The national flag-carrier PIA operates 26 flights per week to
connect Turbat to Karachi, Quetta, Panjgur, Dalbandin, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, and
Jiwani. All other cities of the province are connected to Kech district by road.
No. of
flights
from\to Turbat Karachi Quetta Panjgur Dalbandin Gwadar Pasni Ormara Jiwani
Turbat x 8 4 3 2 2 3 1 1
Karachi 9 x - - - - - - -
Quetta 4 - x - - - - - -
Panjgur 4 - - x - - - - -
Dalbandin 2 - - - x - - - -
Gwadar 2 - - - - x - - -
Pasni 3 - - - - - x - -
Ormara 1 - - - - - - x -
Jiwani 1 - - - - - - - x
Source: PIA

6.5 Radio and Television
The district is out of Pakistan Television’s transmission range. Television owners watch
satellite-recepted television programmes. Nobody pays Ptv licence fee, which seems
justified as there is no Ptv transmission. Therefore no record about the number of
television sets is available. However, as per estimate, every fourth household owns a
television set and a satellite receiver in Turbat proper, while in rural areas this ratio is
considerably lower.
Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (Radio Pakistan) has one broadcasting station of 0.25
K.W, M.W. at Turbat. This station was inaugurated on January 4, 1981 and daily
transmits programmes for about five hours (1800-2310). It broadcasts in Urdu (3 hours)
and Balochi (2 hours). People do not bother to pay radio licence fee, therefore no data
are available about the total number of radio sets in the district.
6.6 Telecommunications
The Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) has provided a telephonic

network to many villages of Kech. At present there are 5 digital and 2 analogue telephone
exchanges with a capacity of 3,000 lines at Turbat, 500 lines at Kalatuk, 1,500 lines at
Mand, 1,000 lines at Tump, 500 lines at Shahrak, 400 lines at Buleda and 400 lines at
Nasirabad. Other exchanges are located at Gomazi and Nazarabad with 200 lines each;
at Balicha with 150; at Allandur, Dasht Kuddan, Balochabad, Hoshab, Kalag, Phatan
Kahor, Riddique and Sami with 100 lines; and at Asia abad, Balnigore, Gishkaur, Goodi,
Heronk, Koshk, Nodiz, Pidarak, Pirani Kahn and Tolagi with 50 lines while telephone
exchange at Tijaban has a capacity of 30 connections. The total number of telephone
connections in the whole district are 5,004 up to February 1997. Although there are about
12 private call offices in Turbat town, no public call office is there. However, one
Customer Service Centre is ready to be opened at Turbat and 2 others at Mand and
Tump, which will provide all the telecommunication facilities to the public. Telegraphic and
facsimile service, promoted by PTCL, is also available at Turbat only, but internet and e-
mail services are not yet available.
Contrary to other government departments, PTCL staff was satisfied with the revenue
collection. There was no complaint about defaulters. Many applications were pending
because of the completion of cable networking process.
6.7 Post Offices / Courier Services
In Kech district, the Pakistan Postal Services Corporation has established one post office
at Turbat and eleven sub-post offices at Kolwa, Buleda, Mand, Tump, Nasirabad, Kalatuk,
Shahi Tump, Asia abad, Gishkaur, Balnigore, and Balicha. 20 branch posts offices are
established at Chahsar, Koshkalat, Jusak, Absar, Hoshab, Nazarabad, Shahrak, Soland,
Kuddan, Khairabad, Heronk, Pidarak, Tijaban, Sami, Kalag, Kirgari Kuhan, Dahday,
Dandar, Nodiz, and Dihat. The post office at Turbat works as night post office in the
evening. Although not very regular, a door to door delivery mechanism is present and
mail is delivered throughout the district. Mail reaches Turbat by air as well as by road, but
delayed delivery of mail is a common complaint. Among the special mail services, the
Urgent Mail Service is available at Turbat post office only. There are 36 post boxes
available at the Turbat post office for the public. Fax service was initiated once, but has
now been abandoned. Saving bank facilities are available at the Turbat post office.

The sole courier service (TCS) is available at the district headquarters, i.e., Turbat, only.
6.8 Banking/Financial Institutions
In Kech, commercial banking services are provided by Habib Bank Limited (HBL),
National Bank of Pakistan (NBP), United Bank Limited (UBL), Allied Bank Limited (ABL),
Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB), and Rural Development Finance Corporation (RDFC),
while Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) provides credit services for the
farmers. The principal business of the banks in Kech is to process the remittance of
money, which comes from Gulf states. However, lending of money from the banks is also
common among the business community.
Financial Institution Branches

Habib Bank Limited Turbat (1), Tump (1), Buleda (1), Mand (1),
Balnigore (1), Koshkalat (1), Dasht Kuddan (1),
Nasirabad (1)
National Bank of Pakistan Turbat (1), Tump (1)
Muslim Commercial Bank Turbat (1), Tump (1), Mand (1)
United Bank Limited Turbat (1), Tump (1), Buleda (1), Mand (1),
Balnigore (1), Nasirabad (1)
Allied Bank Limited Turbat (2)
Prime Bank Turbat (1)
Bolan Bank Turbat (1)
Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan Turbat (1), Tump (1), Buleda (1)
Regional Development Finance Corporation Turbat (1)
The Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan was established in the district to provide
loans to farmers for agricultural development. In order to a give loan, a pre-appraisal is
prepared by a Mobile Credit Officer, who after a detailed visit prepares a financial
appraisal. After financing, the bank keeps track of its investment and an evaluation of the
loan utilisation is made. Usually agricultural land is mortgaged and a loan up to 66
percent of its value can be provided on which 14.5 percent mark-up is charged.
Sometimes personal guarantee is also acceptable if the loan demanded is up to 30,000
rupees. In 1995-96, a sum of rupees 41.873 million was issued to the borrowers. In the
financial years 1993-94, rupees 35.483 million were lend and in 1994-95 this amount was
105.529 million rupees. Recovery rate has been below 40 percent till 1996, after which it
has increased to about 55 percent, as a result of a special recovery campaign by the
bank.
The Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan has introduced many schemes, some of
which have been abandoned due to change of government policies. The bank has
financed the installation of tubewells in Turbat, Tump, Mand, and Dasht area and as a
consequence the irrigated area under cultivation has increased. Tractors and pick-ups
were provided to the farmers for cultivation and marketing. A total of 50 tractors were
provided to the farmers in Turbat and Tump at 12 percent interest rate under the Awami
Tractor Scheme. Any type of agriculture based industry can be financed under the bank’s
manifesto. Lending can also be made for seeds, fertilisers, and agricultural machinery.
The bank has appointed 6 Mobile Credit Officers in Kech district, 4 at Turbat and 2 at
Tump for providing credit facilities to the farmers.

The Regional Development Finance Corporation is functioning as a commercial bank

only, while its actual mandate was to finance small projects in rural areas. The only date
factory at Turbat was provided a loan of 8.7 million rupees; not a single penny has been
recovered. Now the corporation is very careful to finance loans in this area.
6.9 Electricity and Gas
The district has partial electricity supply. At Turbat the electricity supply is regular for 24
hours a day while in Buleda, where local power generation is arranged, it is provided for
only 7 hours a day. Turbat is directly connected to the Pasni power generation plant,
which is capable of producing 17 megawatt (MW) of electricity. In Buleda, power
generation capacity is 200 kilowatt (kW).
At present electricity has been provided to 8,627 consumers out of which 6,723 are
domestic connections, 1,820 commercial, and 26 connections are heavy load
connections. Only 58 three-phase connections are given to run private tube wells. There
has been a problem of non-payment of bills, but now WAPDA officials disconnect the
transformer in case payment of bills has not been made by the electricity consumers in
that area. However, still the revenue realisation is not more than 50 percent. Government
departments and organisations are not regular in payment of bills, as they pay whenever
they have the amount available in their budget.
The total estimated requirement of the area is 9 megawatts of electricity. After Turbat and
Buleda, Hoshab will be the third locality to get electrified. A high tension 132 kV
transmission line from Turbat to Hoshab and a 132 kV grid station at Hoshab are under
construction. After completion of this work Hoshab will be connected to Pasni power
station, via Turbat. The pace of construction work is slow due to delayed release of funds
from the Government of Balochistan, that is funding the whole project.
Kech does not have access to gas pipeline supply, however liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is
available in cylinders for cooking. It is supplied by the Sui Southern Gas Company
(SSGC) and Wakgas through their agencies in the district. Some proportion of gas
cylinders is illegally imported from Iran. One cylinder of 10-11 kg of LPG supplied by
Pakistani companies costs 330 rupees while an Iranian cylinder of 7-8 kg costs 250
rupees. LPG is also available through refilling in smaller cylinders of 2 kg for 70 rupees.
Although LPG is a bit costly as compared to the other energy sources, its consumption is
increasing. At present, 6 agencies of SSGC and 2 of Wakgas sell more than 6,000
cylinders every month. The consumption of Iranian gas is not measurable as many shops
are selling refilled and Iranian cylinders because there is no check on refilling and selling
of LPG. The price of LPG is a bit higher in Kech. One stated reason is that fare of one
truck load is 1,400-1,500 rupees while SSGC issues a limited quantity of cylinders. In this
way the price per cylinder increases to 330 rupees.
6.10 Rest Houses
In Kech district, there are 6 rest houses managed by various departments. According to
the provided information, the Irrigation and Power Department, Pakistan Postal Services
Corporation, Building and Roads Division and the District Council own one rest house
each.

6.11 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Energy, Transport and

Communications Development
Most of the economic infrastructure and communications are developed and managed by
government, either federal or provincial. Private sector is involved in transport and
banking only. Control of all these sectors by government creates a non-competitive
atmosphere which ultimately hampers socio-economic development. One example is of
banks; all the public sector banks are far behind the private sector banks, whether it is the
client service or it is the recovery of loans.
Coverage Economic Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private

Infrastructure Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Road works - xxx - - - -
Transport (buses) - - - - - xxx
Airway - - xxx - - -
Radio & Television - - xxx - - -
Banking/Financial Institutions - - xx - - xx
Electricity - - xxx - - -
Gas - - x - - -
Rest houses - xx x - - -
x minor involvement
Kech is connected to other cities by road and air, though length of black top roads is only
50.6 kilometres. Development of any area is hard to perceive without roads, therefore it is
imperative to construct more metalled roads and link farms to markets by more shingle
roads. Lack of roads affect men’s and women’s access to resources even further. The
problems of transport affect women more as it further hinders their mobility Access to
education and health also becomes more difficult.
Presently, the district is out-ranged for Ptv transmission. Human resource mobilisation
can only be made possible through education, awareness and communication (EAC), of
which television is an effective medium. Though politically it is true that a state run
medium can promote the government perspective only, Ptv can still play a very positive
role in change of attitudes, like on family planning, through persuasive communication.
Therefore, after the construction of a television booster station at Turbat it is hoped that
the people will have access to the Ptv transmission.
The district is well linked through telephone and mail, though, delays in mail delivery is a
common complaint. Postal services need to be improved. Commercial banks are
functioning satisfactorily, however the crucial role of the ADBP demands a broader
mandate to serve the agriculture based economy of the district. Similarly, the Regional
Development Finance Corporation should play its actual role of rural development
through financing. Credit facilities are not available for women, for home industry in
handicrafts or for kitchen-gardening, livestock and poultry raising. It is important that
loans are given to women for their economic uplift and to bring them into the mainstream
of economic development.

Electricity is the most demanded facility, either to illuminate home or to run a tubewell to
irrigate a field. One probable reason behind the slower pace of manufacturing activities in
the district is unavailability of a power source. However it is hoped that electricity
provision to Kech district through Pasni or the national grid will remove this big hurdle on
the road to development.

7. Social Infrastructure
7.1 Water Supply
Most of the ground water in Kech is potable. Mostly open surface wells and karezes are
used for obtaining drinking water. In some areas PHED has constructed water supply
schemes where drinking water is supplied through overhead and community tanks. Diesel
or electricity operated tubewells and open surface wells are also used to provide water.
According to the Public Health Engineering statistics, about one fourth (23.2%) of the
population has access to safe drinking water through these schemes. However it is
estimated that another 15 percent of the population gets illegal connection from these
schemes to acquire safe drinking water. In 1981, about 50 percent of the population was
using water obtained from open surface wells while 47 percent was obtaining drinking
water from karezes, rivers, and springs. Only 3 percent of the population had access to
piped drinking water at that time. No recent data is available on water supply coverage of
the population.
Percentage of population served (1995)

Sources of House Community
Water Supply connection Tank < 250 m > 250 m Total
Piped Water Supply 17.0 6.2 - - 23.2
Perennial Streams - n/a n/a n/a n/a
Springs - n/a n/a n/a n/a
Karezes - n/a n/a n/a n/a
Wells (open surface) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Hand pumps n/a 10.0 n/a n/a 10.0
Tube wells n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Total 17.0 16.2 - - 33.2
Source: Executive Engineer, PHED, Kech and LG&RDD, Quetta
7.1.1 Drinking Water

As it has been indicated above, about one fourth (23.2%) of the population is supplied
drinking water through 65 water supply schemes, excluding 23 non-functional schemes,
constructed by the Public Health Engineering Department. In case of overhead tank or
direct pumping, water is supplied through house connection and a monthly flat water rate
is charged from consumers. Most of the schemes are provided with community tanks
from where children and adults fetch water. The remaining population obtains water from
open surface wells, karezes, and springs. In collaboration with UNICEF and the Dutch
Government, the Water and Sanitation Cell of Local Government and Rural Development
Department has installed 410 deep well hand pumps throughout the district which has
made the fetching of water an easier task. Basically these hand pumps are installed on
already existing open surface wells therefore sources of water have not increased. The
coverage of potable water has definitely increased. In the areas far from villages, women
and children fetch water for domestic use. Sometimes they use donkeys and small
trolleys if they have to bring water from a distant source. However, in the villages women
are not asked to fetch water from community tanks or other sources and male family
members do this job. Usually people stay near the water source and cultural norms of the
area restrict women from going around public places.
A total of 23 water supply schemes constructed by the Public Health Engineering

Department are not functional mainly due to unavailability of operation and maintenance

(O&M) budget and staff for these schemes. Another obstacle in functioning of these
schemes is government’s policy of handing over water supply schemes to the community.
According PHED people are not eager to operate these schemes by themselves and
government does not allocate O&M budget for water supply schemes, so it is a hanging
position. The people argue as to why they are being asked to run the schemes by
themselves, while some other schemes are being funded by the government. Some of
the schemes are non-functional because of illegal water connections, which usually
outnumber the legal ones. The illegal extra connections result in minimal supply to the
legal consumers and, consequently, they do not pay water charges. The vested interests
of politicians worsen the issue and in the end the scheme becomes non-functional.
Sometimes water provided for household use is illegally used for irrigation, which
deprives many consumers of their right to get drinking water.
The water supplied through schemes is chlorinated before supply. All community tanks
are lined and water pipelines are laid one metre below the surface to avoid breakage and
consequent water contamination. The hydrogeology department of WAPDA is
responsible for providing a report on the quality of water at the proposed scheme site.
Presently most of the schemes are diesel operated therefore operational costs are high.
Although water supply schemes have facilitated people with provision of drinking water,
the overall satisfaction within the community is low.
7.1.2 Drinking Water Supply Administration

Most of the water supply schemes are administered by the Public Health Engineering
Department. To date the department has constructed 88 schemes, out of which 65 are
functional. Out of the functional schemes 12 have been handed over to the community for
operation and maintenance. The government has introduced a policy of handing over the
water supply schemes, built by government, to the community for operation and
maintenance. Now most of the non-functional schemes owned by the Public Health
Engineering Department are waiting to be handed over to the community.
The water supply schemes constructed by the Public Health Engineering Department
supply water in two ways; through house/commercial connections and through
community tanks. In case of house connection a monthly flat rate of 30 rupees per
connection is charged while 250 rupees per month are charged from commercial
consumers. In case of water supply through community tanks no water charges are
levied. In case the schemes are being operated by the community, the Water
Management Association fixes the tariff and levies water charges from consumers. The
community arranges for the operation and minor repairs costing less than 10,000 rupees.
The major repairs (more than 10,000 rupees) are arranged by the Public Health
Engineering Department. The 12 schemes handed over to the community are being
operated well.
7.1.3 Ground Water Sub-sector

The quality of drinking water in Kech is good. Normal level of ground water is 20 metre
while the maximum is about 50 metre. A total of 92 test wells were drilled in Kech up to
mid 1993 by the Public Health Engineering Department, Power and Irrigation Department,
Balochistan Integrated Area Development Project and WAPDA to examine the quality of
water.

7.1.4. Sanitation
In Kech, the sanitation is very poor. There is no sewerage system, no solid waste
management, and no cleanliness. Three organisations, including the Public Health
Engineering Department, the district council and the municipal committee have a
mandate to provide sanitation services to people, but except the municipal committee
none is addressing this important issue. The service provided by MC Turbat is only for
Turbat town and, that also, is inadequate. The committee has a tractor trolley by which
after collection, household garbage is dumped on the river bank and sometimes burned.
The District council and the Public Health Engineering Department have an excuse of
unavailability of funds; the result is that sewerage water flows in the streets, household
garbage is dumped just outside the houses and a very pungent smell is characteristic of
most of the villages. None of the government or non-government organisations has a plan
for a motivational campaign to educate the people, men and women.
In 1995, 220 flush system latrines were constructed by the Water and Sanitation Cell of
Local Government and Rural Development Department in collaboration with the UNICEF
throughout the district. These latrines, in fact meant for families, were constructed at
public places therefore are of little use. However people are making such latrines in their
houses, as the result of the demonstration affect.
7.1.5 Public Health Engineering (PHE) Department

The department is headed by an Executive Engineer at district level. The Public Health
Engineering Department is mainly responsible to construct, operate and maintain water
supply schemes; to look after water resources; to provide sewerage and solid waste
disposal facilities; and to levy water and sanitation charges. In Kech, the Public Health
Engineering Department is sub-divided in two sub-divisions, Turbat and Mand, headed by
the respective Sub-divisional Officer (SDO). The total staff of the Public Health
Engineering Department in Kech is 305. In 1995-96, recurrent budget of the department
was about 9,340,790 rupees while no development budget was released to the
department. The department levied an approximate amount of 2.5 million rupees on
account of water charges and deposited to the provincial government account. The
operation and maintenance budget in 1995-96 was 2.0 million rupees and the same has
been requested for 1996-97; this amount has not been received to date. It is hoped that
after handing over all the water supply schemes to the community, the department will
direct its attention to exploitation of more water resources and sanitation services.
7.1.6 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Water Development

The provincial government plays a major role in the provision of water and sanitation
services in collaboration with some international donors and local NGOs. The increased
participation by the community in operation and maintenance of water supply schemes
will not only lessen the burden on public exchequer, but will also ensure better service
delivery.

Coverage Water and Local Prov. Fed. Internat. Private

Sanitation Services Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Donor Entr.
Construction x xxx - - x -
Management - xxx - - - -
Operation & Maintenance - xxx - xx - -
x minor involvement

At present about one fourth of the population, plus 15 percent illegal consumers, have
access to safe drinking water through water supply schemes. If all the schemes,
constructed to date, would have been functional, coverage percentage would have been
nearly 50 percent. Non-functional schemes can be made functional by motivating
communities for taking over the schemes. The provision of electricity for operation of
water supply schemes can cut down the operational cost. Appointment of a Community
Development Officer in Panjgur is an appreciable step towards bottom-up development
planning model which may be followed in Kech district also.
There have been some complaints of irregular water supply through the Public Health
Engineering Department’s schemes. This complaint can be removed by ensuring efficient
operation and supervision of these schemes.
The site of water tanks needs to be chosen carefully in consultation with the local
community, keeping in view that women usually fetch water. The installation of water
tanks at public places restrains women from using this source of water. Hence they still
have to walk long distances to collect water from other sources.
Awareness raising to improve the sanitation is equally important. Unless men and women
of the area do understand the bad effects of poor sanitation, they will not co-operate and
continue dumping garbage in the streets.
7.2 Health
7.2.1 Introduction
A healthy population is a prerequisite for socio-economic development. The health status
is not satisfactory in Kech. Common prevalence of malaria, ARI, and gastrointestinal
diseases indicate a lack of preventive measures and an inefficient primary health care
system. This situation worsens more for girls and women than for men. On the one hand
the female population is culturally deprived of free movement outside their houses and
consequently they always need some male member of the family to accompany them. On
the other hand, women-exclusive health facilities are hardly available and there is severe
shortage of female health staff, either medical or paramedical. Presently, 2 out of 4
Mother Child Health Care Centres in Kech are non-functional due to non-sanctioning of
female health staff. Malnutrition of women is a cultural phenomenon in Pakistan. This not
only results in poor health of women but also increases the burden on secondary health
care facilities. According to the district headquarters hospital data, the average number of
patients is 7,000 per month. Women constitute the majority of the patients but this

situation seems reverse in case of indoor patients. Hospital bed occupancy rate exceeds
100 percent most of the times.
Health Services (1996)

No. of No. of No. of Para- No. of No. of
32
Doctors (m/f) Nurses (m/f) medics (m/f) Beds Units
Hospitals 18/5 2/6 64 1
Dispensaries 0/0 0 40
RHCs 0/0 0 5
BHUs 0/0 0 24
Sub Health Centres 0/0 0 1
MCH Centres 0/0 0 4
School Health 48/0 0/0 187/74 0 2
Private Clinic 10/1 0/0 0/0 0 25
Total 82 8 261 64 81
Unit/population ratio 1:8,092 1:82,941 1:2,542 1:10,368 1:8,192
Source: District Health Officer and Medical Superintendent, DHQ Hospital, Kech
7.2.2 Health System

In the district, health services are provided at two levels. At primary level, 5 rural health
centres, 24 basic health units (BHU), one sub health centre (SHC), 40 dispensaries, and
4 mother child health care centres (MCHC) are established throughout the district while
one district headquarters hospital at Turbat provides secondary level health care. Primary
health care includes prevention of diseases through community health programs, cure of
minor diseases, and provision of emergency medical services. Secondary health care
includes provision of specialised health services to cure major ailments at the district
headquarters hospital. Moreover, indoor patient facility is available at the district
headquarters hospital with a capacity of 64 beds.
Only some of the primary health care facilities have availability of a medical professional;
otherwise paramedical staff provides health services to people. Female medical staff is
either not available or not willing to serve in the rural areas. There is not a single Lady
Medical Officer working in the whole district, except in the district headquarters hospital.
This results in unavailability of health services to the female population of Kech district.
Laboratory and X-rays services are available at 3 and 4 rural health centres respectively.
The district headquarters hospital at Turbat provides specialised health service in

paediatrics, surgery, ophthalmology, cardiology, obstetrics and gynaecology,
dermatology, ENT, pathology and dentistry. A nominal fee is charged from patients for
outdoor, indoor, X-ray, and laboratory services. Only one rupee is charged for OPD slip
while indoor admission fee is rupees 5. Ambulance service is available at the rate of 2
rupees per kilometre plus fuel charges while a fixed amount of rupees 20 is charged for
X-ray, laboratory test, electrocardiogram (ECG), and dental surgery. These fees are
being levied since September 1995 and all the income goes straight to the government
account.
Apart from government run facilities, health services are being provided by private
medical practitioners also. There are 25 private clinics out of which 3 are medical centres
equipped with X-rays, ultra sonography, and clinical laboratory facilities. Even surgical
32
No statistics were found to differentiate whether the doctors/paramedics were placed in either the RHCs, BHUs, etc. So
the figures given, are to be distributed over all indicated health services.

operations are also possible at the private clinics. There are 10 hakeems (traditional
healers) practising in Kech district.
7.2.3 Major Disease Incidence

In Kech disease pattern changes with the climatic change. In summer, malaria is the most
prevalent disease along with gastrointestinal diseases. Absence of sewerage system and
improper garbage disposal results in swamps and marshy areas, which not only provides
mosquitoes an ample chance to grow, but also contaminates drinking water. Diarrhoea
and dysentery are common gastrointestinal diseases. In winter malaria is replaced with
acute respiratory infections including bronchitis, sore throat, and pneumonia (specially in
children). Apart from these diseases, pulmonary tuberculosis and urinary tract infections
are also common. Major paediatric diseases are acute respiratory infections (ARI) and
diarrhoea.
7.2.4 Regular and Special Health Services

In 1996 the coverage of the Expanded Program of Immunisation (EPI for infants was 48.4
percent at the average while for the children under 2 years of age it was 8.2 percent.
About one fourth (26.3%) of the pregnant women in Kech district were vaccinated against
tetanus in the year 1996.
Special health services in Kech include Leprosy Control Centre, School Health Services,
and the Prime Minister’s Program for Family Planning and Basic Health. The School
Health Service is not functional due to lack of funds and lack of appropriate planning for
physicians’ visits to schools. The leprosy control centre is also not functional due to
unavailability of the staff.
The Prime Minister’s Program for Family Planning and Basic Health started in 1995.
Under this program local women with a minimum qualification of middle pass are
employed as Lady Health Workers for a fixed remuneration of rupees 1200 per month.
They have been trained for three months, after which they are supposed to collect health
statistics of the area, register births and deaths, impart health education and treat minor
ailments like headache, common cold and flu. They also refer children and pregnant
women to the EPI centres for immunisation. Till December 1996, a total of 145 Lady
Health Workers had been recruited in Kech. World Food Program (WFP) has also
supplied vegetable oil to be distributed amongst pregnant women through this program.
The house of the Lady Health Worker is named as health house. Apart from 66 trained
birth attendants, these health workers help pregnant women, provide them advice, and
refer them to the hospital in case of any gynaecological or obstetrics complication.
7.2.5 Administration of Health Services

In Kech, a District Health Officer is responsible for primary health care and related
facilities like basic health units, dispensaries, and mother child health care centres. He is
also responsible for EPI, school health service, Prime Minister’s Program for Family
Planning and Basic Health, and leprosy control centre. Secondary health care is provided
at the district headquarters hospital located at Turbat. A Medical Superintendent is
responsible for proper functioning of the district headquarters hospital. At present one
dental surgeon, one general surgeon, one paediatrician, one ophthalmologist, one
gynaecologist, one dermatologist, one cardiologist, one pathologist, one ENT specialist,
one anaesthetist, 5 medical officers and one lady medical officer are posted at this
hospital.

7.2.6 GO/NGO/private, etc. involvement in Health Development

Although the federal government is providing support to special health services like the
EPI and the Prime Minister’s Program for Family Planning and Basic Health in the district,
the provincial government is the major actor in the provision of health services to the
people of Kech. Private sector’s involvement is limited to private clinics and medical
stores.
Loc. Prov. Fed. Internat.

Health Facility Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Private Donor Total
Hospitals - xxx - - x - 1
Civil Dispensaries x xxx - - - - 40
Mobile Dispensary - - - - - - -
Basic Health Units - xxx - - - - 24
Rural Health Centre - xxx - - - - 5
MCH Centre - xxx - - - - 4
EPI Centre - x xx - - - n/a
TB Clinic - - - - - - -
Family Welfare Clinic - xxx - x - - -
Family Planning Clinic - xxx - - - - -
Private Clinic - - - - xxx - 25
Homeopathic Clinic - - - - x - -
Hakeem/Local
Medical Practitioner - - - - x - 10
VH Posts - xx x - - - -
Nurse Training School - - - - - - -
Chemists - - - - xxx - n/a
Source: District Health Officer, Kech and HMIS
x minor involvement

The health status is poor in the district. The incidence rate of diarrhoea, ARI and malaria
is reportedly high. The EPI coverage is quite unsatisfactory and needs immediate action.
Health statistics are not available at district level. Although the Health Management
Information System (HMIS) has been initiated in the district, its performance requires a lot
of improvement. Furthermore, stationery and accessories to run this system efficiently are
not being supplied regularly.
The district is facing problems in finding female medical staff. There are very few local
women trained for health services. Even if they are available, the socio-cultural set up
inhibits them from rendering such services. The consequence is inadequate health
services for the women, i.e. for half of the total population. This results in high maternal
mortality and high infant mortality. The morbidity and life expectancy of women and the
poor nutritional status of mother and child are major issues of concern in the health
sector, needing immediate efforts of both government and private sector.

7.3 Education
7.3.1 Introduction
The educational institutions in Kech district include two degree colleges, 25 high schools,
39 middle schools and 429 primary schools. Apart from these public sector educational
institutions, 4 primary schools exist in the private sector. Many of the government schools
in the district are not functional. These schools exist on paper only. Their staff is getting
salary but no teaching activity is being carried out. There are no reliable official data
about these non-functional schools.
Number of Pupils
Enrolment 1995 1996
(in public sector) m/f m/f
Muhallah/Home School 0 0
Madrassas n/a n/a
Mosque School 3,987 / 2,172 2,633 / 1,184
Primary School 13,804 / 9,510 24,679 / 16,851
Primary passed n/a n/a
No. of Teachers 1,766 1,870
Vocational Training n/a n/a
Voc. passed n/a n/a
Middle Schools 6,160 / 1,650 6,275 / 1,594
Middle S. passed n/a n/a
High School 2,703 / 318 2,894 / 490
High S. passed n/a n/a
College 725 / 122 1,938 / 152
College graduates n/a n/a
University 0 0
University graduates n/a n/a
Source: District Education Officer, Kech, BEMIS, and Principal, Government Degree College,
Kech
7.3.2 Government School System

The government school system in Kech follows the national pattern. It is divided into three
stages: primary, middle, and high. The entry point to primary stage is kachi, which is
actually the first part of class one while the second part is pakki. In this way the student
spends two years to pass class one. After class one four more years are required to pass
primary stage (class 5). Middle stage (class 6 to 8) is of 3 years’ duration and high section
(class 9 and 10) is of two years. In order to get a secondary school certificate a total of 11
years’ schooling is required.
7.3.3 Primary Schools

There are 326 boys and 103 girls primary schools in the district. More than half (57.4%) of
these schools are single teacher schools. Fifty-five of these schools have been mosque
schools which have been awarded the status of primary schools. Usually a Junior
Vernacular Teacher (JVT) is appointed in a primary school. In mosque schools both the
boys and girls study up to the primary level. The teacher-student ratio in boys primary
schools is 1:34 and for girls primary schools this ratio increases to 1:67.

Amongst the 103 girls primary schools, 8 are community support primary schools and one
is a community model primary school. All these 9 schools were initiated by the community
with efforts of the Society for Community Support for Primary Education. A Village
Education Committee (VEC) is constituted amongst the villagers where at least 75
percent of the residents are willing to open a girls primary school. This committee
supervises functioning of the school. A local middle pass girl is engaged as a teacher.
Space for the school and the teacher’s remuneration for initial 3 months is provided by
the community. After 3 months the government approves and finances the school if its
performance is satisfactory. After 3 years the government constructs the school building
on the land provided by the community, provided that funds are available.
The Strengthening Participatory Organisation is arranging primary education for girls

through their Village Education Program. Under this program schools are established
under the supervision of Anjuman Zanana Taleem in the villages where there is no
school. These schools are called Noukeen Sabah School (New Dawn School) and girls of
more than 10 years of age are admitted as students. Education up to primary level is
completed in 4 phases, each of 6 months. In the first phase a course designed by the
Allama Iqbal Open University is followed. In the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th phases 3rd, 4th, and
5th class courses are taught. In this way a student who has wasted her initial years
without education can get primary level education just in 2 years.
There are 4 private primary schools of which one is being run by a province-wide NGO,
namely the Pak Public Development Society. The minimum qualification of teachers in
these schools is graduation and they are paid a reasonable remuneration. The monthly
tuition fee for each student ranges between 250 to 300 rupees while every year 400 to
500 rupees are charged as admission fee and 200 rupees as annual fund. The enrolment
in these schools is increasing as the parents find the educational standard of these
schools good.
7.3.4 Vocational Training

In Kech, the Technical Training Centre is imparting skills in various trades. At present the
centre is offering training in 3 trades including auto mechanic, electrical wiring, and
welding. To date 300 students have obtained training in these trades and 52 more are
under training. There is a demand for courses in computer programming and refrigeration
and air-conditioning. The Department of Industries has also established a Carpet Centre,
a Mazri Centre, and a Leather Embroidery Centre where local youth are learning skills.
7.3.5 Middle Schools

In Kech, there are 33 boys and 6 girls middle schools. These schools provide education
up to the 8th grade which includes a primary section as well. Ideally the staff of a middle
school comprises Secondary School Teachers, Junior English Teachers, Junior Arabic
Teachers, Drawing Master, Physical Training Instructor, Mualim-ul-Quran, and Junior
Vernacular Teachers. The teacher-student ratio in the primary section of the boys middle
schools is 1:23 and in girls middle schools is 1:77. This ratio for middle sections of the
boys middle schools and girls middle schools is 1:17 and 1:29 respectively.

Map: Distribution of Schools in Kech

7.3.6 High Schools

Kech has 23 boys and 2 girls high schools. All the high schools in the district have all the
3 sections: primary, middle, and high. In addition to the sanctioned teaching staff for a
middle school, every high school has a head master/mistress and subject specialists.
There is one model high school for boys at Turbat under a Principal. In the boys high
schools teacher-student ratio for the primary, middle, and high sections is 1:33, 1:21, and
1:11 respectively. For the female students in the girls high schools this ratio is 1:50 for the
primary section, 1:51 for the middle section, and 1:30 for the high section.
7.3.7 Degree College

The district has two degree colleges, one for boys and one for girls, and two intermediate
colleges for boys. The boys college in Turbat was established in 1969 at the intermediate
level. In 1980 degree classes were started for the boys. The students are taught both
science and arts subjects in these colleges. The other two boys inter colleges are located
at Buleda and Tump. In 1996, there were 1,713 boys and 128 girls at the intermediate
level while the degree students comprised 225 boys and 24 girls. At present teaching
staff of all these colleges is 33 in total.
The girls of the district have a separate college building but they do not have female
teachers. Initially the Intermediate classes were started in 1989 in the building of the boys
college. The building for the girls college was constructed in 1995. The girl students are
taught by the male teachers of the boys college in the afternoon. The male teachers are
paid a honorarium of Rs 1,200 for teaching girl students. In this way the Government of
Balochistan is saving a big amount on account of teachers salaries. On the other hand,
absence of female teachers is a major reason behind the small number of regular girl
students at the degree college because many of the parents do not like to send their
young girls to male teachers.
7.3.8 School Administration

There are two District Education Officers in Kech, one for the boys and the other for the
girls, who administer the government schools system in Kech. They are assisted by Sub
Divisional Education Officers and other auxiliary staff. Every high school is headed by a
Head Master (in BPS 17), middle school by a Senior Science Teacher as Head Master (in
BPS 16), and primary schools are headed by a senior Junior Vernacular Teacher (in BPS
7).
7.3.9 School Buildings

The building of primary schools in Kech usually consists of only one room, either kacha
(made of mud or un-baked bricks) or pakka (made of baked bricks or cement blocks) and
even this one room is not available in some schools. There are 99 shelterless primary
schools out of which 12 are for girls. A boundary wall is not present outside some of the
girls primary schools. A toilet is a rare facility in the primary schools.
Usually a middle school is provided with 5 class rooms and toilet facilities. According to
the specifications provided by the Department of Education, a boundary wall is not
necessarily provided outside the girls middle schools. The high schools are supposed to
have 15-20 class rooms with a toilet and a boundary wall.

Although the budget for construction and repair work of the school buildings is allocated
on district basis, the Third Education Project and the Primary Education Department are
responsible for using this budget. The planning for construction work is centralised and
the concerned headmaster is rarely consulted in this regard. This practice sometimes
results in inappropriate utilisation of funds.
7.3.10 GO/NGO/private, etc. involvement in Education Development

The provincial government is the main actor in provision of educational facilities to the
people in Kech. The Primary Education Development Project in collaboration with the
Primary Education Quality Improvement Programme has sub-contracted the Rural
Community Development Council for opening community-run girls primary schools. The
private sector is also involved in imparting education through primary schools.
Local Prov. Fed. Internat.

Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Private Donor Total
Muhallah/Home
Schools - - - - - - 0
Mosque Schools - - - x - - 0
Primary Schools - xxx - x x x 429
No. of Teachers - xxx - x - - 1,870
Vocational Training - - - - - - 1
Middle Schools - xxx - - - - 39
High Schools - xxx - - - - 25
Colleges - xxx - - - - 4
Teacher Training - xxx - - - - 0
University - - - - - - 0
x minor involvement

The education facilities for girls are poor compared to those for the boys. In absolute
figures only 2 girls go to primary school against 3 boys. In addition the girls/teachers ratio
is 74, while that of the boys is 25 at primary level.
The presence of a girls’ college is a special feature in Kech. However, the girls in Kech
face great problems in getting college education in the absence of female teachers. This
not only deprives the girls of an equal opportunity for higher education but also results in
unavailability of educated women for the health and education sectors. An approximately
12 times high teacher-student ratio for the girl college students validates this assumption.
There should be some refresher courses for school teachers. The teachers are not
appropriately trained for teaching. Many schools do not function due to absence of
teaching staff. Buildings of the schools hardly meet the needs. Most of the primary
schools are single room schools and the students have to sit under the trees or sky in
some schools. Girls’ schools do not have a boundary wall. A teacher-pupil ratio for girls at
primary level is about three times the one for boys.
The SPO education programme is a unique programme, which may be replicated.

7.4 Sports
7.4.1 Introduction
Football is the most popular game played in Kech district. Almost every union council has
at least one football club and a playing field. Open levelled fields are playgrounds and
spectators are available to watch the play. Girls are prohibited to play field games,
however facilities are available for them to play basket ball and other track games in their
schools.
There are 3 cricket grounds in Turbat, which indicate youth’s interest in the game. A local
game called chouki is very popular. This game is played with four small sticks and a
conical stone. Players of this game have their own slang and behaviour patterns.
7.4.2 GO/NGO/Private Enterprise, etc. involvement in Sports Development

The role of the government in the promotion of recreational activities is very vital but
hardly any attention is being paid. The government has provided playgrounds in
educational institutions and one stadium is also constructed in Kech but there is an
intense need for maintenance of these play fields and encouragement of talented players.
Loc. Prov. Fed. Internat.

Govt. Govt. Govt. NGO Private Donor Total
Infrastructure x x - xx - - -
Financing x x - xx - - -
Playgrounds x x - x - - n/a
x minor involvement

Incentives should be introduced for promotion of sports and encouragement of youth
which otherwise can be attracted by asocial or antisocial activities.

8. District Accounts and Development Funds
8.1 District Accounts
According to the district accounts, Kech faces a severe financial imbalance each year. In
1995-96, the total revenue generated from the district amounted to rupees 155,369,132
which constitute only 8.7 percent of the total expenditure, either recurrent or
development, in the same year. These data have been provided by the District Treasury
Office where all the revenue, collected by various federal and provincial government
departments functional in the district, is deposited. The same office is responsible for
disbursing expenditure money to these departments. There may be some inaccuracy in
these figures but one conclusion is easy to be drawn: if this situation continues, Kech
cannot be self-reliant in financial terms.
The following table presents amounts of revenue generated from Kech by various
departments.
Income / Revenue 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97

in Pak. Rps Actual Actual Estimate
Federal Govt.
Income tax n/a 5,358,714 n/a
Customs n/a 4,839,471 n/a
Population Dept. n/a 136,393 n/a
Passport Office n/a 3,768,728 n/a
Makran Scouts n/a 551,419 n/a
Banks Dept. n/a 10,468,159 n/a
Post Office n/a 15,192,083 n/a
Prov. Govt.
Administration n/a 4,638,080 n/a
Agriculture Dept. n/a 3,754,193 n/a
Forest n/a 14,135 n/a
Excise n/a 424,233 n/a
Police n/a 270,952 n/a
Food Dept. n/a 82,887,010 n/a
Livestock n/a 159,453 n/a
PHED n/a 352,925 n/a
Health n/a 154,267 n/a
Education n/a 1,276,438 n/a
Balochistan Printing Press n/a 39,268 n/a
Balochistan Local Councils n/a 900,007 n/a
Irrigation & Power n/a 83,405 n/a
Civil Works n/a 14,521,750 n/a
Justice n/a 296,696 n/a
BPSC n/a 680 n/a
District Council 1,338,008 1,150,673 1,322,626
MC Turbat 2,860,349 4,130,000 5,945,563
Total - 155,369,132 -
Source: Treasury Office, Kech

Expenditure 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97

in Pak. Rps Actual Actual Estimate
Productive
Agriculture (R) n/a 30,836,109 n/a
Agriculture (D) n/a 4,724,147 n/a
Livestock (R) n/a 4,389,191 n/a
Forest (D) n/a 1,715,408 n/a
Infrastructure
Civil Works (R) n/a 38,222,760 n/a
Civil Works (D) n/a 43,425,618 n/a
Irrigation & Power (R) n/a 4,270,313 n/a
Irrigation & Power (D) n/a 9,519,869 n/a
Social
PHED (R) n/a 13,582,994 n/a
PHED (D) n/a 46,918,407 n/a
Health (R) n/a 32,329,398 n/a
Health (D) n/a 1,263,758 n/a
Food (R) n/a 13,273,795 n/a
Education (R) n/a 131,722,389 n/a
Education (D) n/a 42,090,291 n/a
Co-operative (R) n/a 868,531 n/a
Social Welfare (R) n/a 2,250,641 n/a
Industrial Development (R) n/a 1,157,607 n/a
Labour Welfare (R) n/a 1,245,219 n/a
Excise (R) n/a 3,712,676 n/a
Intelligence (R) n/a 84,722 n/a
Fed. Bureau of Statistics (R) n/a 599,736 n/a
Police (R) n/a 20,540,234 n/a
Police (D) n/a 1,100,000 n/a
Auqaf (R) n/a 354,298 n/a
Settlement Dept. (R) n/a 3,439,882 n/a
District Jail (R) n/a 2,624,074 n/a
Election (R) n/a 960,761 n/a
Registration (R) n/a 1,467,045 n/a
Meteorological Dept. (R) n/a 197,994 n/a
Makran Scouts (R) n/a 1,263,777,627 n/a
Zakat (R) n/a 1,030,256 n/a
Technical Teachers (R) n/a 2,705,613 n/a
Population Dept. (R) n/a 1,359,706 n/a
Administration (R) n/a 37,822,676 n/a
LG&RDD (R) n/a 7,942,150 n/a
LG&RDD (D) n/a 13,290,484 n/a
Treasury Dept. (R) n/a 1,097,430 n/a
Court & Justice (R) n/a 2,907,706 n/a
District Council 1,375,963 1,138,377 1,119,912
MC Turbat 4,090,194 4,478,855 5,942,485
Total - 1,796,438,747 -
Source: Treasury Office, Kech
Legend R Recurrent
: D Development

8.2 Development Funds
Most of the development activities in the district are funded through the Public Sector
Development Programme (PSDP). Development funds from federal and provincial
resources are only partly administered at the district level. The local government
institutions either do not have financial independence, as in the case of the Union
councils, or they have limited income resources. Major development activities are directly
administered from provincial level and it is sometimes hard to trace accurately which part
specifically benefits the Kech district.
In 1995-96, a total amount of 37.521 million rupees was allocated for development
activities under the revised Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP) in roads,
health, education, and public health engineering sectors. This amount was earmarked for
completion of 6 ongoing schemes. No new scheme was proposed in this budget while the
ongoing schemes included construction of Turbat-Buleda road and Turbat-Mand bridge,
establishment of model residential college, renovation of the district headquarters
hospital, a water supply scheme, and construction of residences for the health personnel.
For the year 1996-97, total revised PSDP allocation was 14.117 million rupees for one
new and 3 ongoing development schemes. The allocation for the 1997-98 PSDP is
44.275 million rupees for one new and 3 ongoing schemes. Whole of this allocation has
been made through the local resources and no Foreign Project Assistance (FPA) has
been involved in this regard.

9. The District in comparison to Balochistan
Based on the available statistics, development trends for Kech are generally clearly
explained in the tables with socio-economic indicators and Kech’s comparative ranking in
reference to the other districts within Balochistan, underneath.
• Kech is one of the largest districts within the province and it has the second largest
population figure after Quetta. It’s population density is just above average, while it’s
annual population growth is just below average. At least in 1981 it had the highest m/f
ratio in the province.
• Agriculturally, Kech is above average with high production figures, in particular for
fruits (dates and citrus), which count for about 45% of the total production within the
district. The agricultural value per capita and per hectare score both above average
as well. The latter one indicates that economically an appropriate cropping pattern
has been chosen.
• The livestock density is comparatively low, while there seems to be sufficient pasture
available. In absolute figures not much pasture is available, but non of the districts
score sufficiently there. Comparatively Kech scores high in pasture availability.
• Although for every 3 boys only one girl goes to school, comparatively Kech scores
good in boys/girls enrolment ratio at primary school level. In absolute enrolment
figures Kech scores comparatively high for both boys and girls. The pupils/teacher
ratio is comparatively negative for both boys and girls; for girls much more negative
than for boys.
• Kech may score well in the number of people per doctor; it scores very bad in the
availability of female health staff (doctors and paramedical staff), which indicates that
the men are comparatively well off, but the women are not well looked after. The
population per bed ratio is far above the provincial average.
• Concerning the availability of metalled roads scores Kech low and concerning the
availability of shingle roads its scores high.

Overview of socio-economic indicators for all districts in Balochistan
Agricultural Produce Value per cultivated Ha.

(Agricultural
Pasture Area (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95 and/or

Livestock units (derived from 1996 Livestock Census
Percentage population growth in period 1981-95
Production Value (based on Quetta wholesale figures

Agricultural Production (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95)
Agricultural Produce Value per potential Ha. (1995)
Length of metalled road (Bureau of Statistics 1995)
Length of shingle road (Bureau of Statistics 1995)

Fruit Production (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95)
Agricultural Produce Value per capita (1995)

Area cultvated (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95)
Value Livestock offtake per capita in Rps.

Density 1995 (based on NIPS' projection)
available
Area (Bureau of Statistics Balochistan)
Length of metalled road per sq.km

from Agricultural Statistics 1994-95)
Length of shingle road per sq.km
Percentage of villages electrified

Population 1995 (NIPS projection)
Available pasture per LU (1995)

Sex ratio m/f (Census 1981)
(based on NIPS' projection)
area
Number of villages electrified

Potential Agricultural
LU per capita (1995)

District Authoroties)
Statistics 1994-95)
LU density (1996)
Number of villages
projections)
(1995)
'000s Rps./capita
'000s Rps/ capita
% annual growth
000,000s of Rps.
people /sq.km
% of villages
'000 Rps/ Ha
'000 Rps/ Ha
km/sq.km
km/sq.km
LU/sq.km
LU/capita
Villages
Villages
tonnes
tonnes
people
Ha/LU
sq.km
Ha.
Ha.
Ha.
km
km
LU
District
Quetta 2,653 676,941 255 4.2 1.26 12,712 78,884 144,789 76,352 2,118 3.1 166.6 26.9 136,371 39,088 0.29 0.20 51 0.1 219 0.083 433 0.163 na
Pishin 5,850 312,227 53 3.2 1.06 51,707 110,255 393,173 162,013 5,298 9.1 102.5 48.1 975,167 73,065 0.07 1.67 88 1.0 200 0.034 1,357 0.232 na
Killah Abdullah 5,264 272,221 52 3.2 1.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 1.67 88 1.0 153 0.029 1,020 0.194 na
Chaghi 50,545 186,454 4 3.2 1.03 19,046 446,417 163,208 10,016 1,581 8.5 83.0 3.5 398,399 382,211 0.96 2.14 6 1.2 605 0.012 1,515 0.030 280 44 16
Zhob 16,520 344,122 21 3.2 1.12 13,904 37,067 150,803 130,101 2,541 7.4 182.7 68.5 1,181,861 13,010 0.03 2.12 44 1.2 19 0.001 718 0.043 na
Killah Saifullah 10,609 213,403 20 3.2 1.21 20,814 42,190 154,761 59,086 2,583 12.1 124.1 61.2 20,302 0.03 2.12 44 1.2 4 0.000 133 0.013 na
Loralai 9,829 562,387 57 6.4 1.18 42,971 110,848 291,351 169,675 5,946 10.6 138.4 53.6 1,150,302 64,589 0.06 1.24 60 0.7 131 0.013 396 0.040 na
Barkhan 3,514 147,599 42 6.4 1.07 16,859 99,562 53,240 16,145 509 3.5 30.2 5.1 9,445 0.06 1.24 60 0.7 16 0.005 193 0.055 na
Musakhel 5,728 218,156 38 6.4 1.07 5,957 14,434 17,521 1,566 820 3.8 137.7 56.8 0.06 1.24 60 0.7 0.000 419 0.073 na
Sibi 7,796 143,589 18 2.8 1.05 25,517 96,694 173,468 27,186 1,485 10.3 58.2 15.4 323,852 40,766 0.28 1.70 35 1.0 86 0.011 434 0.056 na
Ziarat 1,489 46,942 32 2.8 1.05 3,391 12,141 48,595 48,245 961 20.5 283.4 79.2 51,355 0.28 1.70 35 1.0 82 0.055 209 0.140 na
Kohlu 7,610 105,050 14 2.8 1.03 7,766 27,563 51,662 6,632 588 5.6 75.8 21.3 1,604,830 0.00 15.28 211 8.8 3 0.000 320 0.042 na
Dera Bugti 10,160 153,032 15 2.8 0.96 8,971 21,014 19,429 95 115 0.8 12.8 5.5 441,213 0.00 2.88 43 1.7 106 0.010 399 0.039 na
Nassirabad 3,387 270,327 80 5.4 1.05 148,822 190,335 396,683 2,640 2,956 10.9 19.9 15.5 740,544 30,968 0.07 0.90 127 0.6 0 0.000 182 0.054 909 31 3
Jaffarabad 2,445 555,557 227 5.4 1.02 189,377 220,018 652,518 1,397 4,111 7.4 21.7 18.7 18,171 0.07 0.90 127 0.6 286 0.117 42 0.017 659 89 14
Bolan 8,036 358,670 45 3.0 0.97 38,996 261,556 1,936 1,597 4.5 41.0 0.0 246,704 102,400 0.50 0.53 22 0.4 53 0.007 291 0.036 603 21 3
Jhall Magsi 3,078 102,995 33 3.0 0.96 43,895 580,979 94,356 850 613 5.9 14.0 1.1 20,988 0.50 0.53 22 0.4 133 0.043 195 0.063 16 na
Mastung 5,896 200,000 34 3.0 1.03 42,277 298,194 34,083 1,985 9.9 47.0 0.0 1,319,321 0.03 2.55 105 1.5 66 0.011 186 0.032 na
Kalat 6,621 316,787 48 3.0 1.01 31,237 317,237 301,883 65,923 2,165 6.8 69.3 6.8 36,936 0.03 2.55 105 1.5 30 0.005 527 0.080 na
Khuzdar 43,261 424,450 10 3.2 1.08 80,454 1,895,487 469,369 46,092 2,720 6.4 33.8 1.4 3,457,030 822,136 0.24 5.82 53 3.5 7 0.000 1,329 0.031 na
Awaran 21,630 169,432 8 3.2 1.20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.24 5.82 52 3.5 215 0.010 652 0.030 na
Lasbela 12,574 367,566 29 4.9 1.14 35,562 973,701 167,219 35,669 1,156 3.1 32.5 1.2 437,236 159,120 0.36 1.19 35 0.7 31 0.002 527 0.042 na
Kharan 48,051 198,195 4 3.2 1.21 6,592 828,049 59,150 15,508 707 3.6 107.3 0.9 1,471,374 127,425 0.09 7.42 31 3.7 58 0.001 1,468 0.031 na
Kech (Turbat) 22,539 607,628 27 3.4 1.34 42,529 117,284 581,366 256,209 4,509 7.4 106.0 38.4 253,324 85,910 0.34 0.42 11 0.3 51 0.002 1,466 0.065 343 na
Gwadar 15,216 160,980 11 2.6 1.12 3,038 51,201 26,034 20,997 371 2.3 122.0 7.2 216,184 70,088 0.32 1.34 14 0.8 40 0.003 959 0.063 104 na
Panjgur 16,891 243,149 14 3.0 1.21 17,297 78,351 167,131 133,629 1,509 6.2 87.2 19.3 164,828 70,525 0.43 0.68 10 0.4 50 0.003 1,607 0.095 45 na
Balochistan 347,192 7,357,859 21 3.9 1.12 909,691 6,349,711 5,137,459 1,322,045 48,943 6.7 53.8 7.7 14,518,540 2,238,498 0.15 1.97 42 1.2 2,644 0.008 16,977 0.049
Overview of socio-economic indicators for all districts in Balochistan (cont.)
Male paramedical staff: nurses (filled posts, April
Female paramedical staff: nurses & lady health visitors

Gender indicator on primary school enrolment (1 =
Primary School Enrollment Boys (BEMIS 1996) as a
Primary School Enrollment Girls (BEMIS 1996) as a
Number of patient-contacts (District Health Officer &
Number of beneficiaries water supply through hand

Number of Primary School Teachers (BEMIS 1996)
Recurrent Expenditure Primary Education 1995/96
Primary Educational Units for Boys (BEMIS 1996)
Primary Educational Units for Girls (BEMIS 1996)
Number of patient-contacts per doctor (1995)

percentage of the projected 1995 population
percentage of the projected 1995 population
Edu. recurrent expenditure per capita (1995)

Primary School Enrollment Boys (BEMIS 1996)
Female Doctors (filled posts, April 1997, HMIS)

Educational recurrent expenditure per pupil
Primary School Enrollment Girls (BEMIS 1996)
Number of beneficiaries water supply (PHE)

Male Doctors (filled posts April 1997, HMIS)
Recurrent Health Expenditure (DHO 1995)

Health Institutions Database (HMIS, 1996)
PS Pupils/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996)
Water supply coverage of Population

Health expenditure per patient (1995)
PS Boys/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996)
Health expenditure per capita (1995)

PS Girls/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996)
Number of hand pumps (LG & RDD)

m/f equal access to education)
M/F ratio of paramedical staff

(filled posts, April 1997, HMIS)
Medical Superintendent)
Population per doctor
M/F ratio of Doctors
Population per bed
Beds (HMIS, 1996)
pumps (LG&RDD)
1997, HMIS)
Rps/ patient-contact
Female paramedics
Patient contacts/
Boys Pr. Schools
Male paramedics
'000,000s of Rps
'000,000s of Rps
% of population
Girls Pr. Schools
Patient-contacts
Pupils/ teacher
Female Doctors
People /doctor
Boys/ teacher
Girls/ teacher
Male Doctors
People /bed
Health Units
Handpumps
Rps./capita
Rps/capita
Rps./pupil
Teachers
persons
persons
Doctor
Beds
boys
girls
District
%
Quetta 262 127 59,514 48,248 8.8 7.1 1.2 0 0 1593 37.2 38 35 19 2,399 282 259 108 2.4 950 366 2.6 1,845 0 0 0 21 3,150 0
Pishin 449 102 121.1 27,765 10,256 8.9 3.3 2.7 4,362 388 979 35.7 23 38 69 65 4,803 48 4 12.0 197 79 2.5 6,004 30.8 0 0 99 270 40,500 13
Killah Abdullah 348 23 23,684 3,724 8.7 1.4 6.4 0 0 571 31.9 30 101 52 80 3,403 25 2 12.5 153 20 7.7 10,082 0 0 0 139 20,850 8
Chaghi 226 45 28.7 11,924 7,475 6.4 4.0 1.6 2,407 154 457 25 18 63 54 80 2,331 17 3 5.7 234 24 9.8 9,323 213,072 13.1 12,534 61 70 94,500 217 32,550 68
Zhob 348 37 16,285 5,280 4.7 1.5 3.1 0 0 520 28.2 23 68 70 106 3,246 37 4 9.3 262 25 10.5 8,393 0 0 0 596 89,400 26
Killah Saifullah 278 54 9,701 3,692 4.5 1.7 2.6 0 0 419 19.2 17 30 33 64 3,334 22 1 22.0 155 11 14.1 9,278 0 0 0 260 39,000 18
Loralai 416 73 16,947 5,445 3.0 1.0 3.1 0 0 670 23.2 22 30 101 48 11,716 39 4 9.8 417 47 8.9 13,079 0 0 0 71,950 266 39,900 20
Barkhan 281 43 8,800 2,122 6.0 1.4 4.1 0 0 382 21.5 20 34 28 10 14,760 2 1 2.0 94 6 15.7 49,200 0 0 0 105 0
Musakhel 151 25 3,472 990 1.6 0.5 3.5 0 0 179 16.7 15 25 23 20 10,908 6 2 3.0 89 0 0.0 27,270 0 0 0 90 13,500 6
Sibi 170 59 9,247 4,832 6.4 3.4 1.9 0 0 344 17.4 14 32 59 234 614 34 5 6.8 222 34 6.5 3,682 0 0 0 50,000 117 17,550 47
Ziarat 90 31 3,568 2,211 7.6 4.7 1.6 0 0 191 20.1 14 46 21 37 1,269 12 2 6.0 89 9 9.9 3,353 0 0 0 71 10,650 23
Kohlu 220 41 5,032 1,489 4.8 1.4 3.4 0 0 328 13.5 13 17 68 55 1,910 11 0 0.0 270 6 45.0 9,550 0 0 0 76 11,400 11
Dera Bugti 228 39 12,325 1,088 8.1 0.7 11.3 0 0 481 18.2 17 81 60 56 2,733 13 0 0.0 275 21 13.1 11,772 0 0 0 0 0
Nassirabad 228 46 10,743 2,937 4.0 1.1 3.7 0 0 383 25.1 20 75 35 36 7,509 14 3 4.7 226 17 13.3 15,902 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jaffarabad 505 151 21,393 9,616 3.9 1.7 2.2 0 0 948 21.3 17 41 79 62 8,961 40 3 13.3 309 35 8.8 12,920 0 0 0 139,000 0 0 25
Bolan 339 39 13,523 4,016 3.8 1.1 3.4 0 0 648 17.5 15 54 60 145 2,474 19 0 0.0 222 27 8.2 18,877 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jhall Magsi 158 38 31.7 6,289 1,655 6.1 1.6 3.8 5,041 308 293 18.1 15 41 40 20 5,150 5 0 0.0 97 0 0.0 20,599 21.8 0 0 212 20,000 50 7,500 27
Mastung 215 52 11,447 5,804 5.7 2.9 2.0 0 0 398 25.4 21 49 35 24 8,333 22 3 7.3 125 20 6.3 8,000 0 0 0 75 11,250 6
Kalat 248 26 11,780 3,969 3.7 1.3 3.0 0 0 345 22.5 18 93 72 100 3,168 19 2 9.5 251 34 7.4 15,085 0 0 0 193 28,950 9
Khuzdar 352 37 18,059 6,546 4.3 1.5 2.8 0 0 662 25.9 21 74 74 93 4,564 29 2 14.5 330 28 11.8 13,692 0 0 0 324 48,600 11
Awaran 160 20 7,369 2,635 4.3 1.6 2.8 0 0 239 26.8 21 121 18 20 8,472 5 0 0.0 67 0 0.0 33,886 0 0 0 190 28,500 17
Lasbela 364 61 16,206 6,639 4.4 1.8 2.4 0 0 638 24.8 21 52 96 118 3,115 46 2 23.0 313 39 8.0 7,658 0 0 0 252 37,800 10
Kharan 230 36 7,840 3,411 4.0 1.7 2.3 0 0 277 22.6 17 79 66 77 2,574 15 1 15.0 239 36 6.6 12,387 0 0 0 441 66,150 33
Kech (Turbat) 326 103 131.7 27,312 18,035 4.5 3.0 1.5 4,823 217 695 35.5 25 74 92 124 4,900 74 3 24.7 355 15 23.7 7,891 84,000 32.3 1,135 385 53 149,400 410 61,500 35
Gwadar 146 28 25.2 8,840 4,590 5.5 2.9 1.9 2,846 156 189 35.5 26 104 58 37 4,351 18 2 9.0 179 7 25.6 8,049 59,030 14.7 3,279 248 91 162,650 0 101
Panjgur 168 59 26.6 11,779 9,414 4.8 3.9 1.3 2,256 109 342 34.9 24 62 41 34 7,151 26 1 26.0 174 10 17.4 9,006 58,101 12.2 2,235 210 50 86,660 372 55,800 59
Balochistan 6,906 1,395 380,844 176,119 5.2 2.4 2.2 13,171 25.8 22 47 1,423 4,144 1,776 857 158 5.4 6,294 916 6.9 7,249 774,160 4,535 680,250 20
Socio-economic bottom-up ranking of Kech district in reference to the other districts in Balochistan
Socio-economic Indicators 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Area (Bureau of Statistics Balochistan)
Population 1995 (NIPS projection)
Density 1995 (based on NIPS' projection)
Percentage population growth in 1981-95 (NIPS)
Sex ratio m/f (Census 1981)
Area cultivated (Agricultural Statistics 1994-95)
Potential Agricultural area available (1994-95)
Agricultural Production (1994-95)
Fruit Production (1994-95)
Production Value (based on Quetta wholesale figures 94/95)
Agricultural Produce Value per capita (1995)
Agricultural Produce Value per cultivated Ha. (1995)
Agricultural Produce Value per potential Ha. (1995)
Livestock units (from 1996 Livestock Census projections)
Pasture Area (Irrigation Dept.)
Available pasture per LU (1995)
LU per capita (1995)
LU density (1996)
Value Livestock offtake per capita in Rps.
P.S. Enrolment. Boys (BEMIS 1996) as percentage of NIPS pop.
P.S. Enrolment Girls (BEMIS 1996) as percentage of NIPS pop.
Gender indicator P.S. enrolment (1 = m/f equal access)
PS Pupils/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996)
PS Boys/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996)
PS Girls/ teacher ratio (BEMIS 1996)
Population per bed
Population per doctor
M/F ratio of Doctors
M/F ratio of paramedical staff
Water supply coverage of Population
Length of metalled road per sq.km
Length of shingle road per sq.km
10. Conclusions: Potential and Constraints
Kech is among the four largest districts within the province. In Makran it has a central
position: geographically, politically and administratively. It is the most densely populated
district in Makran division. According to the most recent population projections, Kech has
the second largest population within the province.
In order to address the natural as well as the human potential of the district, precisely
tuned development planning is required. This is hard to perceive without the availability of
accurate data. At present a great amount of information is absolutely unavailable, while
most of the available data has internal as well as external inconsistencies. Internal in the
sense, that the department responsible for the time series seems not to be able to explain
the jumps or the gaps in the trends. External, as district and provincial data concerning
the same issue are quite often contradictory. For instance there seems to be no clear
explanation, why the number of girls up to the age of 20 years is under-represented in the
census reports. The 1981 District Census Report for Turbat (now Kech) does not give any
account for housing characteristics of the rural areas of Kech. The birth and death rates
are unavailable at district level and the jumpy growth trends are beyond comprehension
in absence of these rates. Some data, like those of agricultural produce, are collected at
union council level, but they are not analysed there, neither are they maintained on that
level. The aggregation of these data at higher levels is done without the lower level’s
concern and leads to aggregated figures that divert from the reality. In the end the data
published in the Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan are not compatible with those
provided by the Extra Assistant Director, Agriculture Extension in Kech. The 1996 data on
livestock in Kech are still unofficial, but there is a wide discrepancy in the figures from the
first two censuses in 1976, 1986 and the preliminary figures for 1996. There are two
absolutely contradicting reports on land under forest in the district, as one claims 1,036
hectares as forest, while the other one denounces this claim. The cadastrial map does
not exist for Kech, as the land settlement has not yet been completed in the district. In
such a state of affairs existing data are hard to rely on and in the future it is highly
conducive to collect and compile accurate data on, at least, district level.
Within the current state of affairs, the administration on district level has to be improved.
Currently one is not able to render the required services. In terms of development, the
district level is not well incorporated in the development planning and implementation
process. Financially the district does not have a clear picture of all government income
and expenditure, as only a part is administered at district level.
Kech is a frontier district, with the consequence that 70% of the government expenditure,
administered by the District Treasury is spent on the Makran Scouts for keeping vigilance
at the international border.
The local councils are not effective in rendering services at grass-root level. Examples
are the poor level of sewerage and solid waste disposal; activities which the local bodies
are responsible for. On the one hand they do not have much financial autonomy and on
the other hand the resources which are available to these councils seems to be managed
inefficiently. The local councils are not incorporated in the development process either;
neither are the local communities.
The economy of Kech is based upon agriculture and the agricultural income per capita is
just above average (Rs. 7,400 in 1994-95). The cultivated land constitutes about 7% of
the total geographical area, which is about one third of the potential available land. Date

is the most earning produce, as about half (51%) of the agricultural income comes
through date production. In this context Kech has lot of potential for agro-based industry.
Dates, being the most important cash crop, are exported to Karachi and other parts of the
country without processing. This gives the farmer relatively less return. A date factory was
once established at Turbat under a co-operative society with a major funding by the
Regional Development Finance Corporation, but presently it has been closed due to
financial mismanagement and the RDFC has ceased funding, even for other projects. If
date processing and packing is encouraged as cottage industry, it may help improving not
only the socio-economic condition of the people but also the revenue position of the
district. The retired personnel from Oman Army do have money for investment, but they
prefer to deposit it in the banks or to buy some piece of land - even barren - to become
land owners.
Trade with Iran may be the second largest economic sector, but it is very hard to get any
reliable data on what is going on in this sector. Small enterprises development in Kech
needs training of local labour in different trades, provision of physical infrastructure and
incentives from the government. Micro credit systems may be a good strategy to develop
the small enterprises in Kech. Most of the business here depends upon illegal import from
Iran without which the commercial activities in the district will be hard to sustain.
The physical infrastructure, a prerequisite for economic development, is underdeveloped

in Kech. Road links are either non-existent or inappropriate. This has hampered proper
marketing of the agricultural produce as well as the provision of agricultural inputs for
affordable prices. Electricity is available at two localities only. At the verge of the 21st
century more than 90 percent of the population is deprived of this facility. The operation of
diesel powered tubewells depends upon the availability of diesel, illegally imported from
Iran, at an affordable price. The district has the potential to excel economically, provided
that physical infrastructure and financial incentives are available.
Livestock is absolute and comparatively of little importance within the district. There may
still be some potential left, but little interest is shown. The main reasons include lack of
incentives by the government, unavailability of adequate veterinary services and lack of
technical support like marketing and selection of more productive species.
In the social sector Kech scores below average. For instance, it is estimated that about
one third of the population has access to drinking water through water supply schemes,
but the safety of this water is still under question. A number of schemes are not
operational yet and the community is reluctant to take over the schemes built by the
government. At the contrary the government does not have funds to operate these
schemes. As a result the population is deprived of safe drinking water. If all the
constructed schemes are made functional, about half of the population can get safe
drinking water. Within Makran, Kech has the lowest percentage of population with safe
drinking water supply.
The health status of Kech’s population is unsatisfactory as the district is facing sever
shortage of health personnel, especially female staff. In Makran Kech has the highest
population per hospital bed ratio. The immunisation program is not up to satisfactory level
and provision of health care is below average. During the fiscal year 1995-96, the per
capita health expenditure was just 53 rupees for the whole year. With such little budget
allocation it seems hard to raise the health status of the district population. The medicine
supply by the government is top-down. Medicines are given irrespective of the local
needs, thus giving no benefit to the population in Kech.

Although the number of girl primary schools are about one fourth of the total primary
schools in Kech, the girl students are about 40 percent of the total primary enrolment.
This percentage decreases to 20 percent at middle, 15 percent at high and 7 percent at
the college level. Although the boys/girls enrolment seems rather equal, when it comes to
the pupils/teachers ratio, than he number of girls towards a teacher is threefold the
number of boys towards a teacher. At the girls college there is not a single female
teacher. This indicates still a negative social attitude towards female education. This
situation is resulting in unavailability of highly educated female professionals, both in the
health and in the education sector. In this way the vicious cycle continues and the women
folk, as a whole, suffers a lot.
Community participation is being ensured through national and international development

projects, but there is need for more community mobilisation for development in the fields
of education, health, sanitation and water supply. The active participation of women in
development, specially in income generating activities, may help improving the socio-
economic situation of the district.
Last, but not least, is of utmost importance to minimise ongoing wind and soil erosion.
The current afforestation activities are minimal and hardly have any impact.

Kech: A District Profile Annexes
Annexes

Annex 1.
List of Names of all Union Councils, Tehsils,

and Municipal Committee
Administrative Division
District
Kech
Sub-division Sub-division Sub-division Sub-division

Turbat Buleda Dasht Tump
Tehsil Sub-tehsil Sub-tehsil Sub-tehsil Sub-tehsil Sub-tehsil Tehsil Tehsil

Turbat Hoshab Bit Buleda Niwano Balnigore Dast Kuddan Tump Mand

Local Councils
District Council Municipal Committee

Kech Turbat
Union Council Union Council

Dandar Hoshab

Shahrak Pidarak

Gokdan Ginna

Nasirabad Bit Buleda

Menaz Nag

Gissi Durbuli

Tump Nazerabad

Gomazzi Balicha

Soro Gayab

Bullo Riddique

Tagran Dasht Kuddan

Kunchiti Zarin-bug

Kumbail Balnigore

Darchiko Nodiz

Badai Kalatuk
Union Council
Ispikuhan

Annex 2.
Population Figures Census 1981 and Projected Figures 1995
Population 1981 and 1995

1981 1995
Male Female Total Total
Kech District 379,467 718,887
Rural 327,130
Urban 52,337
Turbat Sub-division 168,914

Rural 116,577
Urban 52,337
Turbat Tehsil 147,920
Rural 95,583
Urban 52,337
Hoshab Sub-tehsil (all rural) 20,994
Tump Sub-division (all rural) 87,830
Tump Tehsil (all rural) 47,875
Mand Tehsil (all rural) 39,955
Union Council 188,442 138,688 327,130

1. Dandar 6,415 4,786 9,793
2. Hoshab 5,949 3,844 9,793
3. Shahrak 13,195 8,637 21,832
4. Pidarak 4,439 3,697 8,136
5. Gokdan 9,336 7,521 16,857
6. Ginna 5,473 4,244 9,717
7. Nasirabad 7,827 5,737 13,564
8. Bit Buleda 9,904 7,186 17,090
9. Menaz 8,539 7,306 15,845
10. Nag 8,378 6,132 14,510
11. Gissi 8,605 5,745 14,350
12. Durbuli 6,047 3,849 9,896
13. Tump 5,156 3,856 9,012
14. Nazarabad 4,915 4,281 9,196
15. Gomazi 6,063 4,922 10,985
16. Balicha 4,526 3,097 7,623
17. Soro 6,497 4,268 10,765
18. Gayab 6,295 4,566 10,861
19. Bullo 6,001 4,425 10,426
20. Riddique 4,432 3,471 7,903
21. Tagran 3,346 2,545 5,891
22. Dasht Kuddan 3,400 2,690 6,090
23. Kunchiti 4,392 3,397 7,789
24. Zarin-bug 4,205 2,657 6,862
25. Kumbail 3,536 2,439 5,975
26. Balnigore 4,411 3,530 7,941
27. Darchiko 2,981 2,281 5,262
28. Nodiz 9,009 7,132 16,141
29. Badai 6,657 4,456 11,113
30. Kalatuk 5,487 3,849 9,336
31. Ispikuhan 3,026 2,142 5,168
Source: 1981 District Census Report of Turbat, NIPS projections, and Assistant Director, Local Government, Kech

No. of Electoral Wards and Voters 1992

Electoral No. of Voters
Local Council Wards Male Female Total
DC Kech 31 67,776 64,010 131,786
MC Turbat 35 13,623 13,100 26,723
UC Dandar 8 1,908 1,677 3,585
UC Hoshab 7 3343 2,856 6,199
UC Shahrak 15 3,809 3,247 7,056
UC Pidarak 7 1,881 1,663 3,544
UC Gokdan 13 2,396 2,361 4,757
UC Ginna 7 901 890 1,791
UC Nasirabad 10 1,881 1,761 3,642
UC Bit Buleda 11 3,165 3,699 6,864
UC Menaz 10 5,556 4,892 10,448
UC Nag 10 1,965 2,025 3,990
UC Gissi 12 1,589 1,647 3,236
UC Durbuli 8 1,263 1,182 2,445
UC Tump 7 1,907 1,776 3,683
UC Nazarabad 8 2,113 1,955 4,068
UC Gomazi 10 1,991 1,890 3,881
UC Balicha 5 1,550 1,373 2,923
UC Soro 7 880 888 1,768
UC Gayab 7 1,374 1,438 2,812
UC Bullo 8 1,913 1,591 3,504
UC Riddique 7 1,376 1,309 2,685
UC Tagran 5 2,023 1,466 3,489
UC Dasht Kuddan 5 2,130 2,390 4,520
UC Kunchiti 6 2,327 2,022 4,349
UC Zarin-bug 5 2,327 2,838 5,165
UC Kumbail 5 2,338 2,890 5,228
UC Bal Nigore 6 2,589 2,344 4,933
UC Darchiko 5 2,221 1,905 4,126
UC Nodiz 12 3,082 2,989 6,071
UC Badai 11 3,243 2,879 6,122
UC Kalatuk 7 1,288 1,216 2,504
UC Ispikuhan 4 1,447 951 2,398
Source: Assistant Director, Local Government, Kech
Population Growth Trends

Census Period Total Increase in Inter-censal Average Annual
Years (years) Population Variation (%) Growth Rate (%)
1951-61 10 - 13,305 - 15.9 - 1.7
1961-72 11 77,652 110.4 7.0
1972-81 9 231,689 156.4 11.8
1981-95 14 228,161 60.1 3.4

Annex 3.
Meteorological Data
Rainfall
Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total
1982 41.0 21.0 18.0 6.0 10.0 6.0 25.0 9.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 14.0 155.0
Mean Maximum Temperature (°C)

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average
1982 24.7 27.9 33.7 38.8 43.7 44.8 40.7 40.4 40.0 38.2 32.8 27.3 36.1
Mean Minimum Temperature (°C)

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average
1982 11.6 12.7 16.8 21.1 25.9 28.1 27.6 26.4 24.2 20.7 16.2 12.3 20.3

Annex 4.
Functions of Local Government
Functions of District Councils33
The Balochistan Local Government Ordinance identifies a number of functions in relation

to identification, appraisal, implementation and monitoring of development of the various
local councils, the District council being one of them. See the local government structure
of Balochistan underneath:
Figure 1: Balochistan Local Government Structure
Provincial
Council
Commissioner
= chairman
Divisional Divisional Divisional Divisional Quetta

Coordinatiuon Coordination Coordination Coordination Municipal
Committee Committee Committee Committee Corporation
No elected members Members are elected
Directors of Dept's are ex-officio members
District District District Municipal

Council Council Council Committee
Members are elected
Dep.Commissioner & Ass. Directors of Dept's

are ex-officio members
One elected member to District Council
Union Union Union Union Town

Council Council Council Council Committee
Members are elected
Wards, one elected member to Union Council
33
Government of Baluchistan (1980): The Baluchistan Local Government Ordinance, 1980

Although in reality the District council does not function according to the Ordinance, an
extract of the functions of the District council in relation to the various sectors is given
underneath in alphabetical order to indicate the background of their interest in the DPs.:
Agricultural Development and Economic Welfare
1. Agricultural, industrial and community development

2. Promotion of national reconstruction
3. Promotion and development of:
• co-operative movement
• village/cottage industry
4. Adoption of measures for increased agricultural production
5. Establishment and maintenance of model agricultural farms
6. Popularisation of improved methods of agriculture
7. Maintenance of improved agriculture implements and machinery and lending of such
implements and machinery to cultivators
8. Adoption of measures for bringing waste land under cultivation
9. Promotion of:
• agricultural credit
• agricultural education
10. Promotion and co-ordination with Agroville
11. Provision, regulation and maintenance of markets
12. Promotion of education in co-ordination
13. Construction and repair of embankment supply, storage and control of water for
agricultural purposes
Culture
1. Holding of fairs and shows

2. Promotion of public games and sports
3. Provision, organisation and maintenance of museums, exhibitions and arts galleries
4. Provision and maintenance of public halls, public meeting places and community
centres
5. Celebration of national occasions
6. Establishment, management and maintenance of Welfare Homes and other
institutions for the relief of the destitute
7. Suppression of:
• beggary
• prostitution,
• gambling,
• taking of injurious drugs,
• consumption of alcoholic drinks
• and other social evils
8. Establishment and maintenance of Information Centres
9. Encouragement of national and regional languages
10. Provision and maintenance of libraries and reading rooms

Education
1. Provision, maintenance and management of Primary Schools

2. Construction and maintenance of buildings as hostels of students
3. Payment of grants and subsidies to institutions and organisations engaged in the
promotion of education
4. Promotion of adult education
Livestock and Dairy Development
1. Voluntary registration of the sale of cattle and other animals

2. Prevention of cruelty to animals
3. Measures to combat ordinary and contagious diseases of birds and animals
4. Provision, maintenance and improvement of pastures and grazing grounds
5. Regulation of milk supply
6. Establishment and maintenance of cattle colonies
Public Health
1. Prevention and cure of infectious diseases and enforcement of vaccination

2. Establishment, maintenance and management of:
• hospitals
• rural health centres
3. Establishment, maintenance and management of First Aid Centres
4. Provision and maintenance of Medical Aid Units
5. Establishment, management and visiting of
• health centres
• maternity centres
• centres for the welfare of infants and children
6. Training of Dais and adoption of other measures likely to promote health and welfare
of women, infant and children
7. Payment of grants to medical aid societies and institutions
8. Establishment, management, maintenance and the visiting of Unani, Ayurvedic and
Homeopathic dispensaries
9. Promotion of sanitation, public health and educating people in public health
10. Protection of food stuff
11. Prevention of adulteration
12. Provision and maintenance of adequate system of public drains
13. Regulation of the disposal of industrial wastes
Public Safety
1. Relief measures in the event of any:

• fire,
• flood,
• hail storm,
• earth quake,
• famine
• and other natural calamities

Public Works
1. Provision, maintenance, improvement and management of its
• public roads, public streets, public ways
• culverts, bridges,
• public buildings, walls,
• water pumps, tanks, ponds and other works of water supply
2. Provision, maintenance and management of
• sarais, dak bungalows, rest houses and other buildings for the convenience of
travellers
3. Plantation and preservation of trees on roads sides, public ways, public places and
public buildings
4. Provision and maintenance of public gardens, public playgrounds and public places
Regulation through bye-laws
1. Collection and removal of manure and street sweepings

2. Disposal of industrial waste
3. Offensive and dangerous trades
4. Disposal of carcasses
5. Slaughter of animals
6. Registration of birth, death and marriage
7. Registration of sale of cattle and other animals
8. Registration of brick kilns, lime kilns, potteries, etc.
9. Registration of dyeing or tanning of skins
10. Regulation for grant of licenses, sanctions, levy of licenses fee and permission thereof
Rural development
1. Aggregation of financial allocation, physical programs and targets received from the
Provincial Government in different sectors and draw up a District Development
Programme. In this work the Council will take into account Federal Projects, their
allocations and the physical targets falling in or benefiting the districts. (Generally the
organisation may develop and take on complete planning functions)
2. To propose/submit, if necessary, to the Local Government and Rural development
Department for modifications in the aggregate district programs after identifying the:
• gaps
• internal inconsistencies
• compatibility of the programme with capacity available in the District
implementation, maintenance and supervision
• evaluating in the light of the local priorities
3. To facilitate the formation of associations for the performance of tasks that can be
done/performed collectively, e.g.:
• consumer association for distribution of electricity
• farmers association for water courses management
• associations for distribution of agricultural inputs
• co-operative marketing associations, etc.
4. To discharge the overall responsibility for the identification, appraisal and approval of
projects prepared and to be constructed by Rural Local Councils and Town
Committees in the sub-sectors of:
• primary schools
• basic health units

• family welfare clinics

• piped water supply
• potable water/storage tanks
• hand pumps
• sanitation
• rural roads
5. To propose disbursement of `ADP funds for the approved projects to various Local
Councils mentioned above
6. To take appropriate measures for the development of skills, crafts and cottage
industries. Development of skills would include promotion of industrial homes,
domestic and cottage level crafts and trades, modest repairs of agricultural and other
machinery, training of (un)skilled labour, etc.
7. To review the implementation of the District Development Programmes (as an
extension of the function of the Government and as their agent) by holding review
meetings within the district as well as through periodic inspections and progress
reports from the lower tiers, etc.
8. To supervise and submit to the Government regular progress reports on the
implementation of Development projects at different levels within the district
9. To evolve standard designs and specifications to the extent possible and desirable in
harmony with the general conditions obtaining in the district and use appropriate
technology to execute its development projects on a more economic basis
10. To monitor the supply of agricultural inputs and to make appropriate
recommendations to the concerned authorities
11. Disseminate information about the projects and allocations of funds for the District
Development Programmes throughout the district to keep the people fully informed
about the projects to be executed in the district. This will not only mobilise the interest
of the people in the development work for the district, but also make them more
watchful about the use of development funds by the better community supervision
Other functions
1. Prevention and abatement of:

• nuisances
• encroachment
2. Regulation of:
• traffic
• licensing of vehicles
3. Establishment and maintenance of public stands for vehicles in rural areas.

Annex 5.
List of names of the MPAs, MNAs and Senators
Senators Syed Ehsan Shah (1993-97)
MNAs (NA-207) Mir Shakeel Ahmed (1997 to date)

Dr. Yasin Baloch (1993-96)
Mir Bezen Bizinjo (1990-93)
Mir Manzoor Ahmed Gichki (1988-90)
Maulana Abdul Haq (1985-88)
MNA (NA-200) Mir Amanullah Khan Gichki (1977-77)

Maulana Abdul Haq (1970-1977)
MPAs (PB-37) Syed Ehsan Shah (1997 to date)

Dr. Abdul Malik (1993-96)
Mir Muhammad Ali Rind (1985-88)
MPAs (PB-38) Mir Muhammad Aslam Buledai (1997 to date)

Mir Ayub Buledai (1993-96)
Mr. Munshi Muhammad (1990-93)
Mir Ayub Buledai (1988-90)
Dr. Haider Baloch (1985-88)
MPAs (PB-39) Mir Muhammad Ali Rind (1997 to date)

Mir Muhammad Akram (1993-96)
Mir Muhammad Ali Rind (1990-93)
Mir Muhammad Akram (1988-90)
Waja Dad Karim (1985-88)
MPA (PB-34) Mr. Imdad Ali Dashti (1977-77)
MPA (PB-35) Mr. Mir Qadir Bukhsh Baloch (1977-77)
MPA (PB-36) Nawabzada Abdul Hameed Khan Gichki (1977-77)
MPAs (PB-17)* Mir Sabir Ali Baloch (1974-77)

Mir Dost Muhammad Khan (1970-74)
* In 1970 elections, all the provincial constituencies of Kech were included in PB-17 which included area of Panjgur
district as well.

Annex 6.
Agricultural Statistics
Land Use Statistics

Land use (in Ha.) 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Geographical area 2,253,889 2,253,889 2,253,889 2,253,889 2,253,889 2,253,889
Area not reported 1,699,557 1,699,557 1,699,553 1,699,553 1,699,553 1,699,553
Reported area 554,332 554,332 554,336 554,336 554,336 554,336
- Not available for cultivation 437,052 437,052 437,052 437,052 437,052 437,052
- Forest 0 0 0 0 0 0
- Culturable waste 75,013 73,586 72,136 70,533 69,222 67,934
- Current fallow 25,901 22,614 20,991 21,538 6,983 6,821
- Net sown 16,366 21,080 24,157 25,213 41,079 42,529
- Area sown more than once 10 10 15 10 10 10
Potential area available
for cultivation 117,290 117,290 117,299 117,294 117,294 117294
Source: Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan
Area under Cultivation

Area (Ha.)
Crop 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Wheat 1,130 800 870 1,090 1,647 1,400
Rice 1,047 1,105 1,207 1,111 921 981
Oil Seeds 17 44 35 40 43 40
Pulses 0 840 947 968 290 583
Fodder 4,410 5,373 5,878 5,878 5,878 4,871
Fruits 5,566 5,597 6,406 7,182 26,179 26,328
Vegetables 3,108 5,076 4,967 3,387 3,328 3,514
Others34 1,098 932 1,430 2,235 2,157 4,812
Total 16,376 19,767 21,740 21,891 40,443 42,529
Total Annual Production

Production (tonnes)
Crop 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Wheat 1,760 1,380 1,570 2,080 3,430 2,870
Rice 2,400 2,570 2,800 2,700 2,310 2,130
Oil Seeds 10 18 19 23 25 23
Pulses 0 595 785 807 245 475
Fodder 213,650 225,900 248,510 248,510 248,510 247,260
Fruits 47,740 48,325 55,772 62,699 248,060 256,209
Vegetables 33,030 50,430 49,750 35,940 35,430 38,480
Others 12,930 10,527 16,799 29,640 28,509 42,719
34
Barley, Jowar, Guar Seed, Onion, Garlic, Coriander, Chillies, Water Melon, and Musk Melon.

Average Annual Yield

Yield (kg/Ha.)
Crop 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Wheat 1,558 1,725 1,805 1,908 2,083 2,050
Rice 2,292 2,326 2,320 2,430 2,508 2,171
Oil Seeds 588 409 543 575 581 575
Pulses 0 708 829 834 845 815
Fodder 48,447 42,044 42,278 42,278 42,278 51,193
Fruits 8,577 8,634 8,706 8,730 9,476 9,731
Vegetables 10,627 9,935 10,016 10,611 10,646 10,950
Others 11,873 11,295 11,748 13,262 13,217 8,878
Sources of Irrigation
Irrigation Ha. % of total Cultivated Land
Sources 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95
Tube wells 5,500 6,000 19,217 12,400 18,336 20,292 17.0 13.7 42.6 26.5 38.2 41.1
Open Surface Wells 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,040 1,040 1,040 5.6 4.1 4.0 2.2 2.2 2.1
Karezes, Spring, &
others 3,500 4,000 4,000 992 1,000 1000 10.9 9.2 8.9 2.1 2.1 2.0
Canals (Kaurjos) 5,500 6,000 6,000 6,000 20,000 20,000 17.0 13.7 13.3 12.8 41.6 40.5
Total 16,300 17,800 31,017 20,432 40,376 42,332 50.5 40.7 68.7 43.7 84.0 85.7
Number of Units per Source of Irrigation

Source of Number of Units
Irrigation 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Open Surface Wells 300 300 300 260 260 260
Tube Wells 508 534 1,747 1,522 1,528 1,691
Number of Tube Wells by Ownership and Power Source

Tube Wells Number of Units
run by 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Govt./Priv. G P G P G P G P G P G P
Electricity 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 6 4 8 10
Diesel 17 491 17 517 275 1,472 3 1,511 1 1,517 1 1,672
Total 17 491 17 517 275 1,472 7 1,515 7 1,521 9 1,682
Legend G Government
: P Private
Agricultural Mechanisation
Number of Units
Type of 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95
Machinery G P G P G P G P G P G P
Tubewells 17 491 17 517 275 1,472 7 1,515 7 1,521 9 1,682
Tractors 15 241 15 301 15 304 15 316 15 316 18 360
Threshers 2 1 0 21 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 0
Legend G Government
: P Private

Use of Fertilisers
Year Chemical Fertiliser Used (tonnes)
1990-91 4.8
1991-92 305.9
1992-93 14.1
1993-94 28.1
1994-95 45.0
Size of Land-holdings
No. of Farms
Size (Ha.) f %
Less than 1 3400 23.3
1 to less than 2 2058 14.1
2 to less than 3 1989 13.6
3 to less than 5 2307 15.8
5 to less than 10 1517 10.4
10 to less than 20 1462 10.0
20 to 60 1550 10.6
More than 60 318 2.2
Total 100.0
Source: 1990 Census of Agriculture: Balochistan

1994/95 calculation of agricultural production value for all districts in Makran

1994/95 calculation of agricultural production value per district
Turbat Gwadar Panjgur
Crop Average Quetta Production Value in % of total Production Value in % of total Production Value in % of total
wholesale rate in tonnes million of value in tonnes million of value in tonnes million of value
per tonne in Rupees Rupees Rupees
Rupees
Wheat 4,841 2,870 13.89 0 80 0.39 0 2,420 11.72 0
Rice 13,855 2,130 29.51 0 0.00 0 60 0.83 0
Jowar 4,800 710 3.41 0 25 0.12 0 36 0.17 0
Barley 4,000 970 3.88 0 35 0.14 0 470 1.88 0
Maize 8,080 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Gram 24,675 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0

Muttar Pulses 13,245 45 0.60 0 10 0.13 0 0.00 0
Masoor 16,895 0.00 0 0.00 0 9 0.15 0
Moong 16,085 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Mash 21,922 280 6.14 0 25 0.55 0 0.00 0
Moth 13,500 150 2.03 0 0.00 0 13 0.18 0

Bajra 4,800 0.00 0 5 0.02 0 0.00 0
Rape Seed/Mustard 37,500 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Sesame 5,365 23 0.12 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Castor Seed 10,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Cumin 62,955 0.00 0 0.00 0 4 0.25 0

Fodder 1,500 247,260 370.89 8 2,140 3.21 0 23,840 35.76 2
Onion 4,610 20,200 93.12 2 0.00 0 1,600 7.38 0
Potato 6,545 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Water Melon 33,725 4,700 158.51 4 1,880 63.40 17 310 10.45 0
Musk Melon 5,100 6,280 32.03 0 0.00 0 0.00 0

Sarda 5,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Garma 7,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 280 1.96 0
Cucumber 7,470 0.00 0 0.00 0 150 1.12 0
Chillies 70,555 350 24.69 0 0.00 0 30 2.12 0
Coriander 5,625 14 0.08 0 5 0.03 0 0.00 0

Garlic 16,331 225 3.67 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Guar Seed 3,750 470 1.76 0 2 0.00 0 0.00 0
Tobacco 15,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Sugarcane 3,500 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Cotton 15,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Fruits
Almond 135,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 53 7.16 0
Apples 12,140 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Apricot 9,444 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Cherry 200,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Citrus 60,204 8,662 521.49 12 1,024 61.65 17 10 0.60 0
Dates 9,725 235,226 2,287.57 51 14,634 142.32 38 128,070 1,245.48 83
Fig 16,500 45 0.74 0 0.00 0 45 0.74 0
Grapes 16,883 330 5.57 0 0.00 0 530 8.95 0
Guava 10,400 1,858 19.32 0 384 3.99 1 0.00 0
Loquat 16,875 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Mango 14,625 7,285 106.54 2 4,455 65.15 18 0.00 0
Peach 8,300 0.00 0 0.00 0 100 0.83 0
Pear 6,400 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Pistachio 200,000 0.00 0 0.00 0 2 0.40 0
Plum 4,867 0.00 0 0.00 0 50 0.24 0
Pomegranate 9,650 885 8.54 0 0.00 0 4,354 42.02 3
Papaya 13,500 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Chikoo 18,000 150 2.70 0 140 2.52 0 0.00 0
Other 9,825 1,768 17.37 0 360 3.54 0 415 4.08 0
Vegetables
Okra 12,251 6,250 76.57 2 10 0.12 0 540 6.62 0
Tinda 6,593 2,950 19.45 0 30 0.20 0 0.00 0
Brinjal 4,600 2,100 9.66 0 120 0.55 0 200 0.92 0
Bitter Gourd 7,000 490 3.43 0 10 0.07 0 0.00 0

Bottle Gourd 9,930 840 8.34 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Pumpkin 15,400 1,230 18.94 0 10 0.15 0 270 4.16 0
Tomato 83,280 4,450 370.60 8 200 16.66 4 1,030 85.78 6

Luffa 6,660 0.00 0 0.00 0 120 0.80 0
Cabbage 3,950 410 1.62 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Carrot 9,510 820 7.80 0 140 1.33 0 340 3.23 0

Cauliflower 7,150 620 4.43 0 0.00 0 0.00 0
Peas 3,240 520 1.68 0 0.00 0 160 0.52 0
Radish 11,850 590 6.99 0 0.00 0 280 3.32 0

Spinach 13,070 960 12.55 0 0.00 0 250 3.27 0
Turnip 17,450 650 11.34 0 0.00 0 280 4.89 0
Beet Root 950 600 0.57 0 0.00 0 0.00 0

Broad Bean 16,030 15,000 240.45 5 190 3.05 0 480 7.69 0
Other 10,390 0.00 0 120 1.25 0 330 3.43 0
Total 581,366 4,508.61 100 26,034 370.55 100 167,131 1,509.08 100

Map of agro-ecological zones of Balochistan

Annex 7.
Livestock Statistics
Number of Animals Slaughtered by Type

Type of Animal 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96
Cattle 6,120 7,385 7,257
Sheep 19,681 10,821 11,497
Goats 29,365 42,490 53,122
Total 55,166 60,696 61,876
Source: District Livestock Officer, Kech
Number of Animal Treated

Animal Treatment * 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96
Treatment 52,121 7,904 4,208
Vaccinated 30,981 17,900 36,953
Castration 555 480 271
Source: District Livestock Officer, Kech
* Animal treatment included treatment in veterinary hospital, dispensaries, field
visits, and mobile camps.
Veterinary Institutions
Veterinary Institution 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96
Hospitals 1 1 1
Dispensaries 22 22 22
DIL Unit - 1 1
Source: District Livestock Officer, Kech and NMC

Annex 8.
Overview of Post, Telecommunication, Banking and

Rest House Services at Union Council level
Union Council Postal Service Telecomm. Banking Rest House

MC Turbat x x x x
UC Dandar x x - -
UC Hoshab x x - x
UC Shahrak x x - -
UC Pidarak x x - -
UC Gokdan - - - -
UC Ginna x x - -
UC Nasirabad x x x -
UC Bit Buleda x x x -
UC Menaz x x - -
UC Nag - - - -
UC Gissi - - - -
UC Durbuli - - - -
UC Tump x x x x
UC Nazarabad x x - -
UC Gomazi x x x -
UC Balicha x x - -
UC Soro x x - -
UC Gayab - - - -
UC Bullo - - - -
UC Riddique x x x -
UC Tagran - - - -
UC Dasht Kuddan x x x -
UC Kunchiti - - - -
UC Zarin-bug - - - -
UC Kumbail - - - -
UC Bal Nigore x x x -
UC Darchiko - - - -
UC Nodiz x x - -
UC Badai - - - -
UC Kalatuk x x - -
UC Ispikuhan - - - -

Annex 9.
Overview of Water Supply Schemes per Union Council level
Name of Population Daily Water

Local Council Water Supply Scheme Covered Supply (Gln.) Status
MC Turbat WSS Turbat 10,000 150,000 Functional
WSS Absar 10,000 150,000 Functional
WSS Kolwai Bazaar 3,000 50,000 Functional
WSS PHE Colony 2,000 30,000 Functional
WSS E/I Turbat 10,000 150,000 Functional
WSS Degree College 1,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Augmentation 800 25,000 Functional
WSS Old Absar 2,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Jusak 2,000 40,000 Functional
UC Dandar WSS Dandar 2,000 25,000 Functional
UC Hoshab WSS Hoshab 2,000 40,000 Functional
UC Shahrak WSS Shahrak 3,000 60,000 Functional
UC Gokdan WSS Gokdan 1,000 30,000 Functional
UC Ginna WSS Ginna - - Not functional
UC Nasirabad WSS Nasirabad 3,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Nasirabad 4,000 50,000 Functional
UC Bit Buleda WSS Bit Buleda 2,000 30,000 Functional
UC Menaz WSS Menaz - - Not functional
UC Nag WSS Nag 1,000 24,000 Functional
UC Gissi WSS Siagisi 2,000 50,000 Functional
UC Tump WSS Tump 4,000 110,000 Functional
UC Gomazi WSS Gomazi 2,000 50,000 Functional
UC Balicha WSS Balicha - - Not functional
UC Soro WSS Soro 3,000 75,000 Functional
UC Gayab WSS Sorap 3,500 15,000 Functional
UC Bullo WSS Bullo 3,000 80,000 Functional
UC Riddique WSS Redeegh 1,200 30,000 Functional
UC Dasht Kuddan WSS Dasht Kuddan 2,000 40,000 Functional
UC Kunchiti WSS Kunchiti 1,000 50,000 Functional
UC Zarin-bug WSS Zareen Bug 2,000 50,000 Functional
UC Kumbail WSS Kumbail 1,500 50,000 Functional
UC Balnigore WSS Bal Nigore 3,000 40,000 Functional
UC Darchiko WSS Darchiko 1,000 40,000 Functional
UC Nodiz WSS Nodiz - - Not functional
UC Kalatuk WSS Kalatuk 3,000 50,000 Functional
n/a WSS Adam Bazaar - - Not functional
WSS Alandoor - - Not functional
WSS Asadee Bazaar 1,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Asia abad - - Not functional
WSS Balochabad 1,600 30,000 Functional
WSS Balochi Bazaar 1,500 30,000 Functional
WSS Baloor 1,000 20,000 Functional
WSS Bullo Mand - - Not functional
WSS Chib Buleda 3,000 50,000 Functional
WSS Chote Dasht - - Not functional
WSS Danuk 2,000 70,000 Functional
WSS Dasen 1,200 35,000 Functional

Name of Population Daily Water

Local Council Water Supply Scheme Covered Supply (Gln.) Status
WSS Gabun 1,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Grouk Hoshab 1,000 5,000 Functional
WSS Guburd - - Not functional
WSS Gurkani Sachi 1,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Gwak & Osai 4,000 70,000 Functional
WSS Jalalabad Wahidi Bazaar - - Not functional
WSS Jat 1,000 20,000 Functional
WSS Kahiram 1,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Kaikafar 1,000 25,000 Functional
WSS Kalag - - Not functional
WSS Karkak 1,000 20,000 Functional
WSS Kassar Ban Bazaar - - Not functional
WSS Khair abad - - Not functional
WSS Kiken 800 5,000 Functional
WSS Koh-e-bun 1,000 30,000 Functional
WSS Kohak 2,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Kosh Kalat 4,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Koshk Buleda 1,000 20,000 Functional
WSS Kushi Kalat - - Not functional
WSS Madagani Kalat 2,000 25,000 Functional
WSS Malant - - Not functional
WSS Mir - - Not functional
WSS Mullah Chath 1,200 30,000 Functional
WSS Nag Taplow 800 15,000 Functional
WSS Niwano Buleda 1,000 20,000 Functional
WSS Pathani Kahoor 2,000 45,000 Functional
WSS Pirotug - - Not functional
WSS Pullabad - - Not functional
WSS Sami 1,500 20,000 Functional
WSS Sari Kahn - - Not functional
WSS Shah Seechi 800 5,000 Functional
WSS Shahaangi Machat 4,500 32,000 Functional
WSS Shahi Tump 5,000 150,000 Functional
WSS Shehani Gohrag 1,000 30,000 Functional
WSS Siarati Horo Shooli - - Not functional
WSS Singai Bazaar - - Not functional
WSS Sole Bund 1,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Sorage Bazaar 2,000 50,000 Functional
WSS Talumb Wahidi Bazaar - - Not functional
WSS Tolager 2,000 40,000 Functional
WSS Tolagi 2,500 40,000 Functional
Total 149,400
Source: Executive Engineer, PHED, Kech

Annex 10.
Overview of Health facilities
Number of Health Facilities

Type of Facility 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96
Hospitals 1 1 1 1 1 1
RHCs 4 5 5 5 5 5
BHUs 25 26 27 27 23 24
Dispensaries 31 29 35 41 38 40
Sub Health Centres 1 1 1 1 1 1
MCH Centres 2 4 4 4 4 4
TB Clinic 1 1 1 1 1 0
Mobile Dispensaries 0 0 1 1 1 2
School Health Services 0 0 0 1 1 2
Total 65 67 75 82 75 79
Source: Directorate of Health, Government of Balochistan, Quetta and DHO, Kech

Annex 11.
Overview Enrolment Government Primary Schools
Number of Students Enrolled in Educational Institutions

Number of Pupils
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Enrolment m f m f m f m f m f
Primary School 25,43 9,353 26,08 10,77 26,06 10,91 28,48 14,76 27,31 18,03
1 7 8 9 5 8 7 2 5
Middle School 4,936 576 5,030 736 5,583 861 6,160 1,650 6,275 1,594
High School 1,552 109 2,067 188 2,233 259 2,703 318 2,894 490
Inter College n/a n/a n/a n/a 425 25 624 103 1,713 128
Degree College n/a n/a n/a n/a 308 28 101 19 225 24
Total - - - - 34,61 12,08 38,07 16,75 38,32 20,36
8 8 6 4 2 8
Source: BEMIS and Directorate of Colleges, Government of Balochistan, Quetta
Number of Educational Institutions

Number of Institutions
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Level m f m f m f m f m f
Primary School 301 25 315 44 319 42 317 81 326 103
Middle School 28 2 29 3 29 3 29 3 33 6
High School 19 1 19 2 22 2 23 3 23 2
Inter College n/a n/a n/a n/a 2 0 2 0 2 0
Degree College n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 1 1 1 1 1
Total - - - - 371 48 372 88 385 112
Number of Teachers in Educational Institutions

Number of Teachers
Level 1993 1994 1995 1996
Primary School 1,117 1,107 1,111 1,157
Middle School 364 419
High School 106 585 622 261
Inter & Degree Colleges 29 29 33 33
Total 1,616 1,721 1,766 1,870

Annex 12.
Problems and Bottlenecks for Development as mentioned by various

Functionaries and others in the District
• In Kech, development is direction-less. There is no accountability, no co-ordination

and no training.
• Unemployment, media and poverty are the main factors to crimes. Centralisation and
top-down approach is resulting in inefficient structures.
• No development possible without NGOs involvement. There is need for vocational

training instead of formal education.
• Lack of information, low literacy/education rate amongst men and women has
hindered attitudinal change; a pre-requisite for development efforts to speed up and
sustain.
• Usually people do not want to go to the police but the political leaders try to involve
police in interpersonal conflicts because afterwards these politicians will gain a
position of godfathers and will be able to exploit the simple people.

Annex 13.
Some Observations about the Data
The statistical data of Kech, as quoted and used in this profile, are not only inadequate but
unreliable and contradicting too, once in a while. Besides that all statistics, used in this
profile, are just enumerated, without any basic calculation done in relation to their variance,
etc. In addition many other bottlenecks need to be considered too:
• Meteorological stations are only available in a few places all over the province.
• Geological surveys have not been conducted yet in major parts of the province.
• A population census has not taken place for the last 16 years. The war in Afghanistan
caused enormous migration flows, which not only affected the population figures in the
border districts, but those in a number of districts more inward country as well.
Currently, however one is dependent on the 1995 projection figures of the National
Institute of Population Studies (NIPS).
• Agricultural trends are given in the agricultural statistics, but they are not un-disputed
either. Per capita value of the agricultural production for 1994-95 has been based on the
Quetta whole-sale prices, which - of course - are not valid for all over Balochistan, but
which are just used to give a general indication.
• Statistics on forestry, range-lands and area for pasture are not reliable as major parts of
the province have not yet been reported, from administrative point of view. Herders and
their livestock go their own way to find green pastures, whether the area is reported or
not. The grazing capacity in accordance with the range-lands is therefore not exactly
known either. The figures indicated in the tables only present the known areas, except
the livestock density, which is based on the total district area. Given one Livestock Unit
per hectare as a sustainable standard, conclusions are to be drawn for areas with a
livestock population over 100 LU per sq.km.
• In the table underneath livestock data have been taken from a preliminary draft of the
1996 livestock projection census of April 1997. Using the very consultancy report35 the
value of the livestock offtake has been calculated per capita on basis of 1996 prices.
• The official data on mineral exploitation do not have much reference to the reality of
mining activities. The statistics concerned only cover the quantities produced, that are
officially registered. An un-certified figure of minerals is produced, processed and
transported, without any registration with the authorities concerned.
• Similarly no consistent data are available on e.g. total labour force, un-employment,
employment opportunities, etc. in all economic sectors. The available data are either
from the 1981 census, or from the official registers. Actual employment figures are just
guesswork.
• Data regarding sources of energy and energy consumption are also not available.
Therefore issues pertaining the economic use of scarce resources cannot be analysed
properly either. For instance, it is difficult to indicate per district, or per union council,
35
Consultancy report: Migratory Livestock Systems and Livestock Marketing in Balochistan, IMPLAN, April 1997.

what environmental consequences there are of the current use of fuel wood for cooking
and heating purposes in reference to future use.
• In the social sector only - and in particular through BEMIS and HMIS - statistics have
gained a level of reliability on which basis comparisons are possible. However, even
those statistics do not always give much glue. For instance enrolment of boys and girls
by itself do not say more than that more boys than girls go to school in absolute figures.
The enrolment figures may only make sense as they are taken as a percentage of their
age group, a figure which currently is not available at all. The 1981 census age group
figures do not make sense any longer for such interpretations. Assuming that there is an
equal distribution of the school going age group all over the province, the enrolment
may be taken as a percentage of the projected population figures (NIPS) per district,
which percentages than are comparable over the districts. Assuming an equal
percentage of boys and girls (which according to the 1981 census is not true) in the
school going age groups, it is not only very clear that percentage-wise much less girls
go to schools than boys, but even that in a number of districts the percentage of boys is
far above the provincial average, while in the same district the percentage of girls is far
below the average. It emphasises the gender difference in access to education between
the districts.
Despite all these remarks, data have been collected. Some on basis of actual censuses,
others on basis of sample surveys and/or extrapolation. So far, data have not been co-
ordinated and/or analysed at district level. The current exercise has been a first
comprehensive trial to bring district based data together and analyse them in the district
context. A lot of work to improve the data base on district level is to be foreseen in the near
future. A planning cell on district level, or a district information centre in particular, may play
a major data collection and monitoring role in reference to all development processes in the
district.

Annex 14.
List of Acronyms
ADBP Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan

ARI Acute Respiratory Infections
B&R Buildings and Roads
BPSC Balochistan Public Service Commission
BRP Balochistan Reserve Police
DC Deputy Commissioner
DC District Council
DHO District Health Officer
DHQH District/Divisional Headquarters Hospital
EAC Education, Awareness, and Communication
FPAP Family Planning Association of Pakistan
LG&RDD Local Government and Rural Development Department
LHW Lady Health Worker
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MC Municipal Committee
n/a Not Available
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PASCO Pakistan Agricultural Storage Corporation
PEDP Primary Education Development Project
PEQIP Primary Education Quality Improvement Project
PHED Public Health Engineering Department
PIA Pakistan International Airlines
PLD Personal Ledger Deposit Account
PTCL Pakistan Telecommunications Company Limited
Ptv Pakistan Television
RBC Reinforced Bricks Concrete
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RCD Regional Co-operation for Development
RCDC Rural Community Development Council
SP Superintendent of Police
SPO Strengthening Participatory Organisation
UC Union Council
USAID United States Agency for International Development
WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority
WB The World Bank
WSS Water Supply Scheme

Annex 15.
Metric System and its Equivalents
Metric Unit Equivalent

Centimetre (cm) = 0.39370 Inches
Cubic metre (cum.) = 35.3147 Cubic feet
Hectare (Ha) = 2.47105 Acres
Kilogram (kg) = 2.20462 Pounds
Kilometre (km) = 0.53961 Nautical miles
Kilometre (km) = 0.62137 Miles
Litre (l) = 0.21998 Imperial gallon
Metre (m) = 3.28084 Feet
Square kilometres (Sq.km.) = 0.38610 Square miles
Square metres (Sq. m.) = 10.7639 Square feet

Annex 16.
Bibliography
Government of Balochistan. Agricultural Statistics of Balochistan 1994-95, Quetta: Stat.

Wing, Directorate General of Agriculture Dept., GoB, 1996.
Government of Pakistan. 1981 District Census Report of Kech, Islamabad: Population

Census Organisation, GoP, 1983.
Government of Pakistan. 1990 Census of Agriculture: Balochistan, vol. II, Part 4. Lahore:
Economic Affairs and Statistics Division, Agricultural Census Organisation, GoP,
1994.
Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Census of Livestock 1976, Final Report. Lahore: Stat.
Division, Agricultural Census Organisation, GoP.
Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Census of Livestock 1986, vol. II, Part 4. Lahore: Stat.
Division, Agricultural Census Organisation, GoP.
Government of Pakistan. Population of Mauzas 1951-81 Census: Kech District,

Islamabad: Population Census Organisation, GoP, 1989.
Hafeez-ur-Rehman. Makran Division: A Brief, TS, Commissioners Office, Kech.
Khan, Fazale Karim. A Geography of Pakistan: Environment, People, and Economy,

Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Rukanuddin, Abdul Razzaque and M. Naseem Iqbal Farooqui. The State of Population in
Pakistan, Islamabad: NIPS, 1988.
Shah, Mahmood Ali. Sardari, Jirga & Local Government Systems in Balochistan, Quetta:
Qasim Printers, 1992.
Sherani, Saifur Rehman. “Makran Region: Socio-economic Profiles of Districts,”

Islamabad: NRSP, 1993.
The Gazetteer of Baluchistan: Makran, Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab, 1986.
Upreti, Bedh P. “Agriculture and Society in Makran,” Islamabad: USAID, 1989.
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Kech: A District Proﬁle

Technical Report · January 1997

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Planning & Development Department

Planning and Development Department, Government of Balochistan

Planning Studies Section/Bureau of Statistics:

• Mr. S. Sajid Hussain Gilani, Assistant Chief, Planning Studies Section.

Improving the System for Development Planning in Balochistan/Implan-

• Mr. Taj Muhammad Faiz, Chief of Planning Studies Section, P&DD,

Printed by Quetta Printing Press.

Planning & Development Department

(Mohammad Yunus Khan Mandokhel)

Quetta, July 1997.

2. Demography and Housing 10

6. Economic Infrastructure and Communications 54

8. District Accounts and Development Funds 74

9. The District in comparison to Balochistan 77

10. Conclusion: Potential and Constraints 81

Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004

1. List of names of all Union Councils, Tehsils,

2. Population Figures Census 1981 and Projected Figures 1995

4. Functions of Local Government

5. List of names of the MPAs, MNAs and Senators

8. Overview of Post, Telecommunication, Banking and

9. Overview of Water Supply Schemes per Union Council level

10. Overview of Health facilities

11. Overview Enrolment Government Primary Schools

12. Problems and Bottlenecks for Development as mentioned by

13. Some Observations about the Data

14. List of Acronyms

15. Metric System and its Equivalents

Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004

Outline District Profile

• District Headquarters Kech at Turbat

• Date of Notification 1st July 1977

• Area 22,539 sq.km.

• Population 1981 1995

• Registered Voters (1997) Male: 88,684 Female: 84,289 Total: 172,973

• Major Ethnic Groups An overwhelming proportion (about 99%) of the

• Major Languages Balochi.

• Climate Arid with hot summer and mild winter.

• Major Crops (1994-95) Ave. Yield

• Major livestock (1996) Number

Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004

• Economy Agriculture is the major economic activity followed by

• Important Minerals No mineral resources have been reported in the

• Important Places Punnu’s fort near Turbat, an archaeological site.

• Education Facilities (1996) for Boys for Girls

• Teacher-student ratio (1996) Male Female

• Health Facilities (1996) Number

• Major Industries There is no major industry in Kech.

• Communication (1996) Metalled Road 50.6 km.

Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004

Shingle Road 1,466 km.

Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004

Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004

Hamid Sarfraz Quetta

Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004

Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004

Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004

An old building of the Police Station

Hamid Sarfraz © P&DD copyright 2004