Amare Assefa and Amare Addis

VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.
SUMITED BY
NAME ID
AMARE ADDIS 00155/09
AMARE ASSEFA 00152/09
SUMITED TO; MR. ANDEBET SUMITED DATE ;20/08/2011
ABSTRACT
This project or term paper is given as a partial fulfillment of the course Machine Design Project I. It is
concerned with the design procedures that should be followed while designing a vertical pressure
[SECTION-04] GROUP-II
vessel. This report covers the overall design procedures, limiting conditions, and Considerations made
while designing a pressure vessel. Many ASTM standard tables are used a reference to select a
standard element for the pressure vessel. It also covers different internationally accepted types and
selection criteria for flange connections, support mechanisms, and sealing materials. At the end of this
term paper or report, the student is supposed to have the basic know-how on how to design a pressure
vessel and/or a similar mechanical component, and be familiar with the different codes and standards
that should be followed while designing. With the objective of designing a vertical pressure vessels
position with a ellipsoidal head by estimating the internal pressure and temperature on its effect and
having a material of low alloy steel and use medium of alcohol under the temperature of 200 0c and
pressure 9.1MPa and the method I am going to use is as follows.
First by Selecting materials of shell, Find the core diameter on the basis of compressions, alcohol
property , Calculate thickness of the shell, Find stress analysis of shell, Find the force on the shell and
then following design procedure of shell, heads, nozzles, skirt support with these the results are as
follows
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like to thanks my instructor Andebet for his support by guiding me how to work
the project. Those of our friends who support us by giving electronics devise like computer that we are
using it for typing the project. The institute of technology for giving a chance of attaining the chance
of learning teaching processes and investing an enormous amount of wealth up on us. Those of our
family supporting in each month financially and morally.
[SECTION-04] GROUP-II ix
Contents
....................................................................................................................................................................
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................................II
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1. INTRODUCTIN.........................................................................................................................1
1.1.1. DEFINITION OF PRESSURE VESSEL...........................................................................1
1.1.2. HISTORY OF PRESSURE VESSEL.................................................................................3
1.1.3. CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL..................................................................4
1.1.4. APPLICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL........................................................................6
1.1.5. COMPONENTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL.......................................................................7
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.......................................................................................12
1.3. OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................................12
1.3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................12
1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................12
1.4. METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................13
1.5. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT.....................................................................................................14
1.5.1. LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT..................................................................................14
CHAPTER TWO....................................................................................................................................15
2. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................15
2.1. INTRODUCTION ABOUT LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................15
2.2. INFERENCE FROM LITERATURE......................................................................................19
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................20
3. DETAIL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS.........................................................................................20
3.1. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION...........................................................................20
3.1.1. MATERIAL......................................................................................................................20
3.1.2. CORROSION ALLOWANCE.........................................................................................21
3.1.3. DESIGN PRESSURE.......................................................................................................22
3.1.4. DESIGN TEMPERATURE..............................................................................................22
3.1.5. DESIGN STRESS (NOMINAL DESIGN STRENGTH).................................................23
3.2. DESIGN OF SHELL:...............................................................................................................26
STRESS ANALYSES OF CYLINDRICAL SHELL.............................................................................30
3.3. DESIGN OF HEAD:................................................................................................................31
DESIGN OF ELLIPTICAL HEAD:.......................................................................................................32
STRESS ANALYSIS ON HEAD...........................................................................................................35
3.4. DESIGN OF INLET AND OUTLET NOZZLE:.....................................................................40
DESIGN MANHOLE.............................................................................................................................45
DESIGN OF BOLTED FLANGE JOINTS........................................................................................49
DESIGN OF NUT...............................................................................................................................56
FLANGE DESIGN:............................................................................................................................58
STANDARD FLANGES........................................................................................................................58
3.5. DESIGN OF VESSEL SUPPORT...........................................................................................60
DEAD WEIGHT.....................................................................................................................................61
DEAD WEIGHT OF THE VESSEL......................................................................................................61
WEIGHT OF HEAD...............................................................................................................................62
WEIGHT OF SHELL FLUID.................................................................................................................62
WEIGHT OF HEAD FLUID..................................................................................................................63
WEIGHT
VERTICAL OF MANHOLE......................................................................................................................63
PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C
WEIGHT OF NOZZLE..........................................................................................................................64
WEIGHT OF NOZZLE FLUID.............................................................................................................65
WEIGHT OF WIND...............................................................................................................................66
DESIGN OF WELDED JOINT:.........................................................................................................76
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................................78
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:.......................................................................................................78
CHAPTER FIVE.....................................................................................................................................81
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................81
5.1. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................81
5.2. RECOMMENDATION:..........................................................................................................82
CHAPTER SIX.......................................................................................................................................82
PART DRAWING..............................................................................................................................82
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................90
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE1. 1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAD.....................................................................................................8

FIGURE1. 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF NOZZLE.................................................................................................9
FIGURE1. 3 SKIRT SUPPORT......................................................................................................................10
FIGURE1. 4 LEG SUPPORT.........................................................................................................................10
FIGURE1. 5 SADDLE SUPPORT..................................................................................................................11
FIGURE1. 6 LUG SUPPORT........................................................................................................................11
Y
FIGURE 3. 1 STRESS ANALYSIS [17].........................................................................................................30

FIGURE 3. 2 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD [17].......................................................................................................36
FIGURE 3. 3 HEAD STRESS ANALYSIS [17]...............................................................................................37
FIGURE 3. 4 STANDARD FLANGE[16].......................................................................................................59
FIGURE 3. 5 WIND LOAD PRESSURE THE VESSEL [17]..............................................................................69
FIGURE 3. 6 SKIRT-SUPPORT WELDS........................................................................................................71
FIGURE 3. 7 SKIRT BASE RING GEOMETRY...............................................................................................73
LIST OF TABLE
YTABLE 3. 1 GENERAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION...........................................................................................

TABLE 3. 2 TYPICAL DESIGN STRESS FOR PLATE [16]..............................................................................21
TABLE 3. 3 DESIGN STRESS FACTORS [16]..............................................................................................23
TABLE 3. 4 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE JOINT EFFICIENCY [16]...................................................................25
TABLE 3. 5 LENGTH TO DIAMETER RATIO CHART [17].............................................................................28
TABLE 3. 6 STRESS ANALYSIS FOR HEAD [17].........................................................................................35
TABLE 3. 7 INSPECTIONS OF OPINING [17]..............................................................................................41
TABLE 3. 8 MATERIAL SELECTION FOR BOLT DESIGN..............................................................................50
TABLE 3. 9 STANDARD BOLT DIMENSION.................................................................................................52
TABLE 3. 10 STANDARD BOLT AND NUT DIMENSION...............................................................................54
TABLE 3. 11 MATERIAL SELECTION FOR THE NUT DESIGN.......................................................................56
TABLE 3. 12 NUT STANDARD DIMENSION...............................................................................................57
TABLE 3. 13 FLANGE STANDARD DIMENSION[17]...................................................................................59
TABLE 3. 14 STANDARD MATERIAL FOR SUPPORT DESIGN.......................................................................60
TABLE 3. 15 STANDARD FOR WELD DESIGN...........................................................................................76
TABLE 4. 1 RESULT..................................................................................................................................78
Nomenclature
Pi = internal pressure, Mpa
PD = design pressure, Mpa
E = joint factor
C = corrosion allowance, mm
F2=Vessel ratio, in
Ls =shell length, mm
t = thickness of shell without corrosion allowance, mm
Tt =thickness of shell with corrosion allowance, mm
S = design stress, Mpa

Di = internal diameter of shell, mm
Do = outer diameter of shell, mm
σ h = hoop stress, Mpa
σ L= longitudinal stress, Mpa
Dm = mean diameter, mm
Th =thickness of head without corrosion allowance, mm
Tth =thickness of head with corrosion allowance, mm
Vh = volume ellipsoidal head, m³
Vs =volume of shell, m³
Vtot = total volume, m³
Di =inlet and outlet pipe diameter, mm
tn = The required minimum thickness of the nozzle, mm
Ttn = thickness of nozzle with allowance, mm
D₀=outer diameter of nozzle, mm
dn=diameter of nozzle, mm
A1=Area available in vessel wall, mm²
A2=Area available in nozzle wall outward, mm²
A3=Area available in nozzle wall inward, mm²
A41=The area available in outward weld, mm²
A42=The area available in inward weld, mm²

Atot= total area of reinforcement available, mm²
Ln = length of the nozzle, mm
C = length of the nozzle entering to the shell, mm
n = length of the nozzle out of the shell, mm
dm=diameter of manhole, mm
tm= minimum thickness of manhole, mm
Ttm=thickness of manhole with allowance, mm
τ max=¿ maximum shear stress, Mpa
F = upward force acting on the cylinder, N
F R= resisting force offered by n number of bolts, N
do=outer diameter of bolt, mm
L=total length of bolt, mm
dc = minor or core diameter of nut, mm

dp = effective or pitch diameter of nut, mm
Aw=area of weld, mm
SUT = ultimate strength, Mpa
SY = yield strength, Mpa
Ρ = Density of material (sigma), kg/m³
Abbreviations
ASME=American society of mechanical engineers.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1. INTRODUCTIN
1.1.1. DEFINITION OF PRESSURE VESSEL
The pressure vessels (i.e. cylinder or tanks) are used to store fluids under pressure. Pressure vessel is
defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside. The inside pressure is
usually higher than the outside. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case
of steam boiler or may combine with other reagent as in the case of chemical reactor. Pressure vessel
often has a combination of high pressure together with high temperature and in some cases flammable
fluids or highly radioactive material. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such
that no leakage can occur. . Pressure vessel and tank are in fact essential to the chemical, petroleum,
petrochemical and nuclear industry. It is in the class of equipment that the reaction, separation and
storage of raw material occur. In the same word, pressurized equipment is required for a wide range of
industrial plant for storage and manufacturing purpose. In the case of shell, opening requiring
reinforcement in vessel under internal pressure the metal removed must be replaced by2011 E.Cof
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
the metal
reinforcement. In addition to providing the area of reinforcement, adequate welds must be provided to
attach the metal of reinforcement and the induced stresses must be evaluated. Materials used for
reinforcement shall have an allowable stress value equal to or greater than of the material in this vessel
wall except that, when such material is not available, lower strength material may be used; provided,
the reinforcement is increased in inversed proportion to the ratio of the allowable stress values of the
two materials to the ratio of the two materials to compensate for the lower allowable stress value of
any reinforcement having a higher allowable stress value than that of the vessel wall [1].
Pressure vessels can be dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of their
development and operation. Consequently, pressure vessel design, manufacture, and operation are
regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For these reasons, the definition of a
pressure vessel varies from country to country.
Design involves parameters such as maximum safe operating pressure and temperature, safety factor,
corrosion allowance and minimum design temperature (for brittle fracture). Construction is tested
using nondestructive testing, such as ultrasonic testing, radiography, and pressure tests. Hydrostatic
tests use water, but pneumatic tests use air or another gas. Hydrostatic testing is preferred, because it is
a safer method, as much less energy is released if a fracture occurs during the test (water does not
rapidly increase its volume when rapid depressurization occurs, unlike gases like air, which fail
explosively).
In most countries, vessels over a certain size and pressure must be built to a formal code. In the United
States that code is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). These vessels also require an
authorized inspector to sign off on every new vessel constructed and each vessel has a nameplate with
pertinent information about the vessel, such as maximum allowable working pressure, maximum
temperature, minimum design metal temperature, what company manufactured it, the date, its
registration number (through the National Board), and ASME's official stamp for pressure vessels (U-
stamp). The nameplate makes the vessel traceable and officially an ASME Code vessel [3].
Pressure vessel can be defined in different way and from different perspective. Those are:
1) "Unfired pressure vessels" shall mean any closed vessel other than a boiler constructed to hold
steam, hot water, gas or air, ordinarily supplied from an external source or from the indirect
application of heat. This DESIGN
definition shall not include portable cylinders for the storage of compressed
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL 2011 E.C
gases.
2) Pressure vessel:-is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquid at the pressure substantially
different from the ambient
3) Pressure vessel: - is a vessel in which the pressure is obtained from an indirect source or by the
application of heat from indirect source or direct source
4)"Water pressure tank" shall mean a pressure vessel used for heating water by means of live steam or
steam coil, or for the storage of cold water to be dispersed by means of pressure.
5) "Air pressure tank" shall mean a pressure vessel used as primary and secondary tank in connection
with ordinary compression cycles, and receiving its air supply direct from the compressor.
6) "Refrigeration tank" shall mean a pressure vessel in refrigeration system, excluding the piping of
such system.
Finally pressure vessel refers to those reservoirs and apparatus which work under internal and external
pressure and operate under the pressure [2].
1.1.2. HISTORY OF PRESSURE VESSEL
The earliest documented design of pressure vessels was described in 1495 in the book by Leonardo
da Vinci, the Codex Madrid I, in which containers of pressurized air were theorized to lift heavy
weights underwater. However, vessels resembling those used today did not come about until the
1800s, when steam was generated in boilers helping to spur the industrial revolution. However,
with poor material quality and manufacturing techniques along with improper knowledge of
design, operation and maintenance there was a large number of damaging and often fatal
explosions associated with these boilers and pressure vessels, with a death occurring on a nearly
daily basis in the United States. Local providences and states in the US began enacting rules for
constructing these vessels after some particularly devastating vessel failures occurred killing
dozens of people at a time, which made it difficult for manufacturers to keep up with the varied
rules from one location to another and the first pressure vessel code was developed starting in 1911
and released in 1914, starting the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). In an early
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL
effort to design capable of withstanding pressures up to 10,000 psi (69 MPa), a 2011
a tankDESIGN 6-inch E.C
(150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919 that was spirally-wound with two layers of high
tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the end caps longitudinally reinforced
with lengthwise high-tensile rods. The need for high pressure and temperature vessels for
petroleum refineries and chemical plants gave rise to vessels joined with welding instead of rivets
(which were unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures required) and in the 1920s and 1930s
the BPVC included welding as an acceptable means of construction, and welding is the main
means of joining metal vessels today.
There have been many advancements in the field of pressure vessel engineering such as advanced
non-destructive examination, phased array ultrasonic testing and radiography, new material grades
with increased corrosion resistance and stronger materials, and new ways to join materials such as
explosion welding (to attach one metal sheet to another, usually a thin corrosion resistant metal like
stainless steel to a stronger metal like carbon steel), friction stir welding (which attaches the metals
together without melting the metal), advanced theories and means of more accurately assessing the
stresses encountered in vessels such as with the use of Finite Element Analysis, allowing the
vessels to be built safer and more efficiently. Today vessels in the USA require BPVC stamping
but the BPVC is not just a domestic code, many other countries have adopted the BPVC as their
official code. There are, however, other official codes in some countries (some of which rely on
portions of and reference the BPVC), Japan, Australia, Canada, Britain, and Europe have their own
codes. Regardless of the country nearly all recognize the inherent potential hazards of pressure
vessels and the need for standards and codes regulating their design and construction [3].
1.1.3. CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL
The pressure vessels may be classified as follows:
1. According to the dimensions. The pressure vessels, according to their dimensions, may be
classified as thin walled vessel or thick walled vessel.
 Thin walled vessel If the wall thickness of the shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell
(d).
 Thick walled vessel if the wall thickness of the shell is greater than 1/10 of the diameter of the
shell.
Another criterion to classify the pressure vessels as thin shell or thick shell is the internal fluid
pressure (p) and the allowable stress (σt). If the internal fluid pressure (p) is less than 1/6 of the
allowable stress, then it is called a thin shell. On the other hand, if the internal fluid pressure is
greater than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is said to be a thick shell.
2. According to the end construction. The pressure vessels, according to the end construction,
may be classified as;
Open end vessel or closed end vessel.

A simple cylinder with a piston, such as cylinder of a press is an example of an open end vessel,
whereas a tank is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of vessels having open ends, the
circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure, whereas in case of closed ends,
longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stresses are induced [13].
3. According to the geometrical shapes
 Cylindrical geometrical shapes
 Conical and
 Spherical vessel with one or two cones.
4. According to the position arrangement
a) Horizontal pressure vessel
The free horizontal pressure vessel in pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids
at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure.
b) Vertical pressure vessel
Vertical pressure vessels are used for a variety of operational needs, mainly as reservoirs of
compressed air - air chambers, as well as pressurized water tanks or expansion tanks to compensate for
the volume of hot water stations with air or steam cushion - aqua mat, and as re-leasers called ex-
panders.
Vertical pressure vessels consist of a cylindrical shell and dished bottoms. They are placed on
three welded legs. The size and positioning of the filler necks is adjusted according to the customer
requirements and accordance with the relevant European standards. The pressure vessels can be
produced from ferrous or DESIGN
austenitic steel.
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL 2011 E.C
c) Spherical pressure vessel:
This type of pressure vessels are known as thin walled vessels. This forms the most typical
application of plane stress. Plane of stress is a class of common engineering problems involving stress
in a thin plate. Spherical vessel have the advantage of requiring thinner walls for a given pressure and
diameter than the equivalent cylinder. Therefore they are used for large gas or liquid containers, gas-
cooled nuclear reactors, containment buildings for nuclear plant, and so on…….
5. According to the materials:
The pressure vessels are according the material classified as:-
i. Brittle material pressures vessels

ii. Ductile material pressure vessels
6. According to the direction of force acting on the wall of vessels:
a) Subjected to internal pressure
Vessel where the median pressure inside the vessel is larger than that of outside
 low pressure vessel

 medium pressure vessel
 high pressure
 ultra- high pressure vessel
b) Subjected to external pressure
This types of pressure vessel is a Vessel where the median pressure inside the vessel is lower than
the outside (gauge pressure). When the internal pressure is less than 0.1Mpa (absolute pressure) such
vessel are called vacuum vessel.
7. According to the temperature:
 Low temperature vessel

 Medium temperature vessel Is between normal temperature and high temperature
 Normal temperature vessel
 High temperature vessel where the wall temperature is above the creep temperature [14].

1.1.4. APPLICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL
Since Pressure vessel is the container to store fluid under high pressure. They are used in different
kind of industries like:
 Petroleum refining industry

 Power plant
 Food and beverage industry
 Chemical plant industry
 LPG tanks
 Medical application and excreta [15].
1.1.5. COMPONENTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL
Head
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section).
Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger and allow the heads to
be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a vessel. Head are
usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, tori spherical, conical, tori conical and
flat are the common types of heads.
(a) Ellipsoidal
(b) Hemispherical (c) Spherically Dished ( Torispherical)
(d) Conical (e) Toriconical (Cone Head With Knuckle)
Figure1. 1 different types of head

Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded
together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel shells are
cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are fabricated
in a wide range of diameters and lengths.
Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure Vessel. The nozzle
ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy disassembly for
maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following applications:-
 Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.

 Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells, or pressure gauges).
 Provide access to the vessel interior at many ways.
 Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a heat exchanger or mixer)

a) welded pad b) inset nozzle
c) forged ring
Figure1. 2 different types of nozzle

Support
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the pressure
vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied weight, wind, and
earthquake loads. Calculated base loads are used to design of anchorage and foundation for the
pressure vessels.
Typical kinds of supports are as follow:
a) Skirt support
Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts. A support skirt is a
cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or to the
bottom head (for cylindrical vessels). Skirts for spherical vessels are welded to the vessel near
the mid-plane of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility so
that radial thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction
with the skirt.
Figure1. 3 skirt support
b) Leg support
Small vertical
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL drums
DESIGN 2011ofE.C
are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower portion the
shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1. The number
of legs needed depends on the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are also
typically used for spherical pressurized storage vessels. The support legs for small vertical
drums and spherical pressurized Storage vessels may be made from structural steel columns or
pipe sections, whichever provides a more efficient design.
Figure1. 4 leg support
c) Saddle support
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle supports. A saddle Support
spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the
shell at the support points. The width of the saddle, among other design details, is determined
by the specific size and design conditions of the pressure vessel. One saddle support is
normally fixed or anchored to its foundation.
Figure1. 5 saddle support

d) Lug DESIGN
support 2011 E.C
Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessel shell, which are shown on, may also be used to
support vertical pressure vessels. The use of lugs is typically limited to vessels of small to
medium diameter (1 to 10 ft.) and moderate height-to-diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1.
Lug supports are often used for vessels of this size that are located above grade within
structural steel. The lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members to provide
stability against overturning loads; however, the bolt holes are often slotted to permit free
radial thermal expansion of the drum.
Figure1. 6 lug support
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Vessel failures can be grouped into four major categories, which describe how and why a vessel failure
occurs. Improper design and construction, irregular testing and inspection cause safety hazards to
pressure vessels. It may have failed through corrosion because the wrong material was selected during
construction and it didn’t give the required application to the user, This initiate us to design a pressure
vessel which can withstand any of the loads and give the required application to the user by
minimizing corrosion by adding insulation material, corrosion allowance and factor of safety in our
design.
1.3. OBJECTIVES
1.3.1. General Objectives
The main objective of our project is Design of vertical presser vessel to design a vertical layout
pressure vessel position with ellipsoidal head that has the capacity to store alcohol of total inside
volume 1.6m3 and corrosion allowance of 2.5mm.
1.3.2. Specific Objectives
 To Design shell
 To Design Ellipsoidal head.
 To Design nozzles.
 To Design Skirt support.
 To Design bolts.
 To Design flanges.
 To draw the 3D of the parts by using AutoCAD.
1.4. METHODOLOGY
In this project we are going to solve the problem by the following steps:
IDENTIFICATION OF NEED
In his project, we are asked to design vertical layout
pressure vessel which can cope with a variety of
conditions.
DEFINITION OF PROBLEM
We are asked to design a column (vertical layout)

pressure vessel which has capacity to store alcohol.
↓
DETAIL DESIGN ANALYSIS
Selecting suitable materials, Geometry, force and stress
VERTICAL PRESSUREanalysis
VESSELfor
DESIGN
each component, Such as: shell, head, nozzle, flange, 2011 E.C
bolt and support, Checking the maximum principal and shear stress
with the permissible stress of material of component.
↓
RESULT AND CONCLUSION
After we analyze the result we will draw conclusion and give some
comment about it.
↓
PRESENTATION
Drawings of the column (vertical layout) pressure vessel
using Auto CAD software.
1.5. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this project covers aspects like the introduction of pressure vessel, its application, and
classification. Moreover the scope of the project is concerned with components of pressure vessel.
Taking time and resources taking in to account the scope of the project includes material selections for
each parts of the vessel component based on ASME Code, in accordance with the given specifications.
Finally it cover the detail design of vertical pressure vessel subjected to wind loading in addition to
internal pressure and dead loads (weight of the vessel which is full of alcohol). After giving detail
design and analysis of the results this project will give some conclusion and recommendation about the
design.
1.5.1. LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
The uses of pressure vessel have become significant in many applications, so vast considerations
must be made while designing them. It has become mandatory to design each type of vessels according
to their standards properly so that we can ensure the safety of the equipment, the environment and the
personnel operating near or in the equipment.
But due to the following limitations we have been able to design only the "Vertical" type
pressure vessel. Limitations include: -
 limitation of time given

 Limitation of internet access
 limitation of available information on a certain period
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. INTRODUCTION ABOUT LITERATURE REVIEW
Pressure vessels are widely applied in many branches of industry such as chemical and petroleum
machine-building, nuclear and power engineering, gas, oil and oil-refining industries, aerospace
techniques, etc. As the name implies these are important components of processing equipment.
Nozzles or opening are necessary in the pressure vessels to satisfy certain requirements such as inlet or
outlet connection, manholes, vents & drains etc. Welded nozzles connecting a pressure vessel to piping
can be placed both on the cylindrical shell and the heads of the vessel.
presented work on modeling and stress analysis of nozzle connection in Ellipsoidal head of pressure
vessel under external loading, in this paper he used Timoshenko shell theory and the finite element
method, the effect of stress concentration in external loading has more effect than in the internal
pressure, there is an appreciable increase of the maximum stress for shell in the interaction region even
at the small level of nominal stress, non-radial and offset connection have non-uniform distribution of
stress on the interaction curve between the nozzle and the head, the influence of angular parameter α
for PRESSURE
VERTICAL non-radial nozzle
VESSELconnection
DESIGNis shown in this paper, a decrease of maximum effective2011
stress as
E.Can
angle α increase is more significant for non-central connection, and in case of torsional moment
loading, the angle affects the stress in opposite manner, the stress in the shell increase as alpha angle
increase [4].
presented work on structural analysis of nozzle attachment on pressure vessel design, they said if the
nozzle is kept on peak of the dished end it do not disturb the symmetry of the vessel, but if it is placed
on the placed on the periphery of the vessel, it may be disturb the symmetry of the vessel. Size,
diameter, angle, etc of nozzle connection may significantly vary even in one pressure vessel, these
nozzle cause geometric discontinuity of vessel wall, so a stress concentration created around an
opening, the junction may fail due to high stress ,so detailed analysis is must be required, in this paper
conduct a study analysis, what will be the effect of the nozzle angle and increase number of nozzle on
the periphery of pressure vessel until the symmetry is achieved, and find out optimum angle such that
the stress are maintained within limits. in this paper first one nozzle placed on top on shell and
calculated stresses with finite element analysis, then two nozzle placed with angle 60 degree from each
other, then again two nozzle placed at angle 90 degree from each other, then also again two nozzle
placed at angle 180 degree from each other ,then three nozzle placed at angle 60 degree from each
other, then again three nozzle placed at angle 90 degree from each other, then four nozzle placed at
angle 60 degree and again four nozzle placed at 90 degree from each other and calculated stress from
ANSYS software ,from this study they found the result that peak stresses for symmetrical nozzle
attachment is lowest than the others and stress increment factor for symmetric nozzle attachment is
lower than other, here the stress value is minimum at two nozzle which is placed at angle 180 degree
and four nozzle placed at angle 90 degree from each other, this state that the symmetry nozzle
attachment had always lower stress than others [5].
had did work on local pressure stress on lateral pipe nozzle with various angle of interaction, this paper
report variation of local pressure stress factor at the junction of pipe-nozzle when its angle varies from
90 to 30 degree, the circumferential and longitudinal stress at four symmetric points around the pipe
nozzle junction are plotted as function of an angle, the ALGOR finite element software was employed
to model for the true pipe-nozzle geometry, the numerical stress result come from parameters beta and
gamma which are the nozzle mean radius and pipe thickness, at angle 90 degree at this angle result had
low value local stress, these stress increase as angle of interaction is decrease from 90 degree and
stress value more decrease when angle is decrease from 45 degree, the inside crotch point B has worst
circumferential stress value, and concluded that angle 90 degree local pressure stress are same at point
A and B as same as point C and D due to symmetry. And it had low stress value than other angle [6].
had worked on stresses in ellipsoidal pressure vessel heads with non-central nozzle, the objective of
this paper is more investigation of shell intersection problem, the shell theory and finite element
method are used for stress analysis of nozzle connections in ellipsoidal heads of the pressure vessel,
here nozzle is considerably displaced on ellipsoidal head from head axis is considered in this paper, the
feature of numerical procedure, structural modeling of nozzle-head shell intersections and SAIS
special-purpose computer program are discussed. The result of stress analysis and parametric study of
ellipsoidal vessel head with a no central nozzle under internal pressure loading are presented, in many
practical design, the nozzle is placed at a relatively large distance from the head axis. Special
consideration of these case is given in this analysis, this stress analysis result better understanding of
this poorly investigated problem and give the possibility of achieving a more reliable design of nozzle
connections on the pressure vessel heads, also the SAIS program can be used for design optimization
purpose e.g. nozzle location finding [7].
had worked on bibliographical review of finite element method(FEMs) applied for the analysis of
pressure vessel structural/components and piping from the theoretical as well as practical points of
view, he searched paper contains 856 reference to papers and conference proceeding on the subject
that were published in 2001-2004, he found papers those are classified in the following categories:
linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic, stress and deflection analysis, stability problem, thermal
problem, fracture mechanics problem, contact problem, fluid-structure interaction problem:
manufacturing pipe and tube: welded pipe and pressure vessel components: development of special
finite element for pressure vessel and pipes, finite element software and other topics, and he found that
linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic, static and deflection analysis and fracture mechanics problem
had various topic in pressure vessel and piping [8].
presented work on ANLYTICAL and NUMERICAL solution of internal forces by cylindrical pressure
vessel with semielliptical heads, in this paper the solution for internal forces and displacement in the
thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel with ellipsoidal head using general theory of thin walled shell
of resolution have been proposed, distribution of the forces and displacement in thin walled shell are
given in mathematical form, finite element analysis of the cylindrical vessel with semi-elliptical head
has been done by using ANSYS 10 code for to confirms analytical solution, here ellipsoidal head
model made as axi-symmetric problem to avoid bending effect on the contact between heads and
cylinders and author concluded principal stresses calculated analytically are very close to the finite
element result( the difference is less than 3%) [9].
had worked on nozzle in the knuckle region of a torispherical head, in this paper limit load interaction
plot for pressure Vs nozzle axial force, in-plane moment, out-of-plane moment and for in-plane
moment versus out-of-plane moment are also present, here six model included with nozzle offset
location nozzle offset/vessel outer diameter in present study, model 1 is the ax symmetric case with
nozzle located in the center of the crown, the model 3 offset the outermost weld location is at
crown/knuckle junction and in this work FE model was created with using PATRAN mesh generation
program and stress analysis work was done by using ABAQUS program, they concluded that the
nozzle has very little influence on the limit pressure of the head, even when it is located in the knuckle
region of the head, for external load applied to the nozzle, the effect of increasing the offset is to
increase the limit loads [10].
Did a case study and put efforts to design the pressure vessel using ASME codes & standards to
legalize the design. The performance of a pressure vessel under pressure can be determined by
conducting a series of tests to the relevant ASME standard in future scope they have mentioned Design
of pressure vessel in PVELITE software can be accrue. Further FEA analysis can be done to verify the
above design procedure, they concluded that the design of pressure vessel is more of a selection
procedure, selection of its components to be more precise rather designing of every components,
pressure vessel components are selected on the basis of available ASME standard and the
manufactures also follow the ASME standard while manufacturing the components so that leaves
designer free from designing the components. This aspect of design greatly reduce the development
time of new pressure vessel, it also allows the designer to keep free from multiple prototype for
pressure vessel before finalizing the design, here standard part are used so it reduce time for
replacement so less overall cost [11].
Discusses some of the potential unintended consequences related to Governing Thickness of shell as
per ASME. Here have a scope to change the code values by take the minimum governing thickness of
pressure vessel shell to the desired requirements and also relocate of nozzle location to minimize the
stresses in the shell. In this paper nozzle located at five places and analysis with ANSYS here nozzle
locates at shell left end, at the shell middle, at the shell right end, at dished end of both side and
calculate stress. And they found from result that the stress would be Minimum at the dished end with
hillside orientation. A low value of the factor of safety results in economy of material this will lead to
thinner and more flexible and economical vessels. Here we evaluated the stress in the vessel by Zick
analysis approach [12].
2.2. INFERENCE FROM LITERATURE
From the literature review it is seen that ASME and other code are providing solutions for more
general cases and required higher factor of safety, also limit load and stress concentration formulae
are not available for non-standard shape and intersection and geometrical discontinuity, most of
researcher have worked in thin-pressure vessels and there is scope in studying the opening in
thick pressure vessel, from above discussion it is cleared that study of the effect of change in
size, position, location of the opening in pressure vessel to study the stress concentration is
essential, the position and location of the opening on cylinder is not studied in past by
researcher and there is no code provision for such design. A structural analysis of the high pressure
vessel will be implemented. The maximum load on a saddle may be conservative or liberal, depending
upon the value of the ratio A/L used. Furthermore, the design of the saddle structure, Stress
concentration is one of the important factors to be studied in the pressure vessel opening. A review of
the literature related to the stress concentration at opening in pressure vessel is presented, also the
effect of the end cover on the position and size of the opening needs to be studied.
CHAPTER THREE
3. DETAIL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
3.1. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Table 3. 1 general design specification
Parameters Value Unit

Design pressure 10 MPa
Design temperature 200 °C
Total inside volume 1.6 m3
Corrosion allowance 2.5 mm
Working fluid Alcohol

Vessel orientation Vertical
3.1.1. MATERIAL
Pressure vessels are constructed from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other alloys, clad
plate, and reinforced plastics. Selection of a suitable material must take into account the suitability of
the material for fabrication (particularly welding) as well as the compatibility of the material with the
process environment. The pressure vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable
materials; in accordance with the appropriate material standards [16].
Table 3. 2 typical design stress for plate [16].
Material selection based on the given data from the above table is;
 Working material is Low alloy Steel.
 Its Tensile strength is 550 MPa.
 Design stress at temperature of 2000C is 240 MPa [16].
3.1.2. CORROSION ALLOWANCE
The “corrosion allowance” is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material lost by
corrosion and erosion, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between the customer
and manufacturer. Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and it is not possible to give specific rules for
the estimation of the corrosion allowance required for all circumstances. The allowance should be
based on experience with the material of construction under similar service conditions to those for the
proposed design. For carbon and low-alloy steels, where severe corrosion is not expected, in our
design corrosion allowance is given that 2.5mm [16].
3.1.3. DESIGN PRESSURE
A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be

subjected in operation. For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally taken as the
pressure at which the relief device is set. This will normally be 5 to 10 per cent above the normal
working pressure, to avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets. When deciding the design
pressure, the hydrostatic pressure in the base of the column should be added to the operating pressure,
if significant.
J=1(double welded butt joint )
Calculate the internal pressure based on the design pressure:
Pd 10 MPa
Pi ¿ = =9.09 MPa ≈ 9.1 Mpa
1.1 1.1
3.1.4. DESIGN TEMPERATURE

The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable
design stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at which the design
stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material, with due
allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall temperatures.
Then T0 =2000C.
From typical design stress table find the stress for low alloy steel:-
Design stress:- σD =240 MPa.
Tensile strength: - σt =550MPa.
3.1.5. DESIGN STRESS (NOMINAL DESIGN STRENGTH)
For design purposes it is necessary to decide a value for the maximum allowable stress
(nominal design strength) that can be accepted in the material of construction. This is determined by
applying a suitable "design stress factor" (factor of safety) to the maximum stress that the material
could be expected to withstand without failure under standard test conditions. The design stress factor
allows for any uncertainty in the design methods, the loading, the quality of the materials, and the
workmanship.
For materials not subject to high temperatures the design stress is based on the yield
stress (or proof stress), or the tensile strength (ultimate tensile stress) of the material at the design
temperature.
For materials subject to conditions at which the creep is likely to be a consideration, the design
stress is based on the creep characteristics of the material: the average stress to produce rupture after
105 hours, or the average stress to produce a 1 per cent strain after 10 5 hours, at the design temperature.
Typical design stress factors for pressure components are shown in Table.
Table 3. 3 Design stress factors [16]
Welded joint efficiency, and construction categories
The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and the quality of the welding. The
soundness of welds is checked by visual inspection and by non-destructive testing (Radiography).The
possible lower strength of a welded joint compared with the virgin plate is usually allowed for in
design by multiplying the allowable design stress for the material by a Welded joint factor J. The value
of the joint factor used in design will depend on the type of joint and amount of radiography required
by the design code [16].
Table 3. 4 Maximum allowable joint efficiency [16]
The above table is above the maximum allowable joint efficiency. Taking the factor as 1.0 implies that
joint is equally as strong as a virgin plate. This is achieved by radiographing complete weld length.
Cutting out and remarking any defects. The use of lower joint factor factors in design through saving
cost in radiography will result in any cost saving on inspection and fabrication against the increased
cost of materials [16].
In our design we use joint efficiency value E=1
3.2. DESIGN OF SHELL:
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded
together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel shells are
cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are fabricated
in a wide range of diameters and lengths [2].
In our design we selected low alloy steel to design the shell because it has high working stress
compared to others, has high atmospheric corrosion resistance capacity, suitable to welding.
The design procedures in pressure vessel codes for cylindrical shells are mostly based on linear elastic
assumption, occupationally allowing for limited in elastic behavior over a localized region. The shell
the thickness is the major design parameter and usually controlled by internal pressure and sometimes
by external pressure which can be produce bucking. Now to determine the thickness and diameter of
shell first categorized our pressure vessel according to its design pressure compared to standard.
Therefore check for which non opposition that our pressure is safe.
If,
 PD > 0.385σd* E ………………………….use s
t = Ri ¿ -1 ) ……….equation 1
Pi∗R
 PD < 0.385σd * E t
…………………………. use s =
σ d∗E−0.6 Pi ……………………equation 2
Where σd = design stress
E = joint factor
t s = thickness of shell
Ri = internal reading of shell
Pd =design pressure
Pi =internal pressure
So,
 20N/mm2>0.385*240N/mm2*1, 20 N/mm2>92.4 N/mm2 false. Since 20 N/mm2<92.4 N/mm2
then our pressure vessel is categorized in thin cylindrical shell then we are using equation 2.
Now calculating vessel ratio using the formula:
Now calculating vessel ratio using the formula:
F2= C¿ ¿ – 0.6) where C= corrosion allowance

σ d = Design stress
E= joint factor
Pi=internal pressure
Then change the unit in to inch by using the conversion factor;
1inch=25.4mm
C=2.5mm
C=0.0984inch
F2=0.0984 inch∗¿ -0.6)

F2=2.54inch 2011 E.C
Table 3. 5 length to diameter ratio chart [17]
First let us change the unit of volume in to ft3 by using conversion factor
1ft3=0.028317m3
VERTICAL PRESSURE
V =1.6m3VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C
V=56.5ft3
F2=2.54inch & V=56.5 ft3
L
From this = 3.9
Di
Let us express L in terms of Di
L= 3.9 Di
2
π Di3 π D i L
V= + but L=3.9 Di
12 4
π D i3 π D i2∗3.9 D i
1.6= +
12 4
1.6=0.2618Di3+3.0631Di3
1.6
D 3i =
3.3249
Di=√3 0.4812175 m
Di=0.7836m≅ 790 mm
790 mm
Ri = =395mm
2
P i∗Ri
t s=
σ d∗E−0.6 Pi
(9.1 N /mm2∗395 mm)

t s=
(240 N /mm2∗1−0.6∗9.1 N /mm2 )
t s=15.326mm≅ 15.5 mm but for safe design ttotal=t s +c where c=corrosion allowance
t s =thickness of the shell
t total=15.5mm+2.5mm
t total=18mm
Do = Di + 2* t total
Do = 790mm + 2*18mm
Do =826 mm
Dm= Di + t where D m= mean diameter of shell
Dm= 790mm + 18mm
Dm= 808mm
STRESS ANALYSES OF CYLINDRICAL SHELL
In finding stress analysis hoop stress and longitudinal stress are calculated.
Figure 3. 1 stress analysis [17]
First let VESSEL

VERTICAL PRESSURE us find both the hoop stress (σ H ) and longitudinal stress (σ L) by using 2011
DESIGN E.Cas
a formula
follows:
P i∗Di 10 N /mm2∗790 mm
σ H= = =219.44N/mm2 <240 N/mm2
2∗t 2∗18 mm
and
P i Di 10 N /mm2∗790 mm
σL = = =109.722N/mm2 <240N/mm2
4t 4∗18 mm
Since both hoop and longitudinal stress are less than the allowable (Design) stress our design is safe.
Then length of the cylinder can be found by:
2
π Di3 π D i L
V= +
12 4
π (0.79)3 π (0.79)2∗L
1.6= +
12 4
1.6=0.1291+0.4902L
1.6-0.1291=0.4902L
1.4709
L= m
0.4902
L=3 m
From this length of the shell is given by:
2∗Hi Di
Ls = L-( ) but Hi= where Hi is inner head for ellipsoidal head
3 4
790 mm
Hi= = 197.5m
4
2∗Hi
Ls = L-( )
3
2∗197.5 mm
Ls = 3000mm - ( )
3
Ls = 2868.3mm
2
V s = Ls ( π∗Di )
4
2
V s =2.8683 ( π∗0.79 )
4
V s = 1.406m3
3.3. DESIGN OF HEAD:
All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section). Heads are
typically curved rather than flat. The reason is that curved configurations are stronger and allow the
heads to be thinner, lighter and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a vessel
and are known as intermediate heads. These intermediate heads are separate sections of the pressure
vessels to permit different design conditions [2].
The ends of a cylindrical vessel are closed by heads of various shapes [17]. The principal
Types used are:
 Flat plates and formed flat heads

 Hemispherical heads
 Ellipsoidal heads
 Tori spherical heads
The ends of pressure vessel that confine the shell from below, above, and the sides. The ends of the
vessels are closed by means of head before putting them in to operation. In our design the head is
normally made from the same material as the shell and welded to the shell itself.
The head geometry design is dependent up on the geometry of the shell as well as other designs
parameter such as operating temperature and the pressure. The geometry of the head is selected based
on the function as well as an economic consideration and methods of forming and space requirements.
For our design we select an elliptical cylindrical head because they are thinner than cylindrical shell to
which they are attached and require a smooth transition to avoid stress concentration effect.
DESIGN OF ELLIPTICAL HEAD:
For an internal pressure P the thicknesst h of elliptical head is given by
( P∗Di∗K)
th = where P= internal pressure
(2∗σ d∗E−0.2∗P)
Di= diameter of the shell
E= joint efficiency
σ d = allowable/ design stress
K= stress intensity factor
K is given by the following expression:
1 a
K=
6
(2 +
b ()
2) where a and b are semi-major and semi-minor axis of the elliptical which is
a 2:1 ratio
1 2
So that K=
6
(2 +()
1
2)
K= 1
Now let us calculate head thickness ( th ) as follows:
( P∗D i∗K )
t h=
(2∗σ d∗E−0.2∗P)
(9.1∗790∗1)
t h=
(2∗240∗1−0.2∗9.1)
t h = 15.03mm
but for safe design t total= t h + C where C= corrosion allowance
t total= = 15.1mm+2.5mm
t total= 17.6mm
Let us find the outer head as follows:
Di
H i= where Hi is inner head for ellipsoidal head
4
790 mm
Hi = = 197.5mm and
4
Do
Ho= but Do = Di+ 2*t total
4
Do = 790mm + 2*17.6mm
Do =825.2mm
825.2 mm
∴ Ho= = 206.3mm
4
Total volume of the ellipsoidal head can be calculated as follows:
2
V h= 2* ( π∗Di ∗Sf π∗Di2 2∗hi Di hi Di
+ * ) but Hi= and Sf= =
4 4 3 4 3 12
2
V h= 2* ( π Di ∗Di π∗Di2 2∗Di
+ * )
4∗12 4 3∗4
3
V h= 2* ( π Di π∗Di3
+ )
48 24
3 3
V h = 2* π Di +2∗π Di
( 48 )
3 π Di3
VERTICAL PRESSURE (
V h = 2* VESSEL DESIGN
48 ) 2011 E.C
3
V h = π Di but Di= 0.79m
8
3
V h= π∗0.79
8
V h= 0.1936m3
Then let us check the total volume of the vessel or cylinder:
V t= V s+ V h
V t = 1.406 m3 + 0.1936m3
V t = =1.5996m3 1.6m3
∴ our designis safe
STRESS ANALYSIS ON HEAD
The stresses are considered in to three parts as shown below:
Table 3. 6 stress analysis for head [17]
At any point x At center At tangent
(P∗Rl ) (P∗R 2) (P∗R)

σ x= σ x= σ x=
(2∗t) (2∗th) (2∗t )
P∗Rl Rl σθ= σ x P∗R R2

σθ=
t (
1−
2∗Rm ) σθ=
t
1−
(
2∗h
2 )
Notations: RL = latitudinal radius of curvature, in mm.
Rm = meridional radius of curvature, in mm.

P = internal pressure, MP a
h = depth of head, mm.
R = inside radius of head.
In heads due to internal pressure two type of stress
Longitudinal stress ¿)
Meridional stress (σ x)
STRESSES IN HEAD S DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE
Figure 3. 2 ellipsoidal head [17]
Figure 3. 3 head stress analysis [17]
Case 1)The stress analysis of any point x:
P∗RL P∗RL RL
σx =
2t
σ ∅=
t (1−
2 Rm )
Before we use the above formula first we calculate the variables RL,Rm,h.
Do
h=
4
826 mm
h= = 206.5mm
4
R= 395 mm
Since h≤X≤ R
let X= 300 mm
4 2
√
RL= R2 + X 2 1− R2
h h ( )
3954 3952
RL=
√ 206.5 2
2
+300 1−(206.52 )
RL= 575.83mm
P∗RL
∴ σx =
2t
9.1∗575.83
σx =
2∗17.6
σ x = 148.87Mpa
RL 3∗h2
Rm=
R4

Rm=
575.833∗206.52 2011 E.C
3954
Rm= 334.45mm
P∗RL RL
∴ σ ∅=
t (
1−
2 Rm )
9.1∗575.83 575.83
σ ∅=
17.6
1− (
2∗334.45 )
σ ∅= 41.43Mpa
Latitudinal (hoop) stresses in the knuckle become compressive when the R/h ratio exceeds 1.42.
Since in our design R/h ratio exceeds 1.42 therefore as we observe from the above table the negative
sign shows the presence of compressive stress.
Case 2) stress analysis at center:
P∗R2
σx = =σ∅
2∗t∗h
9.1∗3952
σx =
2∗17.6∗206.5
∴ σ x = σ ∅ = 195.33N/mm2
Case 3) stress analysis at tangent:
P∗R
σx =
2t
9.1∗395
σx =
2∗17.6
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN σ x =102.12N/mm2 and 2011 E.C
P∗R R2
σ ∅=
t
1− (
2∗h2 )
9.1∗395 3952
σ ∅=
17.6 (1−
2∗206.52 )
σ ∅= -169.4N/mm2
∴As we observe from the result the negative sign shows the presence of compressive stress.
When we observe from the above three cases stress is maximum at the center of head. Now for the
design to be safe let us compare the maximum stress to the allowable or design stress.
195.33N/mm2 < 240N/mm2
∴ our design of head is safe.
3.4. DESIGN OF INLET AND OUTLET NOZZLE:
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure Vessel. The nozzle
ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy disassembly for
maintenance or access [16].
All process vessels will have openings for connections, man ways, and instrument fittings. The
presence of an opening weakens the shell, and gives rise to stress concentrations. The stress at the edge
of a hole will be considerably higher than the average stress in the surrounding plate. To compensate
for the effect of an opening, the wall thickness is increased in the region adjacent to the opening.
Sufficient reinforcement must be provided to compensate for the weakening effect of the opening
without significantly altering the general dilation pattern of the vessel at the opening. Over-
VERTICAL PRESSUREwill
reinforcement VESSEL the flexibility of the wall, causing a hard spot, and giving rise2011
reduceDESIGN E.C
to secondary
stresses [16].
We select low alloy steel material to design inlet and outlet nozzles because it is suitable for welding,
has high atmospheric corrosion resistance capacity.
Table 3. 7 inspections of opining [17].
Di of our vessel is 31.1inch then in our design we take the inlet and outlet pipe diameter
di >15∈≅ 400 mm and feed and drainage diameter is 2in.
VERTICAL PRESSURE
Fillet weld size tVESSEL
e=20mm
DESIGN 2011 E.C
Di 50.8 mm
ri = = =25.4mm
2 2
Assume our inlet opening pipe is placed on the cylindrical shell.
The minimum thickness of the nozzle for inlet pipe is given by:-
P∗r i
t n=
E∗σd−0.4 P
10 MPa∗25.4 mm
t n=
1∗240 Mpa−0.4∗10 MPa
t n= 1.1mm
But for safe design t n = 1.1mm + c where c= corrosion allowance
t n= 1.1mm + 2.5mm
t n= 3.6mm
The outer diameter of nozzle is given by:-
d o =d i+2C +2 t n
d o = (50.8+2*2.5+2*3.6) mm
d o =63mm
The required minimum thickness of nozzle for inlet pipe is given by:-
P∗Rn d
t rn= …………………….but Rn = ………….. d=d i+2C =50.8mm+2*2.5mm=55.8mm
E∗σ d−0.6 P 2
55.8 mm
VERTICAL
Rn =PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
=27.9mm 2011 E.C
2
10 MPa∗27.9 mm
t rn=
1∗240 Mpa−0.6∗10 MPa
t rn = 1.2mm
The required minimum thickness of shell is given by:-
PRi d 790 mm
t rs= ………..but Ri = i = =395mm
E∗σ d−0.6 P 2 2
10 MPa∗395 mm
t rs=
1∗240 MPa−0.6∗10
t rs= 17mm
Area of reinforcement required
A=d t rs Where t rs =17 mm
A=55.8 mm∗17 mm
A=948.6 mm2
Area available in the cylindrical shell
A1= ( t−t rs ) d or A1=2(t +t n) (t -t rs)
A1= (19.5−17 ) 55.8 A1 =2(19.5+3.6) (19.5-17)
A1 =115.5 mm 2
A1= 139.5mm2
For safe design we take the largest value A1=139.5mm2
Area available in outward nozzle wall
A2=5t (t n−t rn) or A2=5t n (t n−t rn)
A2=5∗19.5(3.6−1.2) A2=5∗3.6 (3.6−1.2)
A2=¿ 234mm2
A2=¿ 43.2mm2
∴ We take the smaller value that is A2=¿ 43.2mm2
Area available in inward nozzle
A3 =5t n (t n−c )
A3 =5∗3.6 (3.6−2.5)
A3 =19.8 mm2
Area of outward weld
A 4=t e2 Where t e = thickness of reinforcing pad

A 4=202
A 4=400 mm2
Area of inward weld
A5 =t e 2 Where =t e thickness of reinforcing pad
A5 =202
A5 =400 mm2
∴ At = A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4+ A5
At = 139.5mm2 + 43.2mm2 + 19.8 mm2 + 400 mm 2+400mm2
At = 1002.5mm2
Since our total reinforcement area is greater than area reinforcement required (858.7 mm2 <1002.5 mm2)
we don`t need additional reinforcement.
DESIGN MANHOLE
In our design we take the inlet and outlet pipe diameter Dm=diameter of manhole; dim=400mm
Ri= dm/2=400/2=200mm
Pd∗Ri
t rn=
E∗σd−0.4 Pd
10 MPa∗200 mm
t rn =
1∗240 Mpa−0.4∗10 MPa
t rn=8.5mm
But for safe design t n= 8.5mm + c where c= corrosion allowance
t n= 8.5mm + 2.5mm
t n= 11mm
The outer diameter of manhole is given by:-
d o =d+2 t n ………..but d=d i+2C =400mm+2*2.5mm=405mm
d o = (405mm+2*11) mm
d o =427mm
The required minimum thickness of nozzle for inlet pipe is given by:-
PDRn d 405
t n= …………………….but Rn = =
E σ d−0.6 PD 2 2
Rn =202.5mm
10 MPa∗202.5 mm
t mn=
1∗240 Mpa−0.6∗10 MPa
t mn = 8.7mm
The required minimum thickness of shell is given by:-
PDRi d 790 mm
t rs= ………..but Ri = i = =395mm
E∗σ d−0.6 PD 2 2
10 MPa∗395 mm
t rs= PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN
VERTICAL 1∗240 MPa−0.6∗10 2011 E.C
t rs= 17mm
In our design we take thickness of reinforcing pad 52mm for good welding.
Area of reinforcement required
A=d t rs Where t sr =17 mm
A=405 mm∗17 mm
A=6885 mm2
Area available in the cylindrical shell
A1= ( t−t rs ) d or A1=2(t +t n) (t -t rs)
A1= (19.5−17 ) 405 A1 =2(19.5+11) (19.5-17)
A1 =152.5 mm2
A1= 1012.5mm2
For safe design we take the largest value A1=1012.5mm2
Area available in outward nozzle wall
A2=5t (t n−t rn) or A2=5t n (t n−t rn)
A2=5∗19.5(11−8.5) A2=5∗11(11−8.5)
A2=¿ 243.75mm2
A2=137.5mm 2
∴ We take the smaller value that is A2=¿ 137.5mm2
Area available in inward nozzle
A3 =5t n (t n−c )
A3 =5∗11(11−2.5)
A3 =467.5 mm2
Area of outward weld
A 4=t e2 Where t e = thickness of reinforcing pad
A 4=522
A 4=2704 mm 2
Area of inward weld
A5 =t e 2 Where =t e thickness of reinforcing pad

A5 =522
A5 =2704 mm2
∴ At = A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4+ A5
At = 1012.5mm2 + 137.5mm2 + 467.5 mm 2 + 2704mm2 +2704mm2
At = 7025.5mm2
Since our total reinforcement area is greater than area reinforcement required (6885mm2 <7025.5mm2)
we don`t need additional reinforcement.
DESIGN OF BOLTED FLANGE JOINTS
Bolt joints are one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. They consist of
fasteners that a capture and join other part and are secure with the mating of bolt joints designs or
screw threads [2].
There are two main type of bolted joint design:

1) Tension joint
2) Shear joint
In the tension joint the bolt and clamped component at the joint are designed to transfer the
external tension load through the joint by away of clamped component through the design of proper
balance of joint and bolt stiffness. The second type of bolted joint transfer the applied load in a shear
on the bolt shank and relies on shear strength of the bolt, tension loads on such joints are only
identically [2].
We select mild steel material to design bolted flange joints because of easily workable, very hard, yet
malleable,
VERTICAL PRESSUREgood VESSEL
for construction,
DESIGNeasy to shape and machine and very flexible and can be 2011
harden. E.C
Table 3. 8 material selection for bolt design
Steel grade Measured Yield strength Tensile strength

direction
( MP a) ( MP a)
HT50 A 542 591
HT80 A 693 830
Mild steel A 452 497
HT50 B 501 562
HT80 B 657 799
Mild steel B 439 471
HT50 C 531 587
HT80 C 665 811
Mild steel C 447 478
Use the following formula important to find the size and number of bolt.
Let Di = internal diameter of cylinder
pd = design
pressure in the cylinder 2011 E.C
d c = core diameter of the bolt
σ tb= permissible tensile stress of the bolt
n = number of bolt
Here we know that the upward face acting on the cylinder cover is:
π D i2∗P d
F= ……………………………….. (1)
4
This force is resisted by n number of bolt and the resisting force offered by n number of bolts i Fp
π dc 2∗σ tb∗n
= …………………………………………. (2)
4
From equation (1) the upward force acting on cylinder cover is
π D i2∗D p
F=
4
π∗0.79 m∗10 MPa

F=
4
F=6204645.5N
From equation (2) the resisting force by the bolt
π dc 2∗σ tb∗n
F R=
4
In our design we select the material for the bolt is HT80 Steel. So, σ tb= 830N/mm2 the core diameter
is from the table by taking standard M 20 size.
From the table we take d c=¿16.933 ¿mm

π dc 2∗σ tb∗n
F R=
4
2
F R= π ¿ 16.933 ∗830∗n
4
F R=186911.4n since F= F R∗n
6204645.5
∴ n= = 33.2≈34
186911.4
Nominal or major diameter of nut and bolt (d=D) = 20.0mm
Table 3. 9 standard bolt dimension
The total length of bolt and thread length of bolt can be calculated as follows:
Let us take 125mm<L≤200mm, d<48mm
Lt =2 d+12 mm
Lt =2∗20+ 6 mm
Lt =¿46mm
Lunthreaded =L−Lthreaded
Lunthreaded =80−46 mm
Lunthreaded = 34mm
Table 3. 10 standard bolt and nut dimension
Stress analysis of bolt
F=6204645.5N is the total force acted in the whole 34 bolts. Then in single bolts can be calculated as
follow
F T 6204645.5 N
F i= = =¿ 182489.6N
n 34 bolts
Then we will calculate the stress on the bolt. Let us take standard bolt size of M 20
F i bolt π D 2i π ( 20 )2
Stress on a bolt = but Abolt = = =314.16 mm 2
A bolt 4 4
182489.6 N
¿ =580.88 MPa
314.16 mm2
The tensile strength of M 20 bolts is σ tb= 830N/mm2
Since 580.88 MPa<830MPa hence our design is safe.
DESIGN OF NUT
We select mild steel material to design nut the same as bolt flange joint because of easily workable,
very hard, yet malleable, good for construction, easy to shape and machine and very flexible and can
be harden.
Table 3. 11 material selection for the nut design

Steel grade Measured Yield strength Tensile strength

direction
( MP a) ( MP a)
HT50 A 542 591
HT80 A 693 830
Mild steel A 452 497
HT50 B 501 562
HT80 B 657 799
Mild steel B 439 471

HT50 C 531 587
HT80 C 665 811
Mild steel C 447 478
By reading from the above standard table we get:
 minor or core diameter of nut (d c ) = 17.294mm

 effective or pitch diameter of nut (d p) = 18.376mm
 nominal or major diameter of nut and bolt (d=D) = 20.000mm
Table 3. 12 nut standard dimension
FLANGE DESIGN:
Flanged joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole covers, and for
removable vessel heads when ease of access is required. Flanges may also be used on the vessel body,
when it is necessary to divide the vessel into sections for transport or maintenance. Flanged joints are
also used to connect pipes to other equipment, such as pumps and valves. Standard flanges will be
specified for most applications. Special designs would be used only if no suitable standard flange were
available; or for large flanges, such as the body flanges of vessels, where it may be cheaper to size a
flange specifically for the duty required rather than to accept the nearest standard flange, which of
necessity would be over-sized [16].
STANDARD FLANGES
Standard flanges are available in a range of types, sizes and materials; and are used extensively for
pipes, nozzles and other attachments to pressure vessels. The proportions of standard flanges are set
out in the various codes and standards. A typical example of a standard flange design is shown below.
The relevant British Standards are BS 1560, Part 3 and BS 4504, Part 3, which cover flanges for pipes,
valves and fittings; in carbon and alloy steels [17].
Figure 3. 4 standard flange[16]
Table 3. 13 flange standard dimension[17].
Now as we design the bolt before our bolt is Bolt M 20 standard size
For this reason our flange design parameters are in the first row of the table above that means
d1= 323.9mm
d2= 22mm

d3= 355mm
2011 E.C
d4=365mm
h=44mm
b= 22mm
D= 440mm
f= 4mm
K= 395mm
Bolt M 20
3.5. DESIGN OF VESSEL SUPPORT
The vessel support is intended to support the pressure vessel on the support base. The support has to be
designed with stand the dead weight from the pressure vessel and to limit the heat flow from the vessel
walls to the base. The pressure vessel support should be able to with stand the dead weight of the
vessel and internals and the contained fluid without experiencing permanent deformation [9].
In our case the support of the pressure vessel is straight skirt and we choose a 5.8(carbon steel)
material to design because of it has excellent fatigue resistance, good temperature resistance; it is
tougher and has high strength.
Table 3. 14 standard material for support design
material Tensile strength in 0.2% yield strength in
( N/mm2 ) ( N/mm2 )
4.6 ( carbon steel ) 414 248
5.8 ( carbon steel ) 510 393

8.8 ( alloy steel ) 828 635
2011 E.C
10.9 ( alloy steel ) 1035 897
A2-70 ( stainless steel ) 700 450
A4-80 ( stainless steel ) 800 600
It carries all the loads at the pressure vessel. In order to design this three legs support we consider the
dead weight.
The major sources of dead weight loads are:

 The vessel shell
 The vessel head
 The vessel fitting, manhole and nozzle
 Wind load
 Weight of fluid
DEAD WEIGHT
DEAD WEIGHT OF THE VESSEL

For preliminary calculations the approximate weight of a cylindrical vessel with domed ends, and
uniform wall thickness, can be estimated from the following equation.
W=CπρDg(H+0.8D)t× 103
Where:
W = total weight of the shell, excluding internal fittings, such as plates
C= factor to account for the weight of nozzles, man-ways, internal supports, etc.; which can be
taken as
=1.08 for vessels with only a few internal fittings,
=1.15 for distillation columns, or similar vessels, with several man-ways, and with plate support
rings, or equivalent fittings,
H= Height, or length, between tangent lines (the length of the cylindrical section)
g= Gravitational acceleration
t= Wall thickness
ρ=Density of vessel material
D=Dmean diameter of vessel= (D+t×10−3 )
For The material is low alloy steel we take ρ=7850 kg/m3
W=7850 kg /m3 *π *9.81m/s 2* CD(H+0.8D)t
Taking C=1.15 vessel with plate
Dm=0.808m
t=0.018m
H=2.8683m
W=241929Kg/m 2.s2*1.15*0.808m* (2.8683m+0.8*0.808)*0.018 m=14.22 KN
W=14.22 KN
Since the material we used for the cylindrical shell and the Ellipsoidal end closure section
is the same, the density will be the same, which is
kg
7850 And to find the volume of the top and bottom Ellipsoidal end closures.
m3
WEIGHT OF HEAD
2π 3
Volume of Head V total head=2∗( [ r −r 13 ])=2∗( 23π [ 0.41263−0.3953 ])
3 2
¿ 0.03607 m 3
Weight of the total head=ρ×v×g=7850×0.03607×9.81=2.78 KN
WEIGHT OF SHELL FLUID
W sf=mf*g but mf= ρ*Vf where Vf=volume of the fluid on the shell
m s f = ρ*vf but V f = 1.406 m3
m s f = 780 Kg/m3∗¿1.406 m3
=1096.68Kg
W sf = m s f *g
W sf = 1096.68Kg *9.81m/s2
W sf =10.76KN
WEIGHT OF HEAD FLUID
V h= 0.1936m3
mf= ρ*vf
mf= 780kg/m3* 0.1936m3
mf=151.01 Kg
W hf =m hf *g
W hf =151.01 Kg*9.81m/s2
W hf = 1.48KN
WEIGHT OF MANHOLE
Weight of manhole 1 nozzle
weight¿ ρ × v × g
π
Volume=A×L= [D22−D12 ¿× L
4
π
[0.427 2−0.42 ¿ ×0.09=1.578× 10−3 m3 .
4
Kg m
Weight=ρ×v×g, density of steel (ρ)=7850 3 and g=9.81 2 .
m s
Weight=7850×1.578 ×10−3×9.81=0.122 KN
WEIGHT OF NOZZLE :
VERTICAL PRESSURE
is the sum of theVESSEL DESIGN
weight of nozzle material and the fluid stored on it. 2011 E.C
Weight of nozzle material
The material is low alloy steel we take ρ=7850 kg/m3
W n = m n*g where m n = mass of nozzle
But m n = ρ*Vn where V n= volume of nozzle matreial
( 2 2)
V n= π do −di L where d o = outlet nozzle diameter
4
= inlet nozzle diameter
L= length of nozzle
di 50.8 mm Di 790 mm
r i= = = 25.4mm and Ri= = =395mm
2 2 2 2
C= Ri-√ Ri2−r i2 where C=length of part of the nozzle entering to shell
C=395-√ 3952−25.4 2
C=0.82mm
L= C+ t s+ length of part of the nozzle leaving the shell
L= 0.82mm+ 19.5mm + 250mm
L=270.32mm
2 2
V n= π ( do −di ) L
4
2 2
V n= π ( 63 −50.8 )∗250
4
V n= 0.273*10-3 m3
m n= ρ*V n
m n= 7850 Kg/ m3 *0.273*10-3 m3
m n= 2.14kg
W n =m n*g
W n =¿2.14*9.81
W n = 21N=0.021KN
WEIGHT OF NOZZLE FLUID
W nf =m f *g but m f = ρ*V f where V f =¿ volume of the fluid on the nozzle
2
V f = π di L
4
2
V f = π 50.8 ∗250
4
V f = 0.507*10-3 m3
We take ρ of alcohol =780kg/m3
m f = ρ*Vf
mf = 780kg/m3 *0.507*10-3 m3
m f = 0.395Kg
W fn=m f *g
W fn= 0.395Kg *9.81
W fn= 3.88N =0.004KN
WEIGHT OF WIND :
the atmospheric pressure is varies from place to place then we take the mean atmospheric pressure in
Gondar as Patm= 1022N/m2.
W wn= Patm * A f where Patm= mean atmospheric pressure
A f = projected area
But A f = D0* H total
But H total= Lshell + 2 H head + Lskirt we take length of the skirt ( Lskirt ) = 114mm
H total=2868.3mm+ 2*206.3mm + 114mm
H total=3395mm
A f = D0* H total
A f = 0.826m*3.395m
A f = 2.804m2
W wn= 1022N/m2*2.804m2
W wn= 2.866KN
The wind effect has its own role in pressure vessel design. When we design pressure vessel with
greater height, we have to consider this effect on the vessel. The moment on the vessel due to wind is
calculated as:
2
Mx = w x ;
2
Where M x = moment due to wind X is the distance measured from the free end (approximately equal
to Total height of the vessel = 3.395m) and ’w’ the load per unit length (Newton Per meter) and
calculated as follows:
D m= Di + t where Dm= mean diameter of vessel
D m= 808mm
w = D m* Patm = 0.808m* 1022N/m2
w = 825.78N/m
And
2
Mx = w x
2
2
M x = 825.78* 3.395
2
M x = 4759Nm
Figure 3. 5 wind load pressure the vessel [17]
Now we can find the total weight as follows:
Wt material=Ws+Wh+Wn+Wmh
Wt material= 14.22KN+2.78KN+0.122KN+0.021KN
Wt material=17.143KN
Wt fluid =W sf + W hf + W nf
Wt fluid =10.78KN+1.48KN+0.004KN
Wt fluid =12.264KN
∴ W net =Wt material+Wt fluid + W wn
W net = 17.143KN+12.264KN+2.866KN
W net = 32.273KN
Then we find the design weight as follows:
W d = W net + *W net *10%

10
W d = 32.273KN + 32.273KN *
100
W d = 35.500KN
Now let us find the loading on each leg:
Wd
Q= where n= number of legs=3
n
Q= load
W d = design weight
35.5 KN
Q=
3
Q=11.83KN
The area of legs calculated as follows:
Q
σd =
A where σd design or allowable stress=510N/mm
= 2
for 5.8(carbon steel)
material
Q
A=
σd
11833
A=
510
A=23.2mm2

Design DESIGN
of Skirt support 2011 E.C
A skirt support consists of a cylindrical or conical shell welded to the base of the vessel. A flange at
the bottom of the skirt transmits the load to the foundations. Openings must be provided in the skirt for
access and for any connecting pipes; the openings are normally reinforced. The skirt may be welded to
the bottom head of the vessel.
Skirt supports are recommended for vertical vessels as they do not impose concentrated loads
on the vessel shell; they are particularly suitable for use with tall columns subject to wind loading.
Figure 3. 6 skirt-support welds
In the
VERTICAL specification,
PRESSURE it is given
VESSEL DESIGNthat the support type is a skirt support, and we choose the2011
arrangement
E.C
of the skirt to be conical because it has a large surface contact to the ground as a result it transmit a
load perfectly.
Preliminary decision:
 Yield strength of the material( s y ) =240 MPa

N
 Elastic modulus( E ) =200,000
mm2
 Skirt geometry- conical
 Type of welded attachment- welded flush with the shell
0
 Base angle of conical skirt( θ s )−80
 weld joint factor(j)−1
 factor of safety(n)=2.26
3.9.1. Skirt thickness
The skirt thickness must be sufficient to withstand the dead-weight loads and bending
moments imposed on it by the vessel; it will not be under the vessel pressure.
The resultant stress in the skirt will be:
σ s ( tensile )=σ bs −σ ws
And
σ s ( compressive ) =σ bs +σ ws
4 Ms
Where:σ bs −bending stress∈the skirt¿
π ( D s+ t s ) t s D s
σ ws−the dead weight stress∈the skirt
W
¿
π ( D s+ t s ) t s
M s—Maximum bending moment, evaluated at the base of the skirt (due to wind, seismic and
.
VERTICAL PRESSURE
eccentricVESSEL
loads), DESIGN 2011 E.C
. W – Total weight of the vessel and contents,
. Ds – Inside diameter of the skirt, at the base,
. t s– Skirt thickness.
Figure 3. 7 skirt base ring geometry

First, let us determine the skirt of the skirt at the base:
1m
tan80=
X
X =0.1763 m
The inside diameter of the skirt at the base will be:
D s =Di+ 2 X +2t shell × 10−3
Ds =0.79 m+ 2× 0.1763+2× 18× 10−3
D s =1.1787 m
As a first trial, take the skirt thickness as the same as that of the bottom section of the vessel, which is
18 mm.
Internal diameter of skirt ( Ds ) = 1178.7mm
Thickness of skirt (t s) = 18mm = 0.018m
Stress analysis of skirt support
σ s(Tensile) = σ bs – σ ws And σ s(compressive) = σ bs + σ ws
σ bs= Bending stress on the skirt

σ bs=
4 Ms
( M x =4759 N.m)
2011 E.C
π (Ds+ t s) D s t s
4∗4759 N . m
σ bs=
π ( 1.1787 m+0.018 m )∗1.1787 m∗0.018 m
σ bs =238,651.82 K N/m2
The Dead weight stress in the skirt (σ ws) is calculated as:
WT
σ ws=
π (Ds+ t s)t s
M s = Maximum bending moment evaluated at the base of the skirt (Due to wind loading)
Ds =Inside diameter of the skirt at the base
t s = Skirt thickness
W T = Total weight of the vessel and contents (WT =)
Wd
σ ws=
π (Ds+ t s)t s
35.5 KN
σ ws=
π ( 1.1787 m+0.018 m )∗0.018 m
σ ws= 524,590.82KN/m2
To calculate the resultant tensile stress on the skirt:
σ s(Tensile) = σ bs – σ ws
σ s(Tensile) = 238,651.82/m2– 524,590.82N/m2

σ s(Tensile) = -285,939N/m2=-285.94KPa
To calculate the resultant compressive stress on the skirt:
σ s(Compressive) = σ bs + σ ws
σ s(Compressive) = 238,651.82N/m2+524,590.82N/m2
σ s(Compressive) = 763,242.64N/m2=763.24KPa
Since both σ s(Tensile) and σ s(Compressive) are less than the allowable or design stress that is σd= 510
MPa therefore our design is safe.
DESIGN OF WELDED JOINT:
A welded joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of edge of two parts to be joined
together with or without the application of pressure and filler material. Electric arc welding is
extensively used because of greater speed of welding [2].
The main considerations involved in the selection of weld type are:
 The shape of welded component required

 The thickness of the plates to be welded
 The direction of force to be applied
We Select butt joint especially square butt joint for the connection of both head and shell but For the
connection of nozzle to the shell part select corner joint.
Stresses for Welded Joints:
The stresses in welded joints are difficult to determine because of the variable and unpredictable
Parameters like homogeneity of the weld metal, thermal stresses in the welds, changes of physical
VERTICAL PRESSURE
Properties due toVESSEL
high rateDESIGN 2011 E.C
of cooling etc. The stresses are obtained, on the following assumptions [2]:
 The load is distributed uniformly along the entire length of the weld, and
 The stress is spread uniformly over its effective section.
The following table shows the stresses for welded joints for joining ferrous metals with mild steel
electrode under steady and fatigue or reversed load.
Table 3. 15 standard for weld design
Since the stress in the weld material is to be 81Mpa our electrode is mild steel electrode. The
recommended minimum size of weld is 14mm size of weld between 25mm- 55mm.
π ( d o2−d i2 )∗σ m
F= where d o = outside diameter of the nozzle
4
d i= inside diameter of the nozzle
π ( d o2−d i2 )∗σ m
F=
4
π ( 63 2−50.82 )∗σ m
F=
4
F= 1090.42σ m …………………… (1)
VERTICAL
AndPRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C
P D∗π∗d i2
F R=
4
2
F R= 10∗π∗50.8
4
F R=20268.3N …………………… (2)
By equating equation 1 and 2 we calculate σ m as follows:
Since F R= F, 1090.42σ m=20268.3N
20268.3 N
∴ σ m= = 18.59mm
1090.42
CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

The following table shows the overall geometry of vertical pressure vessel.
Table 4. 1 result
components dimensions
1) shell Do = 826mm
Di=¿ 790mm
t s= 18mm
Dm =808mm
Ls = 2868.3mm
V s = 1.406m3
Di= 790mm

2) head Do = 825.2mm 2011 E.C
H i= 197.5mm
H o= 206.2mm
t h= 17.6mm
V h= 0.1936m3
d i= 50.8mm
3) Inlet and outlet nozzle t rn = 3.6mm
d o = 63mm
t mn= 3.6mm
t r= 1.2mm
d c =16.933mm
4) Bolt flanged joint M20
n= 34
Lthreadedpart =46mm
Lunthreaded part=34mm
D=d= 20mm
d c =17.294mm
5) Nut d p= 18.376mm
D=d= 20mm
d1=323.9mm
5) Flange d2= 22mm
d3= 355mm
d4= 365mm
h= 44mm
b= 22mm
D= 440mm
f= 4mm
K= 395mm
M20
t rn= 11mm
6) man hole D0=427mm
t mn=8.7mm
t r=8.5mm
Lskirt = 1000mm
7) vessel support Ds = 1178.7mm
t s= 18mm
In this pressure vessel design report we have designed a total inside volume (V= 1.6m3) Pressure vessel
for water storing application. In this process we have designed shell, head, inlet and outlet nozzle, bolt
flanged joint, flange, man hole and vessel support .All of these components are designed by using
appropriate formulas for each and their factor of safety are checked for strength to avoid failures.
CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. CONCLUSION
ThePRESSURE
VERTICAL design of pressure
VESSELvessel in initialized with the specification requirements in terms2011
DESIGN of standard
E.C
technical specifications along with numerous requirements that lay hidden from the market.
The design of a pressure vessel in more of a selection procedure selection of its components to be more
precise rather designing each and every component regarding storage of fluid for a pressure vessel
system should be preferred due to its simplicity, better sensitivity, higher reliability , low maintenance,
compactness for the same capacity.
The storage of fluid at higher pressure in the pressure vessel is at the heart of its performance and it is
the first step towards the design. The pressure vessel components are merely selected , but the
selection is very critical. A slight change in selection will lead to a different pressure vessel altogether
from what is aimed to be designed.
It is observed that all the pressure vessel components are selected on basis of available ASME
standards and the manufactures also follow the ASME standards while manufacturing the components.
Selection of pressure vessels components should be according to standards rather than customizing the
design:-
 As abiding by the standards lead to;
 A universal approach
 Less time consumption
 Easy replacement
 So less overall cost.
5.2. RECOMMENDATION:
When we design some part we have to collect information from different source. This means the
design is performed by using many references and web sites. So the materials needed for design case
must be fulfilled in order to perform applicable design for all users.
We recommended that the pressure vessel design should include the earthquake loading, vibration,
loading from piping and external equipment and wobble effect in which the pressure vessel delivered
with. More try to study the load analysis by recent software and it is our suggestion to test the pressure
VERTICAL PRESSURE
vessel VESSEL
in laboratory beforeDESIGN
use. 2011 E.C
CHAPTER SIX
PART DRAWING
 Assembly drawing
 Shell drawing
 Skirt drawing
 Nozzle drawing
 Flange and manhole drawing
 Head drawing
 Flange drawing
REFERENCES
1. pressure vessel design and practice 2 , somnath chattopadhyay
2. A text book of machine design, R.S. KHURMI & J.K. GUPTA , [A Textbook for the Students
of B.E. / B.Tech., U.P.S.C. (Engg. Services); Section ‘B’ of A.M.I.E. (I)] EURASIA
PUBLISHING HOUSE (PVT.) LTD. RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI-110 055
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VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.

SUMITED TO; MR. ANDEBET SUMITED DATE ;20/08/2011

VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C

FIGURE1. 1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAD.....................................................................................................8

FIGURE 3. 1 STRESS ANALYSIS [17].........................................................................................................30

VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C

YTABLE 3. 1 GENERAL DESIGN SPECIFICATION...........................................................................................

VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C

Pi = internal pressure, Mpa

PD = design pressure, Mpa

t = thickness of shell without corrosion allowance, mm

Tt =thickness of shell with corrosion allowance, mm

S = design stress, Mpa

Do = outer diameter of shell, mm

σ h = hoop stress, Mpa

σ L= longitudinal stress, Mpa

Th =thickness of head without corrosion allowance, mm

Tth =thickness of head with corrosion allowance, mm

Vh = volume ellipsoidal head, m³

Vtot = total volume, m³

tn = The required minimum thickness of the nozzle, mm

Ttn = thickness of nozzle with allowance, mm

D₀=outer diameter of nozzle, mm

A1=Area available in vessel wall, mm²

A2=Area available in nozzle wall outward, mm²

A3=Area available in nozzle wall inward, mm²

A41=The area available in outward weld, mm²

A42=The area available in inward weld, mm²

VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C

Ln = length of the nozzle, mm

C = length of the nozzle entering to the shell, mm

n = length of the nozzle out of the shell, mm

tm= minimum thickness of manhole, mm

Ttm=thickness of manhole with allowance, mm

τ max=¿ maximum shear stress, Mpa

F = upward force acting on the cylinder, N

F R= resisting force offered by n number of bolts, N

L=total length of bolt, mm

dc = minor or core diameter of nut, mm

VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C

1.1.1. DEFINITION OF PRESSURE VESSEL

1.1.2. HISTORY OF PRESSURE VESSEL

1.1.3. CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL

The pressure vessels may be classified as follows:

Open end vessel or closed end vessel.

3. According to the geometrical shapes

 Cylindrical geometrical shapes

a) Horizontal pressure vessel

b) Vertical pressure vessel

5. According to the materials:

The pressure vessels are according the material classified as:-

i. Brittle material pressures vessels

a) Subjected to internal pressure

 low pressure vessel

7. According to the temperature:

 Low temperature vessel

VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C

 Petroleum refining industry

1.1.5. COMPONENTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL

VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN 2011 E.C

(b) Hemispherical (c) Spherically Dished ( Torispherical)

(d) Conical (e) Toriconical (Cone Head With Knuckle)

Figure1. 1 different types of head