Contents

About the Author ix

Preface to the Second Edition xi
Series Preface to the First Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv

1. Introduction 1
1.1 Rock Engineering Problems 1
1.2 Determination of Engineering Properties of Rocks 4
1.3 Examples on Determining Engineering Properties of Rocks 8
1.4 Rock Expert System for Evaluation of Rock Engineering
Properties 12
1.5 Content of the Book 13
References 18

2. In Situ Stresses 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Strategy for Determining In Situ Rock Stresses 21
2.3 World Stress Map (WSM) 24
2.4 Variation of In Situ Stresses with Depth 24
2.4.1 Vertical Stress 26
2.4.2 Horizontal Stresses 27
2.5 Comments 34
References 36

3. Intact Rock 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Classification of Intact Rocks 39
3.2.1 Geological Classification 39
3.2.2 Engineering Classification 42
3.3 Index Properties of Intact Rocks 46
3.3.1 Porosity 46
3.3.2 Density 50
3.3.3 Wave Velocity 51
3.3.4 Point Load Index 55
3.3.5 Schmidt Hammer Rebound Number 59
3.3.6 Slake Durability Index 60

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3.3.7 Cerchar Abrasivity Index (CAI) 63

3.3.8 Needle Penetration Index (NPI) 63
3.3.9 Shore Sclerscope Hardness 66
3.3.10 Cone Indenter Number 66
3.3.11 Correlations Between Different Index Properties 68
References 77

4. Rock Discontinuities 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Types of Discontinuities 81
4.3 Description of Discontinuities 83
4.4 Discontinuity Orientation 84
4.5 Discontinuity Intensity 89
4.5.1 Discontinuity Spacing and Linear Frequency 89
4.5.2 Rock Quality Designation (RQD) 94
4.5.3 Areal and Volumetric Frequency 98
4.5.4 Block Size 104
4.6 Discontinuity Persistence, Trace Length and Size 107
4.6.1 Discontinuity Persistence 107
4.6.2 Discontinuity Trace Length 111
4.6.3 Discontinuity Shape 118
4.6.4 Discontinuity Size 121
4.7 Fracture Tensor 126
4.8 Discontinuity Roughness 128
4.9 Discontinuity Aperture 129
4.10 Discontinuity Filling 129
References 132

5. Rock Masses 137

5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Classification of Rock Masses 137
5.2.1 Rock Quality Designation (RQD) 137
5.2.2 Rock Mass Rating (RMR) 138
5.2.3 Q-System 144
5.2.4 Rock Mass Index (RMi) 152
5.2.5 Geological Strength Index (GSI) 156
5.3 Correlations Between Different Classification Indices 162
5.4 Classification of Weathering of Rock 163
References 168

6. Deformability 173
6.1 Introduction 173
6.2 Deformability of Intact Rock 174
6.2.1 Elastic Modulus of Intact Rock 175
6.2.2 Poisson’s Ratio of Intact Rock 187
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6.3 Deformability of Rock Discontinuities 189

6.3.1 Normal Stiffness 190
6.3.2 Shear Stiffness 198
6.3.3 Dilation of Discontinuities 199
6.4 Deformability of Rock Mass 201
6.4.1 Empirical Methods for Estimating Rock Mass
Deformation Modulus 201
6.4.2 Equivalent Continuum Approach for Estimating Rock
Mass Deformation Modulus 210
6.4.3 Poisson’s Ratio of Rock Mass 235
6.5 Scale Effect on Rock Deformability 236
6.6 Effect of Confining Stress on Rock Deformability 238
6.7 Anisotropy of Rock Deformability 241
References 243

7. Strength 251
7.1 Introduction 251
7.2 Strength of Intact Rock 251
7.2.1 Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock 251
7.2.2 Tensile Strength of Intact Rock 271
7.2.3 Empirical Strength Criteria of Intact Rock 275
7.2.4 Mohr-Coulomb Parameters of Intact Rock 282
7.3 Strength of Rock Discontinuities 282
7.3.1 Mohr-Coulomb Model 284
7.3.2 Bilinear Shear Strength Model 284
7.3.3 Barton Model 285
7.3.4 Shear Strength of Filled Discontinuities 288
7.4 Strength of Rock Mass 288
7.4.1 Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rock Mass 288
7.4.2 Tensile Strength of Rock Mass 294
7.4.3 Empirical Strength Criteria of Rock Mass 295
7.4.4 Mohr-Coulomb Parameters of Rock Mass 300
7.4.5 Equivalent Continuum Method for Estimating Rock
Mass Strength 301
7.5 Three-Dimensional Strength Criteria of Rock 310
7.5.1 Pan-Hudson Criterion 312
7.5.2 Generalized Priest Criterion 313
7.5.3 Generalized Zhang-Zhu Criterion 314
7.5.4 Evaluation of 3D Versions of Hoek-Brown
Strength Criterion 314
7.5.5 Modified Generalized 3D Zhang-Zhu
Criterion 315
7.6 Residual Strength of Rock 318
7.7 Scale Effect on Rock Strength 320
7.8 Anisotropy of Rock Strength 323
References 329
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8. Permeability 339
8.1 Introduction 339
8.2 Permeability of Intact Rock 340
8.3 Permeability of Discontinuities 342
8.4 Permeability of Rock Mass 345
8.5 Effect of Stress on Rock Permeability 350
8.6 Variation of Rock Permeability with Depth 353
8.7 Effect of Temperature on Rock Permeability 356
8.8 Scale Effect on Rock Permeability 359
8.9 Interconnectivity of Discontinuities 363
8.10 Anisotropy of Rock Permeability 363
References 366

Index 371