UBICOMP '14, SEPTEMBER 13 - 17, 2014, SEATTLE, WA, USA
CAMY: Applying a Pet Dog Analogy to
Everyday Ubicomp Products
Yea-Kyung Row, Tek-Jin Nam
Co.design:Inter.action Lab, Department of Industrial Design, KAIST
291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
{emilie0225, tjnam}@kaist.ac.kr
ABSTRACT
Ubicomp products have become more important in providing
emotional experiences as users increasingly assimilate these
products into their everyday lives. In this paper, we explored
a new design perspective by applying a pet dog analogy to
support emotional experience with ubicomp products. We
were inspired by pet dogs, which are already intimate
companions to humans and serve essential emotional
functions in daily live. Our studies involved four phases. First,
through our literature review, we articulated the key
characteristics of pet dogs that apply to ubicomp products.
Secondly, we applied these characteristics to a design case,
CAMY, a mixed media PC peripheral with a camera. Like a
pet dog, it interacts emotionally with a user. Thirdly, we
conducted a user study with CAMY, which showed the
effects of pet-like characteristics on users’ emotional
experiences, specifically on intimacy, sympathy, and
delightedness. Finally, we presented other design cases and
discussed the implications of utilizing a pet dog analogy to
advance ubicomp systems for improved user experiences.
Author Keywords
Ubicomp product design; designed animism; emotional user
experience; pet dog analogy
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.2 [information interfaces and presentation]: User
interface—interaction styles;
INTRODUCTION
Ubicomp (ubiquitous computing) products and systems are
penetrating deeply into people’s daily lives. It is, therefore,
necessary to provide emotional interaction capabilities
within ubicomp products, as the products are designed to be
naturally assimilated into everyday experiences beyond task
productivity. Until recently, research has focused on the
technology-oriented development of ubicomp products with
focus on efficiency and performance. However, concerns
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UbiComp '14, September 13 – 17, 2014, Seattle, WA, USA
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2632048.2636075
63
have been expressed related to technology-oriented
products that primarily emphasize high-performance or
multifunction elements as meaningful experiences and the
potential loss of humane aspects [7]. Strong and Higgs
argued that highly automated devices can make users
passive and device dependent [53]. Products providing
emotionally poor user experiences also decrease usability
and the degree of acceptance of new technology [61].
With recognition of this importance, various theories on
models and directions for future ubicomp products have
been introduced. Many researchers explain the emotional
aspects with the notions of intimate computing [5],
affective quality in intelligent agents [62], emotional
attachment [44], and ludic value [17]. They stress that
ubicomp products need to support emotional experiences,
such as intimacy, engagement, or delightedness. Some
research in the field of affective computing and interactive
design presented examples of emotional products and
systems [19, 26, 28, 32, 37]. Nevertheless, there are few
practical models that help with the invention of emotionally
rich, everyday ubicomp products. Existing works still tend
to focus on functional systems for a controlled situation,
such as affective computing for intelligent agents or
entertainment robots. Systematic explorations of models or
visions for everyday ubicomp products supporting
emotional interaction are rare. It is necessary to shed new
light on the future perspective of everyday ubicomp
products by developing an appropriate model that augments
emotional user experience.
To address this issue, we focused on the analogy of a pet
dog as a model of future ubicomp products that support
emotional experiences and that can be naturally assimilated
with users’ everyday lives. We recognized that pet dogs
have provided emotional interactions and have had intimate
presences in humans’ daily lives for a long time [58]. In
addition, pet dogs also have served functional roles such as
sled dogs, guard dogs, sheepdogs, guide dogs, or sniffers.
In this paper, we investigate the possibility of designing
ubicomp products that follow a pet dog analogy, as well as
the impact of this on design and user experience. Our goal is
to identify the characteristics of pet dogs that are applicable
to the design of ubicomp products and to discover the impact
of design on emotional user experiences. To achieve these
goals, we carried out a four-phase study based on a research-
through-design method [63]. First, through a literature review,

we articulated pet dogs’ key characteristics that could be
applied to ubicomp products. Secondly, we applied these
characteristics to design cases. We developed one of the
design cases into an experience prototype, CAMY, which is a
novel PC peripheral with a camera that essentially lives in
one’s workspace. It exists across digital and physical space
and interacts emotionally with a user, just like a pet dog.
Thirdly, we conducted a user study with an exploratory
prototype to figure out the impacts of the product on users’
emotional experiences, based on the pet dog analogy. Finally,
we discussed design implications and issues to be considered
when applying the analogy to other design cases.
RELATED WORKS
Related works can be grouped into two areas: methods to
enhance emotional user experiences, and works related to a
pet analogy or zoomorphic design.
Enhancing Emotional User Experiences
Under the notion of “companion technology” [8, 35, 41],
many researchers have explored methods of making
technology more intimate. These studies support the
concept that a person is able to form an intimate
relationship with a technological product and that the
provision of intimate feelings is important for user
satisfaction [2, 34, 42, 51, 54, 62]. We are in line with and
inspired by these works. However, previous work, so far,
has mainly been focused on developing a technically
enhanced system or exploring opportunities with new
technologies. Little research has reflected deeply on
emotional needs through a user-centered approach. For
example, robotic pet research has tended to be centered on
the question of how a system can produce a realistic
imitation of a real pet. This trend is also shown in the study
of “affective computing” [48]. Many studies are based on
the technical development of an interactive system that can
emotionally react to users by detecting humans’ emotional
cues (eye gazing, facial expressions), responding
systematically to human emotions, or imitating human
emotions by simulating robotic facial expressions [41].
Relatively few studies have been devoted to investigating a
new model that makes machines and computers more
lovable in order to enhance emotional user experiences. 
The design approach for developing emotional ubicomp
products has three major classifications. First, researchers
have explored the design method to improve the aspect of
intimacy [3, 8, 36, 41, 51]. For example, Microsoft Office
employed a metaphor of living things to enact intimate
intelligent agent design. However, their approach was to
directly map the appearance of living things onto devices.
This often caused the feeling of intimacy to decrease
rapidly when in use [56].
Secondly, some studies demonstrated methods for
emotional engagement or creating sympathetic relationships
with products. A representative example is the study
investigating sympathetic interaction with emotional
products for long-term usage [6, 35]. Bickmore and Picard
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UBICOMP '14, SEPTEMBER 13 - 17, 2014, SEATTLE, WA, USA
stated that, when an emotional product sympathizes with
users, it increases the users’ appreciation of the product and
the period of its use [6]. However, most cases dealt with
particular situations like communicative systems.
Thirdly, the addition of playful interactions has been a
method of supporting emotional experiences. Prior works
dealt with the values of fun, pleasure, and delightfulness as
key features of new artifacts [17, 21, 54]. Some studies
showed the potential of instilling a product with attributes
reminiscent of living things in terms of delivering ludic
experiences and inciting intimate feelings [19, 25, 28, 32].
Nonetheless, most prior works focused mainly on
conventional entertainment products, such as games or toys
[19, 25, 28]. Clearly, the application of delightful attributes
to daily ubicomp products is still underexplored.
Pet Analogies or Zoomorphic Designs in to Interactive
System Design
Pets’ or animals’ interactions with humans have been
recognized recently as a research topic in HCI. Attempts
have been made to apply animistic features to design.
Examples include pet robot designs [11, 26, 31, 37, 47, 50]
and interactive product designs applying zoomorphic
characteristics that resemble dogs or other pets [24, 29, 30, 33].
Research regarding pet robots has had two central goals:
nursing (present in an animated agent or robotic pet) [47, 50]
and entertaining (present in an interactive toy robot or game)
[26, 37]. These examples show pet alternatives or
technologies for imitating real pets. Therefore, they have
been limited to use for therapeutic products or entertainment
rather than normal usage.
A few experimental research studies have employed
zoomorphic characteristics of pets to design interactive
products that create enjoyable experiences [24, 29, 30, 33].
However, they have remained in the initial exploration
stages due to limited empirical evaluation. Though these
previous studies partially show that a pet’s interactivity
could lead to more pleasurable experiences, they merely
applied fragmented characteristics of animals, without a
rationale or a theoretical basis. In fact, differences exist
between the aforementioned cases and our study because
these cases do not imitate pets per se; they only imitate
animals.
To sum up, previous works in related areas have implied
that intelligent products need to deliver greater emotional
experiences. There were a few studies related directly or
indirectly to the pet analogy. There, however, has been
minimal research regarding employing animistic features to
enhance the emotional user experience. In particular, little
is reported on the systematic approach to designing future
ubicomp products with empirical studies that propose
specific design cases, such as applications of a pet dog
analogy to daily ubicomp products, and that identify their
feasibility through user studies. 
SESSION: UBICOMP AND DESIGN
UNDERSTANDING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PET
DOGS
To identify the key design features of a pet dog analogy, we
used existing literature to pinpoint those characteristics of
pet dogs or companion animals that make people feel
intimate and affectionate with them. In the fields of
sociology, marketing, and behavioral science, diverse
studies have been conducted on the topic of pet dog
ownership [4, 13, 15, 16, 22, 23, 60]. Researchers reported
the essence of the pet–human relationship [4, 13, 16],
addressed the emotional value of pet dogs in human lives
[15, 22], and revealed the reasons for pet ownership [15, 22,
23, 60]. From the review, we have been able to classify the
following six characteristics of pet dogs in human lives.
Providing Emotional Rapport
A pet dog plays the role of a friend or a companion by giving
its master care, comfort, and calmness. At the same time, pet
dogs need love and affection from their masters. One
common reason for pet ownership is that a pet makes its
owner feel loved and simultaneously stimulates his or her
parenting instincts, including altruism and nurturing [13, 15,
16, 23]. Through the altruistic act of caring for a pet, people
reflect and learn about themselves [15, 23]. Pets can also
reciprocally provide comfort and care to a person and act as a
colleague, a child, or another family member [22, 23]. For
example, the feeling of a pet’s body temperature, soft touch,
or breath gives its owner comfort [15]. In addition, when
depressed, the owner receives the sense of calmness and
caring from the gaze of a pet [13, 23].
Delightfulness from Active (Playful, Lively) Behaviors
Pet dogs need a lot of physical exercise, take an active part
in communication, and engage in vigorous and playful
activities [13, 23]. These characteristics help create a
delightful atmosphere and make pet dogs loveable and
energetic. Pet dogs’ owners happen to be involved in lots of
physical activities, reminding them of their childhood or
creating a healthy atmosphere [13, 23]. For example, when
people are confused by complicated thoughts or by
oversleeping, they enjoy getting out of that stagnation by
watching their dogs chew on toys or pester them to play.
Personalized Attachment to the Owner
People like pet dogs because pet dogs recognize their
owners and show exclusive attachment [15, 23]. For
example, people feel affection and can even be deeply
moved when they notice their pet dogs waiting to welcome
them upon their return. People tend to regard their dogs as
unique and special, especially when they are trained to
behave well. This, in turn, makes them feel more intimately
linked to their dogs [4].
Being Part of Personal Identity
Pet dogs can exemplify their owners’ social statuses [13, 16,
22]. People tend to select a pet dog that resembles them to
strengthen their personal identity. Sometimes, pet owners
like to reveal their identity by dressing up their pet dogs
[13]. Some people tend to raise pet dogs to project the
65
image of themselves as “pet lovers,” “animal lovers,” or
“nature lovers” [60].
Serving Utilitarian Purposes
In some contexts, pet dogs help with functional tasks [15,
16, 22]. Utilitarian or service dogs are utilized in various
situations as security dogs, detection dogs, sheepdogs,
therapy dogs, or guide dogs because of their innate abilities,
such as agility and an acute sense of smell. In the household,
pet dogs can serve utilitarian purposes. People can feel
satisfaction and pleasure when they realize that their pet
dog can perform intelligent functions that exceed their
expectations. In addition, pet dogs often help children to
empathize and to appreciate their environments [23].
Being Social Means
Pet dogs are an intimate medium for communication among
people and increase social activities [15, 23, 60]. Pet dogs
can help improve their owners’ social interactions. For
example, people could start conversations with unfamiliar
neighbors triggered by their pet dogs and form intimate
relationships [60]. Even in a family, a pet dog can promote
conversation and friendly relationships. People often form
social clubs for those having interest in similar pets [15, 23].
Understanding the role of pet dogs in our daily lives gave us
initial reflections on design approaches that apply a pet dog
analogy. Implemental issues such as methods of providing
feedback through sensors and actuators, or software
techniques were explored. Research questions were also
identified from a product-value perspective. If we apply a pet
dog analogy to ubicomp products, could people regard the
products as real pets or animals? Can we enhance emotional
experience with pet-like ubicomp products? How can a
design model based on the pet dog analogy propose a
potential direction for the future of ubicomp products? Thus,
we attempted to answer these questions through a design
development case and user study.
CAMY, A PET-LIKE INTERACTIVE PC PERIPHERAL
We explored how the characteristics of pet dogs, described
earlier, could be applied to ubicomp products through
design. In the design development process, we explored
how these characteristics could be mapped to specific
features or interactions of a product and devised which
should be considered. Based on the research-through-design
method [63], we developed an explorative design case.
As a design case, we selected a mixed-media-featured PC
peripheral that serves as a PC camera and an assisting agent.
We chose this because a PC peripheral may be a common
product in an everyday environment. We thought this could
be a new type of ubicomp product by adding basic life-like
features to existing functions. Another reason for choosing
a PC camera was its ability to capture visual sensory
information, which can make it possible to recognize users’
states and react intelligently. We believe this level of
function might be well matched to pet-like features [20].
We also estimated that the complexity of its component and
functions was at a moderate level for testing the pet dog

analogy. The experience prototype [9] of a PC camera can
be created with a simple structure and functions as an
assistant agent.
Figure 1. Representative images of CAMY
Overview of CAMY
CAMY is a mixed-media-type PC peripheral with a camera
that behaves like a pet dog (see Figure 1). Living on a
user’s PC monitor, CAMY provides the user with
emotional interaction. With the basic features of a PC
camera, CAMY takes on the roles of PC agents, such as
assisting with the user’s condition or maintaining the
computer. In its default state, CAMY is placed behind the
PC, where the user sees part of its body (tail) on top of the
PC screen and the head as an animation on the screen.
Because a user mainly views the screen, CAMY provides
interactive feedback on various user interfaces, such as
body gestures and interaction with mouse movements.
CAMY can come down into the entire screen and be
represented as a virtual CAMY. Virtual CAMY can
naturally access the program as a digital agent.
How the Characteristics of Pet Dogs Were Applied in
the Design of CAMY?
In the design process, we examined how to apply pet dog
characteristics to CAMY’s form, function, and interaction.
Among the six characteristics identified above, we focused
on four features that are more pertinent in this design case:
providing emotional rapport, delightedness from active
(playful, lively) behaviors, personalized attachment to the
owner, and serving utilitarian purposes. These characteristics
were thought to be appropriate for an interactive camera-
based product, a private product, a product serving as a PC
agent for a working environment, and in a mixed-media
setting. These characteristics were considered in the design
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UBICOMP '14, SEPTEMBER 13 - 17, 2014, SEATTLE, WA, USA
process as described in the following paragraphs. We
explored each characteristic to be utilized in a way that is
suitable for designing a pet dog-like product.
The main considerations when applying the characteristics
for emotional rapport are how to provide complementary
interactions, which require user affection; and, at the same
time, give comfort to users. In this regard, we explored
various kinds of emotional feedback in reacting to the users’
behaviors. In the case of CAMY, the mouse and the
keyboard are convenient media for interaction with a PC
peripheral. It led us to focus on mouse interactions that are
reactive to the users’ behaviors with a mouse, such as
clicking, hovering, or dragging. We also considered
designing its form factor to evoke emotional rapport. For
example, we applied a round shape and covered CAMY with
ivory fur to make it appear cozy, reflecting the emotional
rapport garnered from the softness of a pet dog’s coat [15].
In order to apply the characteristic of delightfulness that is
derived from active (playful, lively) behaviors to a pet-like
ubicomp product, we considered providing different active
behaviors in accordance with functions and usage situations.
We expected that, as the active behaviors are appropriately
provided for each context, this would “support a user’s
condition” with delightful feedback. Inspired by animals’
joint behaviors, we explored mechanical movements to
make the product become a more lively and impressive
creature. For example, physical movements were
considered to resemble pets’ ears, tails, limbs, neck, feelers,
or tentacles. In CAMY’s case, we attached a small, tail-like
stick and explored various tail and body movements for
representing product expressions (e.g. a trembling pattern).
We intended to express bodily behaviors physically because
physical movement has effects on perceptions of
lifelikeness [45]. Meanwhile, we thought it would be better
to have a part of the body be digital, in order to show a
variety of interactivity. Inspired by the transition of works
between the digital and real world [38] and the exploration
of mixed spatio-temporal dimensions in media art [42, 49,
57], we decided to show CAMY’s movement in both the
digital and the physical space simultaneously. We expected
these mixed-media features to be more effective in drawing
users’ interest and providing a playful experience.
In practice, emotional attachment develops over time.
Nevertheless, we thought private aspects could promote
attachment. We explored features that adapt to a user
(customization), recognize a user (recognition), and
perform a special task that is optimized to a user (exclusive
personalization). In CAMY’s case, it was possible to
achieve user recognition through visual information and
exclusive personalization by implementing the capability to
recognize the user. For example, CAMY can perform a PC
agent function for “personal security” by taking advantage
of the visual information provided by the camera.
The characteristic of serving utilitarian purposes
superficially seems to be easily applied to a product
SESSION: UBICOMP AND DESIGN

because every product has its own pragmatic purpose.

Nonetheless, we considered other functions that are well
matched with a real pet dog’s behavioral characteristics.
For example, we explored design ideas motivated by a
dog’s sense of smell, territory marking, barking of guard
dogs, or assistance of guide dogs
We expect this approach
could make pet-like products less artificial and would
differentiate our case with character products featuring
animal or previous pet-like PC agents [56]. We already
Figure 2. Initial prototype of CAMY
imparted to CAMY some utilitarian usage as a PC agent
(supporting a user’s condition, personal security). We
explored another agent function of “delivering system
information” as a reminder of a utilitarian pet dog analogy,
such as that of a guide dog.
We designed other expressions such as physical movements,
facial expressions, feedback patterns, and sounds for
CAMY with the results of abstraction and symbolization of
a real pet dog. We considered it more appropriate for future
exploration to pursue general expressions that are widely
available for various products. For example, we did not Figure 3. Hardware structure of CAMY
imitate the realistic shape of a dog; but, instead, used a Usage Scenarios
round form with eyes and a tail. Similarly, we also CAMY can be used primarily as a PC camera and a PC
borrowed different degrees of dynamic expressions of tail agent. While being used as a PC camera, it offers pet-like
movements (e.g., a higher wagging speed indicates more feedback through sounds or bodily movements when a user
excitement). We also believed that it would make the is video chatting or taking pictures. CAMY as an agent can
product understandable to those without prior experience or be useful in three main scenarios: (1) personal security, (2)
knowledge of pet dogs. In the case of audio feedback, we assisting and playing with a user, and (3) delivering system
utilized mechanically modulated dog sounds for appropriate information.
situations.
In video-chat mode or photo-shooting mode
Hardware and Software of CAMY In video-chat mode, CAMY actively vibrates and sounds
Figure 2 shows the initial prototype in the early stage of “R-r-ring” to let users know they are receiving a call. In
design iterations. It had a linear stepper motor structure. photo-shooting mode, CAMY shows an active (playful,
However, the physical movement was slow for responsive lively) behavior with a wink and a shutter sound: “click.”
vertical movements and the structure was too bulky to At the same time, its tail moves rapidly up and down in a
attach to a monitor. We revised the initial version of shuddering motion (see Figure 4).
CAMY by making it compact and using a four-bar link
structure (see Figure 3). The final CAMY consists of an
embedded webcam for recognizing a user, two servomotors
for bodily physical expressions, and a four-bar link for up-
and-down movements. We used Adobe Flash with
Actionscript to create a pseudo-Windows application. This
application generates CAMY’s essential functions in the
key usage scenarios. We utilized an open CV library for the Figure 4. Video chat mode (left), photo-shooting mode (right)
facial recognition. CAMY’s physical movements could be CAMY as a PC agent: personal security
controlled in FLASH with Arduino through MIDAS [39]. The first PC agent scenario is related to the personal
We implemented CAMY’s physical behaviors to also be security of a computer system. This scenario mainly
controlled by a Wizard of Oz [12] interface as well. In our represents a pet dog’s characteristic of personalized
pseudo-Windows applications, users can use several simple attachment to the owner. When a user tries to use the PC,
programs, such as a music player or a word processor. CAMY recognizes whether the face is authorized. If it is,
CAMY automatically unlocks the screensaver and barks,
wagging its tail pleasantly (see Figure 5). In the case of an
unauthorized user, CAMY blocks access, barking loudly
and raising its tail upright. When an authorized user leaves,
CAMY returns the computer to security mode and
expresses emotional feedback, displaying a sad face and
lowered tail as if it waits for the user to return.

67

Figure 5. CAMY unlocks the screensaver and barks while
pleasantly wagging its tail
CAMY as a PC agent: assisting and playing with a user
Secondly, CAMY assists in a user’s work by reacting to a
user’s condition or gives playful feedback by actively
participating in play with the user. This scenario mainly
represents CAMY’s characteristics of providing active
(playful, lively) behaviors to support a user’s condition.
When a user dozes off or leaves a monitor unattended for a
set time, CAMY moves its body to alert the user (see Figure
6). When a user works for a long time without rest, CAMY
checks the duration and encourages the user to relax.
CAMY shakes its body and sounds like a whining dog. As
the user looks at CAMY, it comes into the monitor and
recommends a random application for entertainment. For
example, when CAMY recommends a music player, it goes
beside the music player icon and wags its tail. When the
user listens to music, CAMY moves its body in time to the
rhythm of the music as if it dances along (see Figure 6).
Figure 6. CAMY moves its body to alert and encourage the
user to rest
CAMY as a PC agent: delivering system information
The third scenario explains the function of helping users to
maintain the computer by emotionally providing the
system’s status information. This scenario mainly
represents CAMY’s characteristics of serving utilitarian
purposes. In this scenario, CAMY acts as a guide dog by
assisting the user in updating software or removing a virus.
CAMY automatically checks a system’s need for updates
and urges the user to install them by shaking itself with a
tilted posture and displaying an update message. CAMY is
pleased if the user follows the recommendation. If a user
defers or rejects the message, CAMY shows a sick and
disappointed face. The alert for a virus infection is similar.
In this case, CAMY shows the status by indicating that its
house is being cleaned (see Figure 7). After CAMY
removes a virus, the user can feed CAMY as a reward.
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UBICOMP '14, SEPTEMBER 13 - 17, 2014, SEATTLE, WA, USA
Figure 7. CAMY shows its status by indicating that its house is
being cleaned
USER STUDY
We conducted a user study to understand how CAMY’s
pet-like characteristics affect users’ experiences. As our
research focused more on exploring the new vision of using
a pet dog analogy, we used a qualitative method to
understand people’s experiences and discovered new design
opportunities. In particular, we tried to identify which
aspects of the emotional experience occurred and how the
prototype’s pet dog-like features had influenced it.
Methods and Settings
Fourteen participants (average age=27.3, range=21~39)
were recruited who had no prior experience using similar
devices. We recruited participants who represented ordinary
users doing everyday computer tasks in a real context, so
we excluded university students.
The user study was conducted in a lab decorated like a real
office space (Figure 8). Participants experienced CAMY
while being observed unobtrusively through a one-way
mirror from the next room. Customized applications for
word processing, email, and system notification were
developed and installed on the lab computer. CAMY’s
behavior was controlled by the researcher following the
Wizard of Oz method [12] to deal with unexpected usage
situations by participants. For this, we developed a
Bluetooth tool to control CAMY’s movements.

Figure 8. User study environment with CAMY session (F6)
Participants were asked to do office tasks pretending to be
an editor who worked for a book publisher. This scenario
was chosen because we wanted to provide participants with
sufficient experience using CAMY’s functions and key
scenarios in a realistic work situation. Participants were
required to write book reviews with a word processor and
send e-mails using the desktop computer with CAMY.
They were asked to carry out the tasks with and without
CAMY (the order was counterbalanced) to compare the
experiences. There were 10 minutes of learning sessions to
familiarize users with the customized software applications
before the main task. Each session was comprised of three
SESSION: UBICOMP AND DESIGN
steps: (1) sitting in front of the desktop and unlocking the
screensaver mode; (2) briefly reading four books and
writing a book review on one of the books for 15 minutes
using the word processor; (3) taking a rest or using the
computer for personal entertainment (e.g., listening to
music, reading books, using a mobile phone). During the
three phases, CAMY’s usage scenarios described above
took place at least once. After 40 minutes of the main tasks,
we conducted a semi-structured interview to gather
participants’ feedback on the experience with CAMY. The
interview questions were grouped in the following topics:
affective engagement, hedonic aspects, pragmatic support,
preferences, and perceived appropriateness of CAMY’s
features in relation to the task situations.
Data Collection and Analysis
The entire study process, including interviews, was video
recorded and transcribed (nearly 30 hours of video
recordings). We watched the video recordings and
transcribed audio segments that were relevant to emotional
experiences. Keywords were extracted and open coded
from the textual documents. The coded texts were analyzed
in various stages of clustering and relation analysis with
visual aids such as affinity and hierarchical diagrams.
In our analysis of the results, we tried to answer if CAMY
was perceived as a pet and what impressions CAMY gave
to the users. We also wanted to know if the usage of
CAMY enhanced users’ emotional experience, and if so,
what kind of experience and its characteristics. We also
wanted to identify if users’ interaction with CAMY
influenced emotional aspects of the user experience, such as
intimacy, engagement, and delightedness, as indicated in
the related works [5, 17, 44, 62].
FINDINGS
Impression of CAMY
CAMY made a pet-like, life-like impression upon
participants. They frequently used expressions indicating
CAMY was a living creature, such as “this child,” “sullen
face,” and “was pitiful.” P6 talked directly to CAMY with
giggling when it behaved unexpectedly: “Wake up—hey!
Bow wow!” Six of the participants often described CAMY
as if it had its own character. In P7’s words: “It easily feels
loneliness, and I love this stupid character of feeling
happiness even at my absent-minded gesture.”
In the post interview, participants indicated they perceived
CAMY to be alive when they experienced accidental
actions or unexpected functions. Contrarily, they reported
irrelevant and repeated responses made by CAMY reduced
the feeling of a living creature. Meanwhile, tactile and
physical aspects (physicality) of CAMY were other factors
that increased life-like perceptions. In P3’s words: “I like
CAMY’s fluffy texture when I touched it. The smoothness
really makes CAMY seem alive.”
Beyond the animal-like impression, CAMY was perceived
more as a pet when it perceived subtle changes in a user’s
69
state (P3) and responded differently to levels of effort (P9).
P9 noted: “CAMY was like a real pet in that CAMY can
differentiate my touch with the hand and the mouse. I like
that he prefers my hands, which takes more effort.”
CAMY’s recognition feature mainly causes pet-like
perception, which derives from the characteristic of
personalized attachment to the owner. This is also
recognized by Helmes et al. [20], who showed the ability to
recognize users can increase affection with a product.
Emotional Experiences
CAMY provided participants with various types of
emotional experiences. Key emotional experiences can be
explained in terms of intimacy, sympathy, and
delightfulness.
Increased Intimacy
In social psychology, intimacy is composed of “warmth,”
“closeness,” and “sharing a relationship” [52]. Nine
participants of fourteen mentioned ‘warmth’ with CAMY,
especially in the personal security scenario. For example,
P4 stated: “CAMY is cordial and gentle. It works for me
kindly what I need to be doing.” Participants regarded
CAMY as a private and personalized being, as if it was
their pet. For example, participants perceived CAMY more
as “my” thing and wished to “keep” it after use. P8 said, “It
will be great to decorate CAMY’s outfit reflecting my
preference and individuality. Personalized intimacy could
be enhanced.” In P6’s words: “I certainly perceived the
place to be intimate because CAMY was looking at me.”
One of the pet dog characteristics that contributed to the
feeling of intimacy or ownership was the characteristic of
personalized attachment to the owner and user interactions
that provide emotional rapport. In the post interview,
participants showed that intimacy with CAMY increased
because it reacted to them or recognized them.
We found that participants were conscious of CAMY’s
presence and felt that it gave comfort to them. Five of 14
responded that they felt CAMY was always by their side,
and a few said that they felt calm, comfortable, and cared
for, even if they already knew that CAMY was not a real
creature (P6, P12, P14). When participants were asked to
explain CAMY to their friends, some answered using words
indicating co-presence, such as “a friend who never makes
me bored” or “to be with me.” P6 said, “CAMY’s greeting
will be the most helpful aid for me now living a dry life.”
Sympathetic reaction (trustworthiness and tolerance)
As another aspect of the emotional experience, participants
showed sympathetic and gentle reactions to CAMY. Seven
of the participants grimaced and moaned, saying “awww”
or “OMG,” when CAMY showed a sad face. In P4’s words,
“even though CAMY might cause inconvenience when
enjoying wide screen [because CAMY covers part of the
monitor screen], I’m not willing to cover CAMY with a
program. It would make me more uncomfortable.”
Furthermore, several (five of fourteen) participants tried to
confirm CAMY’s affective status, like checking CAMY’s

happy face (e.g., perpetually moving their mouse’s cursors
over CAMY to make it smile whenever its tail rolled
down). P9 said, “Though I definitely know CAMY is a
machine, I began checking whether it was bored
unconsciously.” Such a reaction can have practical benefits
to utilitarian aspects. Users would be more willing to accept
functions and behaviors that appealing products offer.
Moreover, participants even showed interest in improving
their relationship with CAMY rather than being concerned
about its usability in some cases. This finding obviously
supports the idea that zoomorphic or anthropomorphic
expressions enhance system acceptance [21, 54].
P11 and P14 revealed that sympathetic responses elicited a
strong trust in CAMY. They mentioned the content and
function provided by CAMY seemed trustworthy and
reliable. For example, when CAMY requested that they
play (urging users to rest) or that they treat a virus, more
participants (12) were willing to accept the request than
without CAMY (5). In previous research it was found that
people’s ability to anthropomorphize and zoomorphize
helped them value artificial objects highly enough to treat
them as trusted and dear objects [55]. Similarly, it is
supposed that pet-like qualities could have an effect on
participants’ trust through increased sympathy.
Another interesting finding was that sympathetic emotions
might enhance participants’ compassionate attitudes and
generosity to CAMY. This implies that a pet dog analogy
has the potential to make users treat a product more
seriously and be more absorbed in the relationship with a
product. In a previous study on Roomba [55], its animated
characteristics encouraged users to implement
considerations for the product (e.g., rearranging furniture to
allow Roomba to clean rooms better). In our study, this was
also the case with CAMY, but more enhanced levels of
tolerance were shown. In F4’s words: “I am willing to wait
for CAMY to unlock the screen saver even though it
usually takes more time than me. Like this, I can see my
doggy open the door. In the morning, I can be patient with
him to get his newspaper, which makes me proud.” These
results imply that a pet dog analogy can create a different
point of view, calming users and allowing them to
appreciate the product beyond its functional aspects.
Delightful experiences
We found that physical movements and CAMY’s tangible
qualities (shape of tail, fluffy materiality) attracted users’
interest and generated delight. All participants appreciated
and preferred CAMY’s tactile qualities. CAMY’s active
behavior also aroused participants’ curiosity and raised
their level of interest. Most participants (twelve of fourteen)
tended to actively explore CAMY’s interactions and
enjoyed these discovered interactions. They continuously
tried to find reactions by hovering a mouse cursor, clicking
on CAMY, or maintaining eye contact with CAMY.
Participants especially enjoyed exchanging thoughtless
interactions with CAMY (e.g., making eye contact with it
70
UBICOMP '14, SEPTEMBER 13 - 17, 2014, SEATTLE, WA, USA
or rubbing the face with the mouse cursor) when they
wanted to rest. Though CAMY was originally designed as a
PC peripheral that pragmatically serves as a PC agent,
participants perceived it as an amusing product for
entertainment or relaxation (e.g., an object for a prank). P9
expressed interaction with CAMY as “it’s like rice puff or
popcorn, which has no taste or nutritional value but heals
my boredom eating unconsciously.” In P10’s words: “When
I realized I forgot what I was doing because CAMY
distracted me, I thought the situation was rather amusing.”
Effects of Mixed-Media Feature on User Experiences
The mixed-media feature helped CAMY to be more
delightful and draw users’ interests. CAMY was perceived
as a pet like animistic life form that moved dynamically
between the real and the virtual world. P8 said: “Jumping
CAMY into the monitor screen gave me an unexpected
experience. It made CAMY seem more delightful.”
CAMY’s virtual characteristics made users feel that CAMY
was connected to a computer system. Participants
mentioned that CAMY, without its virtual part, would not
seem to link with their work situation. They also preferred
CAMY’s face as shown on the screen, where they mainly
looked at when working. In addition, virtual media had
advantages of expressing facial expressions or mobility
without constraints. Virtual CAMY gave more liveliness by
enabling diverse motions.
The physical part of CAMY gave users the impression that
CAMY was more substantial, vibrant, and alive.
Participants pointed out physical CAMY being the most
alive, followed by mixed CAMY (present form), and virtual
CAMY was the least alive in the same degree of movement.
A common reason was that the physical part was tangible
and touchable rather than only moving. This result, which is
somewhat obvious, showed that physical movement helps
people perceive robotic objects and agents as more alive
and fresh [36, 45.]. Participants (P2, P10) compared the
existing animated agent to “Rocky” (an animated agent
program in Microsoft Office) as it only felt like a pet-
shaped program, but CAMY is different due to its tangible
properties. In addition, physical representation had
attractiveness by maximizing the same movement of virtual
representation. The physical part substantiated CAMY and
strengthened its presence.
The overall impression of the mixed part made CAMY
more unique and attracted attention compared to other pet-
like products (Tamagotchi, Nabaztag [24]) or animated
agent programs (Microsoft’s Bob or Rocky [56]). In P13’s
words, “CAMY is a novelty living in a virtual space inside
a monitor and sometimes swims out of the screen. It makes
it fun and lively that its face and body moves seamlessly at
the same time.”
DISCUSSIONS
Lessons from the design process and user study with the
explorative prototype led us to understand how to utilize a
pet dog analogy in ubicomp products. The implications are
SESSION: UBICOMP AND DESIGN
supposed to contribute to the provisional, contingent, and
aspirational aspects of design, unlike discoveries from
analytical research [18]. We discuss issues to be considered
when applying a pet dog analogy in ubicomp product
design and design opportunities promoted by a pet dog-like
ubicomp product below.
What are the Issues to be considered when applying a
Pet Dog Analogy?
Applicability of the pet dog analogy depending on type of
ubicomp product
When designing CAMY’s functions and scenarios, we
considered that a pet dog analogy should be applicable for a
wide range of ubicomp products. It should be adaptive in
terms of functions (or complexity), scale, or intelligence
(See Figure 9) of products. CAMY is considered a
“multifunctional,” “small-scaled,” and “moderately smart”
device. It performs simple tasks linked to a PC and shows
some commendable abilities, such as recognizing a person
or learning some commands. In our experience, the
prototype of CAMY was considered to have a pet dog’s
intelligence level by the user study participants. However,
questions remain regarding whether the pet dog analogy can
be applied to other types of ubicomp products with different
levels of complexity and scale. We explored other design
cases at different levels (pet-like mouse, bedside lamp, and
car) as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Concept images of a pet-like mouse, a pet-like
bedside lamp, and a pet-like car
71
In the design cases, there may be several ways to apply pet-
like characteristics to functions. A possible approach for
emotional rapport is making the product provide unique
responses. A pet-like mouse can provide different
feedbacks recognizing a user’s hand grip patterns via light
sensors. For example, when a user hits the top part out, or
when a user touches the lower part (sensitive area), the
mouse might tremble. A pet-like lamp can be designed to
switch on/off when a user strokes its stand. A pet-like car
may produce a sniffing sound whenever a user sits down. In
order to give active (playful, lively) behaviors, it would be
possible to utilize a product part that moves like an animal.
For example, a mouse can vibrate like a living mouse or
shine its light as if it were breathing. A lamp can fold its
joints as if it were nodding. In the case of the car, the side
mirrors can flutter like Dumbo’s ears, while the rear
antenna can shake like a tail.
We can handle the characteristics of personalized
attachment to the owner by simply designing private
functions that recognize a user. A mouse can recognize a
user through fingerprint recognition; a lamp can
automatically turn on the light when the user comes home
late by recognizing the user through vision sensors. A car
can flutter its side mirror, as if waving “hello,” when a user
unlocks the door. It might be possible to have a higher level
of features to accumulate a history with the user and
defining a unique usage pattern. For example, a pet-like car
can greet more frequently as the mileage increases.
Characteristics of personal identity can be applied by
providing DIY features to customize or decorate a device as
a user desires. CAMY could also provide other choices of
appearance, like picking a species in an animal shop. As for
utilitarian features, a mouse can serve utilitarian purposes,
such as trembling when a user uses the computer for too
long. In the case of the lamp, it can show various mood
lighting based on contextual awareness of temperature,
humidity, or luminance being connected to the internet. If
utilizing as similar pet’s utilities, the design can be made to
look more pet-like. When driving for a long time, for
instance, a pet-like car encourages the user to rest by
making a whining sound. A characteristic of sociability can
be applied by supporting social networking with other users.
For example, a pet-like lamp can detect whether another
user is next to a paired lamp. The lamp can inform the user
of the other’s status with a howling sound or a light. A pet-
like car may help gently communicate with other drivers. A
user can express his/her feelings, such as “thank you,” or
“sorry,” through an antenna shake instead of the horn or
emergency lights. It is necessary to develop prototypes that
are more refined, along with ways to systematically apply
different functions that provide emotional user experiences.
Nevertheless, the proposed conceptual design cases indicate
the potential of the pet analogy in applying diverse ubicomp
products.

Could Pet-like behaviors be Practically Useful?
Compared to the ordinary message without CAMY, the
system message guided by CAMY was more trustworthy,
attractive, and appealing to users. However, to somebody
who wanted to ignore the virus messages, this appealing
aspect was rather forceful and bothering. Such a difference
might be caused because executing a virus message is not
always mandatory. This pressure from a pet-like expression
might be helpful in case of an urgent situation that needs to
be emphasized or informing users of newly released but
essential updates. According to recent research, cute pets
have positive effects in concentrating on content [43].
On the other hand, mindless and playful interaction with
CAMY served as a brief pause, changing the atmosphere,
and users could be more focused on the main task.
Participants pointed out interaction with CAMY was a more
effective relaxation than other things they could do to take a
rest, because it was like simple doodling; therefore, not
much drew their attention. Recent research presented
empirical evidence relative to our results in that fidgeting
interaction showed a positive effect on task efficiency and
users’ creativity [27].
Design Opportunities for using a Pet Dog Analogy
Smart-but-dumb ubicomp products
In the user study, CAMY was assessed as “smarter than a
pet” and “duller than an ordinary webcam with the same
functions.” It seems reasonable to assume that the
impression of a pet dog-like product influenced users to feel
that CAMY was more intimate and comfortable. Perhaps,
ubicomp products might not always have to be described as
intelligent. In fact, ubiquitous computing succeeds rather
well when users recognize the technologies less smart [14].
A realistic human-like robot or overly smart agent may
induce the feeling of repulsion in users [40]. In this regard,
a pet dog analogy can be used when we intentionally
describe an ubicomp product as a low-intelligence product.
Such a “smart-but-dumb” design model could be useful for
elderly people and anybody who tends to have low
technological literacy. For example, a grandmother may get
used to participating in a video chat with her granddaughter
living abroad via the assistance of CAMY. It also is
probable that a pet dog analogy can have the role of helping
users easily adjust to ubicomp products through maintained
intimacy.
Offering receptive and tolerate tolerant attitude in usage.
A pet dog analogy may contribute to enhance the trusting
and tolerant attitude towards a product. As ubicomp
products became more complex, users had difficulties
keeping up with learning new features, or suffered from a
product’s malfunction. Oblinger et al [46]. noted that users
of abundant digital technologies tend to show low patience
in problematic situations. This pet-like feature can make
users less annoyed or more patient. Further research on
appropriate levels may be necessary to understand the
impact of pet-likeness on users’ tolerance.
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UBICOMP '14, SEPTEMBER 13 - 17, 2014, SEATTLE, WA, USA
Supporting ambient and peripheral interaction
The findings indicate that a pet dog analogy is effective in
delivering implicit messages by utilizing the product’s
bodily movement and interactive behaviors. This might be a
pertinent model for supporting peripheral interaction. Users
can easily understand product operations based on their
background knowledge of pet dogs’ behavior. This may be
appropriate to public-type products (e.g., kiosks) because
users have to acclimatize its operation in a short time. This
also can be leveraged to designing an ambient system that
requires less attention. One of the ideal ways to develop
future pet-like ubicomp products might be evolving into
calm systems that operate tasks by themselves and
sometimes provide users with ambient interactions to
manipulate them.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper, we explored opportunities for a pet dog
analogy in support of emotional experiences with ubicomp
products. The main contributions of our study are the
suggestion of a model of pet dog analogy for everyday
ubicomp products. CAMY and other design cases show
how a specific design case can be developed using the
model. The user study’s results have improved our
understanding of the impact of products imparted with pet
dog characteristics on emotional experiences in terms of
intimacy, sympathy, and the delight of the experience. It
also guides practical implications and design opportunities
for future applications. A pet dog analogy brings in a new
lens of representing ubicomp design as relatively dull,
enhances users’ trust and tolerance, and can be an adequate
model for ambient system design.
In this study, we took a quick and qualitative lab-based
approach to test the feasibility of our initial model. Due to a
short lab study, we could not deal with enough other
aspects of emotional experience like attachment, long-term
relationship, and novelty effect. For further investigation, it
would be valuable to carry out long-term field trials in a
real usage context with a more robust prototype.
Imparting life characteristics to a product can be seen as an
extension of the concept of animism, which is the notion
that material forms have an “inner-life” of their own [59].
Further study about the application of animism as a more
extended concept is also required.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the KAIST. [01140067, Dr. M.
Smart Mobile Health/MediCare Solution]. Special thanks to
Han-Jong for improving our demo video.
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