Coordinates: 32°44′41″N 129°52′25″E

Nagasaki
Nagasaki (Japanese: ⻑崎 , "Long Cape") is the capital and the largest city
Nagasaki
of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan.
⻑崎市
It became the sole port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during Core city
the 16th through 19th centuries and the Hidden Christian Sites in the
Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO Nagasaki City
World Heritage List. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial
Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-
Japanese War. At the end of World War II, the American atomic bombings
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city
in the world to experience a nuclear attack (at 11:02 am, August 9, 1945
'Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)').[2]

As of 1 June 2020, the city has an estimated population of 407,624[1] and a

population density of 1,004 people per km2 . The total area is 405.86 km2
(156.70 sq mi).[3]

Contents
History
Nagasaki as a Jesuit port of call
Seclusion era
Meiji Japan
Atomic bombing of Nagasaki during World War II
Contemporary era Flag
Seal
Geography Nickname(s):
Climate City of Peace
Naples of the Orient
Education
Universities
Junior colleges
Transportation
Demographics
Sports
Main sites
Cityscape
Events
Cuisine
Notable people Map of Nagasaki Prefecture with
Nagasaki highlighted in pink
Twin towns
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
History

Nagasaki as a Jesuit port of call

The first contact with Portuguese explorers occurred in 1543. An early Nagasaki
visitor was Fernão Mendes Pinto, who came from Sagres on a Portuguese
ship which landed nearby in Tanegashima.

Soon after, Portuguese ships started sailing to Japan as regular trade

freighters, thus increasing the contact and trade relations between Japan and
the rest of the world, and particularly with mainland China, with whom
Japan had previously severed its commercial and political ties, mainly due to
a number of incidents involving wokou piracy in the South China Sea, with
the Portuguese now serving as intermediaries between the two East Asian
neighbors.

Despite the mutual advantages derived from these trading contacts, which
would soon be acknowledged by all parties involved, the lack of a proper
seaport in Kyūshū for the purpose of harboring foreign ships posed a major
Nagasaki
problem for both merchants and the Kyushu daimyōs (feudal lords) who
expected to collect great advantages from the trade with the Portuguese.
Nagasaki (Japan)
In the meantime, Spanish Jesuit missionary St. Francis Xavier arrived in
Kagoshima, South Kyūshū, in 1549. After a somewhat fruitful two-year
sojourn in Japan, he left for China in 1552 but died soon afterwards.[4] His
followers who remained behind converted a number of daimyōs. The most
notable among them was Ōmura Sumitada. In 1569, Ōmura granted a
permit for the establishment of a port with the purpose of harboring
Portuguese ships in Nagasaki, which was finally set up in 1571, under the Nagasaki
supervision of the Jesuit missionary Gaspar Vilela and Portuguese Captain-
Major Tristão Vaz de Veiga, with Ōmura's personal assistance.[5]

The little harbor village quickly grew into a diverse port city,[6] and
Portuguese products imported through Nagasaki (such as tobacco, bread,
textiles and a Portuguese sponge-cake called castellas) were assimilated into Nagasaki (Asia)
popular Japanese culture. Tempura derived from a popular Portuguese
recipe originally known as peixinho-da-horta, and takes its name from the
Nagasaki
Portuguese word, 'tempero,' seasoning, and refers to the tempora
quadragesima, forty days of Lent during which eating meat was forbidden,
another example of the enduring effects of this cultural exchange. The
Portuguese also brought with them many goods from other Asian countries
such as China. The value of Portuguese exports from Nagasaki during the
16th century were estimated to ascend to over 1,000,000 cruzados, reaching Nagasaki (Earth)
as many as 3,000,000 in 1637.[7] Coordinates: 32°44′41″N 129°52′25″E
Country Japan
Due to the instability during the Sengoku period, Sumitada and Jesuit leader
Alexandro Valignano conceived a plan to pass administrative control over to Region Kyushu
the Society of Jesus rather than see the Catholic city taken over by a non- Prefecture Nagasaki Prefecture
Catholic daimyō. Thus, for a brief period after 1580, the city of Nagasaki Government
was a Jesuit colony, under their administrative and military control. It • Mayor Tomihisa Taue
became a refuge for Christians escaping maltreatment in other regions of (2007–)
Japan.[8] In 1587, however, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to unify the Area
country arrived in Kyūshū. Concerned with the large Christian influence in • Total 405.86 km2
Kyūshū, Hideyoshi ordered the expulsion of all missionaries, and placed the (156.70 sq mi)
city under his direct control. However, the expulsion order went largely • Land 240.71 km2
unenforced, and the fact remained that most of Nagasaki's population (92.94 sq mi)
remained openly practicing Catholic. • Water 165.15 km2
In 1596, the Spanish ship San Felipe was wrecked off the coast of Shikoku, (63.76 sq mi)
and Hideyoshi learned from its pilot[9] that the Spanish Franciscans were the Population (June 1, 2020)
vanguard of an Iberian invasion of Japan. In response, Hideyoshi ordered • Total 407,624[1]
the crucifixions of twenty-six Catholics in Nagasaki on February 5 of the
Time zone UTC+9 (Japan
next year (i.e. the "Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan"). Portuguese traders were
Standard Time)
not ostracized, however, and so the city continued to thrive.
– Tree Chinese tallow tree
In 1602, Augustinian missionaries also arrived in Japan, and when – Flower Hydrangea
Tokugawa Ieyasu took power in 1603, Catholicism was still tolerated. Many Phone number 095-825-5151
Catholic daimyōs had been critical allies at the Battle of Sekigahara, and the Address 2–22 Sakura-machi,
Tokugawa position was not strong enough to move against them. Once Nagasaki-shi,
Osaka Castle had been taken and Toyotomi Hideyoshi's offspring killed, Nagasaki-ken
though, the Tokugawa dominance was assured. In addition, the Dutch and 850-8685
English presence allowed trade without religious strings attached. Thus, in Website www.city.nagasaki.lg
1614, Catholicism was officially banned and all missionaries ordered to .jp (http://www.city.na
leave. Most Catholic daimyo apostatized, and forced their subjects to do so, gasaki.lg.jp)
although a few would not renounce the religion and left the country for
Macau, Luzon and Japantowns in Southeast Asia. A brutal campaign of Nagasaki
persecution followed, with thousands of converts across Kyūshū and other parts
of Japan killed, tortured, or forced to renounce their religion (see Martyrs of
Japan).
Nagasaki in kanji
Catholicism's last gasp as an open religion and the last major military action in
Japanese name
Japan until the Meiji Restoration was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. While
there is no evidence that Europeans directly incited the rebellion, Shimabara Kanji ⻑崎
Domain had been a Christian han for several decades, and the rebels adopted Hiragana ながさき
many Portuguese motifs and Christian icons. Consequently, in Tokugawa society
the word "Shimabara" solidified the connection between Christianity and
Katakana ナガサキ
disloyalty, constantly used again and again in Tokugawa propaganda. The Transcriptions
Shimabara Rebellion also convinced many policy-makers that foreign influences Romanization Nagasaki
were more trouble than they were worth, leading to the national isolation policy.
The Portuguese, who had been previously living on a specially constructed island-prison in Nagasaki harbour called
Dejima, were expelled from the archipelago altogether, and the Dutch were moved from their base at Hirado into the
trading island.

Gallery

Portuguese (green) and Spanish Nanban trade. The screen shows foreigners
(yellow) trade routes to Macao and arriving at a shore of Japan. Kano Naizen
Nagasaki "Nanbanjin Inauguration" (right), circa. 1600

Seclusion era

The Great Fire of Nagasaki destroyed much of the city in 1663, including the Mazu shrine at the Kofuku Temple
patronized by the Chinese sailors and merchants visiting the port.[10]

In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science
and art. Consequently, Nagasaki became a major center of what was called rangaku, or "Dutch Learning". During the
Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate governed the city, appointing a hatamoto, the Nagasaki bugyō, as its chief
administrator. During this period, Nagasaki was designated a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to
eleven under Tokugawa administration.[11]

Consensus among historians was once that Nagasaki was Japan's only window on the world during its time as a closed
country in the Tokugawa era. However, nowadays it is generally accepted that this was not the case, since Japan interacted
and traded with the Ryūkyū Kingdom, Korea and Russia through Satsuma, Tsushima and Matsumae respectively.
Nevertheless, Nagasaki was depicted in contemporary art and literature as a cosmopolitan port brimming with exotic
curiosities from the Western World.[12]

In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy frigate HMS Phaeton entered Nagasaki Harbor in search of Dutch
trading ships. The local magistrate was unable to resist the crews demand for food, fuel, and water, later committing
seppuku as a result. Laws were passed in the wake of this incident strengthening coastal defenses, threatening death to
intruding foreigners, and prompting the training of English and Russian translators.

The Tōjinyashiki ( 唐⼈屋敷 ) or Chinese Factory in Nagasaki was also an important conduit for Chinese goods and
information for the Japanese market. Various Chinese merchants and artists sailed between the Chinese mainland and
Nagasaki. Some actually combined the roles of merchant and artist such as 18th century Yi Hai. It is believed that as much
as one-third of the population of Nagasaki at this time may have been Chinese.[13] The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were
confined to a walled compound (Tōjin yashiki) which was located in the same vicinity as Dejima island; and the activities
of the Chinese, though less strictly controlled than the Dutch, were closely monitored by the Nagasaki bugyō.

Gallery

The Chinese traders at Plan of Nagasaki,

Nagasaki were Hizen province, 1778
confined to a walled
compound (Tōjin
yashiki), circa 1688

Meiji Japan

With the Meiji Restoration, Japan opened its doors once again to foreign trade and diplomatic relations. Nagasaki became
a treaty port in 1859 and modernization began in earnest in 1868. Nagasaki was officially proclaimed a city on April 1,
1889. With Christianity legalized and the Kakure Kirishitan coming out of hiding, Nagasaki regained its earlier role as a
center for Roman Catholicism in Japan.[14]

During the Meiji period, Nagasaki became a center of heavy industry. Its main industry was ship-building, with the
dockyards under control of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries becoming one of the prime contractors for the Imperial Japanese
Navy, and with Nagasaki harbor used as an anchorage under the control of nearby Sasebo Naval District. During World
War II, at the time of the nuclear attack, Nagasaki was an important industrial city, containing both plants of the Mitsubishi
Steel and Arms Works, the Akunoura Engine Works, Mitsubishi Arms Plant, Mitsubishi Electric Shipyards, Mitsubishi
Steel and Arms Works, Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, several other small factories, and most of the ports storage
and trans-shipment facilities, which employed about 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of the city's
industry. These connections with the Japanese war effort made Nagasaki a major target for strategic bombing by the Allies
during the war.[15][16]

Gallery
 View of Nagasaki in View of Dejima island in
1870s Nagasaki Bay (from
Siebold's Nippon, 1897)

Atomic bombing of Nagasaki during World War II

For 12 months prior to the nuclear attack, Nagasaki had experienced five small-scale air attacks by an aggregate of 136
U.S. planes which dropped a total of 270 tons of high explosive, 53 tons of incendiary, and 20 tons of fragmentation
bombs. Of these, a raid of August 1, 1945, was most effective, with a few of the bombs hitting the shipyards and dock
areas in the southwest portion of the city, several hitting the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, and six bombs landing at
the Nagasaki Medical School and Hospital, with three direct hits on buildings there. While the damage from these few
bombs was relatively small, it created considerable concern in Nagasaki and a number of people, principally school
children, were evacuated to rural areas for safety, thus reducing the population in the city at the time of the atomic
attack.[15][17][18][19]

On the day of the nuclear strike (August 9, 1945) the population in Nagasaki was estimated to be 263,000, which
consisted of 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese
soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied POWs.[19] That day, the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar,
commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, departed from Tinian's North Field just before dawn, this time carrying a
plutonium bomb, code named "Fat Man". The primary target for the bomb was Kokura, with the secondary target being
Nagasaki, if the primary target was too cloudy to make a visual sighting. When the plane reached Kokura at 9:44 a.m.
(10:44 am. Tinian Time), the city was obscured by clouds and smoke, as the nearby city of Yahata had been firebombed
on the previous day – the steel plant in Yahata also had their workforce intentionally set fire to containers of coal tar, to
produce target-obscuring black smoke.[20] Unable to make a bombing attack on visual due to the clouds and smoke and
with limited fuel, the plane left the city at 10:30 a.m. for the secondary target. After 20 minutes, the plane arrived at
10:50 a.m. over Nagasaki, but the city was also concealed by clouds. Desperately short of fuel and after making a couple
of bombing runs without obtaining any visual target, the crew was forced to use radar to drop the bomb. At the last
minute, the opening of the clouds allowed them to make visual contact with a racetrack in Nagasaki, and they dropped the
bomb on the city's Urakami Valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south, and the
Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north.[21] 53 seconds after its release, the bomb exploded at 11:02 a.m. at an
approximate altitude of 1,800 feet.[22]

Less than a second after the detonation, the north of the city was destroyed and 35,000 people were killed.[23] Among the
deaths were 6,200 out of the 7,500 employees of the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, and 24,000 others (including 2,000
Koreans) who worked in other war plants and factories in the city, as well as 150 Japanese soldiers. The industrial damage
in Nagasaki was high, leaving 68–80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed. It was the second and, to date, the
last use of a nuclear weapon in combat, and also the second detonation of a plutonium bomb. The first combat use of a
nuclear weapon was the "Little Boy" bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.
The first plutonium bomb was tested in central New Mexico, United States, on July 16, 1945. The Fat Man bomb was
somewhat more powerful than the one dropped over Hiroshima, but because of Nagasaki's more uneven terrain, there was
less damage.[24][25][26]

Gallery
 Mushroom Torii, Nagasaki,
cloud from the Japan. One-legged
atomic torii in the
explosion background, October
over 1945
Nagasaki at
11:02 am,
August 9,
1945

Contemporary era

The city was rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed. The pace of reconstruction was slow. The first simple
emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus of redevelopment was the replacement of war industries
with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City
Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949.[27] New temples were built, as well as new churches, owing to an increase
in the presence of Christianity.[28] Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a one-legged torii at Sannō Shrine
and an arch near ground zero. New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Atomic Bomb Museum.
Nagasaki remains primarily a port city, supporting a rich shipbuilding industry.

On January 4, 2005, the towns of Iōjima, Kōyagi, Nomozaki, Sanwa, Sotome and Takashima (all from Nishisonogi
District) were officially merged into Nagasaki along with the town of Kinkai the following year.

Gallery

Modern Nagasaki, Nagasaki view from

Oura Cathedral on a Glover Garden, 2014
slope, 2005.

Geography
Nagasaki and Nishisonogi Peninsulas are located within the city limits. The city is surrounded by the cities of Isahaya and
Saikai, and the towns of Togitsu and Nagayo in Nishisonogi District.

Nagasaki lies at the head of a long bay that forms the best natural harbor on the island of Kyūshū. The main commercial
and residential area of the city lies on a small plain near the end of the bay. Two rivers divided by a mountain spur form the
two main valleys in which the city lies. The heavily built-up area of the city is confined by the terrain to less than 4 square
miles (10 km2 ).
 Climate

Nagasaki has the typical

humid subtropical climate of
Kyūshū and Honshū,
characterized by mild
winters and long, hot, and
Play media humid summers. Apart from
Overview of Nagasaki in the early Kanazawa and Shizuoka it is
morning as the sun rises, 2016 the wettest sizeable city in
Japan. In the summer, the
combination of persistent Night view of Nagasaki city seen from Mount
heat and high humidity results in unpleasant conditions, with wet- Konpira (⾦⽐羅⼭ )
bulb temperatures sometimes reaching 26 °C (79 °F). In the winter,
however, Nagasaki is drier and sunnier than Gotō to the west, and
temperatures are slightly milder than further inland in Kyūshū. Since records began in 1878, the wettest month has been
July 1982, with 1,178 millimetres (46 in) including 555 millimetres (21.9 in) in a single day, whilst the driest month has
been September 1967, with 1.8 millimetres (0.07 in). Precipitation occurs year-round, though winter is the driest season;
rainfall peaks sharply in June and July. August is the warmest month of the year. On January 24, 2016, a snowfall of 17
centimetres (6.7 in) was recorded.[29]
 Climate data for Nagasaki, Nagasaki (1981 2010) 〜
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 21.3 22.6 24.4 29.0 34.6 36.4 37.7 37.6 36.1 33.7 27.4 23.8 37.7
°C (°F) (70.3) (72.7) (75.9) (84.2) (94.3) (97.5) (99.9) (99.7) (97.0) (92.7) (81.3) (74.8) (99.9)

Average 10.4 11.7 14.8 19.7 23.5 26.4 30.1 31.7 28.6 23.8 18.3 13.1 21.0
high °C (°F) (50.7) (53.1) (58.6) (67.5) (74.3) (79.5) (86.2) (89.1) (83.5) (74.8) (64.9) (55.6) (69.8)

Daily mean 7.0 7.9 10.9 15.4 19.4 22.8 26.8 27.9 24.8 19.7 14.3 9.4 17.2
°C (°F) (44.6) (46.2) (51.6) (59.7) (66.9) (73.0) (80.2) (82.2) (76.6) (67.5) (57.7) (48.9) (63.0)

Average low 3.8 4.4 7.3 11.6 15.8 20.0 24.3 25.1 21.8 16.1 10.8 5.9 13.9
°C (°F) (38.8) (39.9) (45.1) (52.9) (60.4) (68.0) (75.7) (77.2) (71.2) (61.0) (51.4) (42.6) (57.0)

Record low −5.2 −4.8 −3.6 0.2 5.3 8.9 15.0 17.0 11.1 4.9 −0.2 −3.9 −5.2
°C (°F) (22.6) (23.4) (25.5) (32.4) (41.5) (48.0) (59.0) (62.6) (52.0) (40.8) (31.6) (25.0) (22.6)

Average
64.0 85.7 132.0 151.3 179.3 314.6 314.4 195.4 188.8 85.8 85.6 60.8 1,857.7
precipitation
(2.52) (3.37) (5.20) (5.96) (7.06) (12.39) (12.38) (7.69) (7.43) (3.38) (3.37) (2.39) (73.14)
mm (inches)

Average
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4
snowfall cm
(0.8) (0.4) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.4) (1.6)
(inches)

Average
precipitation
11.1 9.9 12.5 10.8 10.6 13.5 11.6 9.8 9.7 6.2 9.0 10.0 124.7
days
(≥ 0.5 mm)

Average
1.2 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.5
snowy days

Average
relative
66 64 66 68 72 79 80 75 73 67 67 66 70
humidity
(%)

Mean
monthly
102.8 119.7 148.5 174.7 184.4 135.3 178.7 210.7 172.8 181.4 137.9 119.1 1,866
sunshine
hours

Source 1: Japan Meteorological Agency [30]

Source 2: Japan Meteorological Agency (records)[31]

Education

Universities
Nagasaki University
Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science
Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies[32]
Kwassui Women's College
Nagasaki Junshin University
Siebold University of Nagasaki
Nagasaki Wesleyan University

Junior colleges
Nagasaki Junior College
Nagasaki Junshin Women's Junior College
 ⽟⽊⼥⼦短期⼤学)
Tamaki Women's Junior College (
Nagasaki Women's Junior College (⻑崎⼥⼦短期⼤学)

Transportation
The nearest airport is Nagasaki Airport in the nearby city of Ōmura. The Kyushu
Railway Company (JR Kyushu) provides rail transportation on the Nagasaki
Main Line, whose terminal is at Nagasaki Station. In addition, the Nagasaki
Electric Tramway operates five routes in the city. The Nagasaki Expressway
serves vehicular traffic with interchanges at Nagasaki and Susukizuka. In
addition, six national highways crisscross the city: Route 34, 202, 206, 251, 324,
and 499.

A busy street in Nagasaki

Demographics
On August 9, 1945 the population was estimated to be 263,000. As of March 1, 2017, the city had population of 505,723
and a population density of 1,000 persons per km2 .

Sports
Nagasaki is represented in the J. League of football with its local club, V-Varen Nagasaki.

Main sites
Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan
Confucius Shrine, Nagasaki
Dejima Museum of History
Former residence of Shuhan Takashima
Former site of Latin Seminario
Former site of the British Consulate in Nagasaki
Former site of Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Nagasaki Branch
Glover Garden A plaque and the Peace Statue at
the Nagasaki Peace Park
Former Glover Residence
Former Alt Residence
Former Ringer Residence
Former Walker Residence
Fukusai-ji
Gunkanjima
Higashi-Yamate Juniban Mansion
Kazagashira Park
Kofukuji
Megane Bridge
Mount Inasa Monument at the atomic bomb
hypocenter in Nagasaki
Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum[33] (Located next to the Peace Park)
Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture[34]
Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims
Nagasaki Peace Park
Atomic Bomb Hypocenter (Located near the Peace Park)
 Nagasaki Peace Pagoda
Nagasaki Penguin Aquarium[35]
Nagasaki Chinatown
Nagasaki Science Museum[35]
Nagasaki Subtropical Botanical Garden
Nyoko-do Hermitage
Oranda-zaka
Sannō Shrine – One-legged stone torii, sometimes called an arch or Nagasaki National Peace Memorial
gateway Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims
Sakamoto International Cemetery
Shōfuku-ji
Siebold Memorial Museum
Sōfuku-ji – Daiyūhōden and Daiippomon are national treasures of
Japan.
Suwa Shrine
Syusaku Endo Literature Museum
Tateyama Park
Twenty-Six Martyrs Museum and Monument
Nagasaki Prefectural Art Museum Sōfuku-ji (National treasure of Japan)
Urakami Cathedral
Miyo-Ken, a temple where the white snake is worshipped[36]

Cityscape

Nagasaki City seen from the Inasayama Observatory, facing southeast.

Events
The Prince Takamatsu Cup Nishinippon Round-Kyūshū Ekiden, the world's
longest relay race, begins in Nagasaki each November.

Kunchi, the most famous festival in Nagasaki, is held from October 7–9.

The Nagasaki Lantern Festival,[37] celebrating the Chinese New Year, is

celebrated from February 18 to March 4.

Cuisine Nagasaki Lantern Festival

Castella
Champon
Sara udon
Mogi Biwa
Chinese confections
Urakami Soboro
Shippoku Cuisine
 Toruko rice (Turkish rice)
Karasumi
Nagasaki Kakuni

Notable people
Kazuo Ishiguro
Mitsurou Kubo Original Shikairō Champon
Ariana Miyamoto
Takashi Nagai
Neru Nagahama
Maya Yoshida
Keita Ogawa

Twin towns
The city of Nagasaki maintains sister cities or friendship relations with other cities worldwide.[38]

Hiroshima, Japan
Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, since 1955[38]
Dupnitsa, Bulgaria
Santos, São Paulo, Brazil, since 1972[38]
Fuzhou, Fujian, China, since 1980[38]
Middelburg, Netherlands, since 1978[38]
Porto, Portugal, since 1978[38][39]
Vaux-sur-Aure, France, since 2005; sister city of Sotome since 1978[38]

See also
Cultural treatments of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Foreign cemeteries in Japan
Hashima Island (Gunkanjima)

References
1. "今⽉のうごき（推計⼈⼝など最新の主要統計） " (https://www.city.nagasaki.lg.jp/syokai/750000/751000/
p007001.html). Nagasaki city office. June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
2. Hakim, Joy (January 5, 1995). A History of US: Book 9: War, Peace, and All that Jazz. New York City:
Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195095142.
3. "令和２年全国都道府県市区町村別⾯積調 ⻑崎県 - " (https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO/20200
1/42_nagasaki.pdf) (PDF). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. January 1, 2020. Retrieved
June 20, 2020.
4. Diego Pacheco. "Xavier and Tanegashima." Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Winter, 1974), pp.
477–480
5. Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan 1549–1650, p. 100–101
6. "Arrival of a Portuguese ship" (https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/art-japan/edo-period/a/ar
rival-of-a-portuguese-ship).
7. C. R. Boxer, The Great Ship from Amacon – Annals of Macau and the old Japan trade 1555–1640 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=pOoYAAAAIAAJ&q=The+Great+Ship+from+Amacon&dq=The+Great+Ship+
from+Amacon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjukOv6uK3iAhWLnhQKHaLFCZMQ6AEIKjAA) p. 169.
8. Diego Paccheco, Monumenta Nipponica, 1970
 9. so says the Jesuit account
10. "Cultural Properties" (http://kofukuji.com/english/properties.php), Official site (http://kofukuji.com),
Nagasaki: Thomeizan Kofukuji, retrieved December 23, 2016
11. Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 159. (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=ycY_85OInSoC&pg=PA27&vq=bugyo&dq=++uraga+bugyo&source=gbs_searc
h_r&cad=0_2&sig=Lz-lqppSwmB5wSYUxXfVmEMCrBw#PPA59,M1)
12. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Japan, Richard Bowring and Haruko Laurie
13. Screech, Timon. The Western Scientific Gaze and Popular Imagery in Later Edo Japan: The Lens Within
the Heart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. p15.
14. Doak, Kevin M. (2011). "Introduction: Catholicism, Modernity, and Japanese Culture" (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=_Rr6CRwj9aAC&pg=PA13). In Doak, Kevin M. (ed.). Xavier's Legacies: Catholicism in
Modern Japanese Culture. UBC Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780774820240. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
"In 1904, Catholics in Nagasaki, with their deep ties to the past, were three times more numerous than
Catholics in the rest of Japan..."
15. "Chapter II The Effects of the Atomic Bombings" (http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/AtomicEffe
cts/AtomicEffects-2.html). United States Strategic Bombing Survey.
16. How Effective is Strategic Bombing?: Lessons Learned From World War II to Kosovo (World of War). NYU
Press. December 1, 2000. pp. 86–87.
17. "Avalon Project – The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_cen
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1483-0.
19. Skylark, Tom (2002). Final Months of the Pacific War. Georgetown University Press. p. 178.
20. "Steel mill worker reveals blocking view of U.S. aircraft on day of Nagasaki atomic bombing" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20151122171430/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/features/news/20140726p2a00m0na
014000c.html). Mainichi Weekly. Archived from the original (http://mainichi.jp/english/english/features/new
s/20140726p2a00m0na014000c.html) on November 22, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
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Nature. p. 400. ISBN 978-3-6424-0296-8.
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onflash/a6652262.shtml).
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p. 215. ISBN 978-1-4634-2604-0.
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series). The Spirit That Moves Us Press. May 1, 1984. pp. 22–29.
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26. Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 396–397
27. "AtomicBombMuseum.org – After the Bomb" (http://atomicbombmuseum.org/4_ruins.shtml).
28. "Nagasaki History Facts and Timeline" (http://www.world-guides.com/asia/japan/kyushu/nagasaki/nagasa
ki_history.html).
29.あすにかけ全国的に厳しい冷え込み続く (http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160125/k10010385121000.
html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160127195327/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160125/
k10010385121000.html) January 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine 気象庁 (http://www.jma.go.jp/)
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block_no=47817&year=&month=&day=&view=). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 2,
2011.
31.観測史上 〜 位の値（年間を通じての値）
1 10 (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?pr
ec_no=19&prec_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1&block_no=47817&block_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year=
&month=&day=&elm=rank&view=). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
32.⻑崎外国語⼤学 (https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033437/http://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/english/in
dex.html) [Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies]. Nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.nagasaki-gaigo.ac.jp/english/index.html) on March 30, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
33.お知らせ ⻑崎市平和・原爆のホームページが変わりました。 (https://web.archive.org/web/20020601132
925/http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/na-bomb/museum/index.html). .city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp.
Archived from the original (http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/na-bomb/museum/index.html) on June
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34. ⻑崎歴史⽂化博物館 (http://www.nmhc.jp/index.html). Nmhc.jp. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
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36. Oldfield Howey, M. (March 31, 2005). The Encircled Serpent: A Study of Serpent Symbolism in All
Countries and Ages – M. Oldfield Howey – Google Books (https://books.google.com/books?id=SY6DUnO
OZSAC&q=nagasaki+serpent&pg=PA270). ISBN 9780766192614. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
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Bibliography
Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly:
A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945 (https://archive.org/details/
criticalassembly0000unse). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44132-2.
OCLC 26764320 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26764320).

External links
Official website (http://www.city.nagasaki.lg.jp/) (in Japanese)
Official website (http://www.city.nagasaki.lg.jp.e.jc.hp.transer.com/) (in English)
Is Nagasaki still radioactive? (http://zidbits.com/2013/11/is-nagasaki-and-hiroshima-still-radioactive/) –
No. Includes explanation.
Nagasaki after atomic bombing (https://web.archive.org/web/20140811194213/http://oldnewmaps.com/20
14/08/05/nagasaki-atomic-bomb-9-august-1945/) – interactive aerial map
Nuclear Files.org (http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/pre-cold-war/hiro
shima-nagasaki/index.htm) Comprehensive information on the history, and political and social
implications of the US atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Nagasaki Prefectural Tourism Federation (https://web.archive.org/web/20070117193919/http://www.ngs-k
enkanren.com/mlang/english/)
Nagasaki Product Promotion Association (http://www.e-nagasaki.com/)
Useful information for foreign residents (https://web.archive.org/web/20080716034930/http://www.nia.or.jp/
english/gaikoku/index.html), produced by Nagasaki International Association
Geographic data related to Nagasaki (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4011885) at
OpenStreetMap

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