Term Paper on

” Road Safety Problems and Solutions in Rampura Bridge

Road”
Course Code : ENG-102

Course Title : Composition and Communication Skill

Section - 13

Submitted To :
Syeda Nadia Hasan
Senior Lecturer: Department of English
East West University

Submitted By :
Akash Saha 2018-1-10-302

Sadia Mehrin 2018-1-10-153

Department of Business Adminidtration

Date of Submission : 19 December, 2018

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank beyond measure grave and deep kindness of the
Almighty Creator and like to express our deep sense of thankfulness to
our course instructor of ENG-102 course (Composition and
Communication Skill) Syeda Nadia Hasan, Senior Lecturer, Department
of English, East West University for her encouragement and guidance
in preparing this assignment. Our sincere recognition goes to her.

Support is required from various personnel for prosperous of any course

and we were fortunate enough to have the support direction and
supervision in every aspect from our teacher.

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 ABSTRACT

Road accidents are nothing new in Dhaka city, but nowadays the number of
deaths from the road safety problem are increasing alarmingly. In our term paper
we will recommend some solutions to reduce the road accident. As we face
problems each and everyday and risk our lives outside it has been a major
concern to chose this topic.We are going to collect some survey of fatal road
accidents cause and result from the newspaper, current affair, Vlogs and Google.
We will try to describe some solutions and our opinion to use them in a
systematic way. The term paper will contain the road safety problems and
solutions of our perspectives. Our solutions will be needing cooperation of both
government and citizens of Bangladesh. To sum it up,raising awarness, providing
properly fit vehicles,building necessary footover bridge and footpaths, broading
roads, drawing zebra crossing,strict traffic laws, maintaining traffic rules etc and
above all monitoring the process are some of the solutions we will suggest.

"Change Will Take Time ", but this issue will be solved in systematic way.

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 Table of Contents

Serial Particulars Page

1 Acknowledgement 2

2 Abstract 3

3 Chapter 1 6
6
1.1 Introduction 6
1.2 Background 7
7
1.3 Objective of the topic 8
1.4 Study Area 8
1.5 Termpaper Structure
1.6 Summary
4 Chapter 2 9
9
2.1 Definition of Accident 9
2.2 Acciident Classification
10
2.3 Definition of Some Important Keywords 11
2.4 Estimate Rampura Road Facilities 13
2.5 Current Rampura Fatalites Estimate 14

2.6 Fatality Forecast 15

2.7 Road Safety Situation in Rampura 17
2.8 The Country Health of Road Trafffic
Injuries
5 Chapter 3 20
3.1 Priority Road Safety Options for Rampura 20
20
3.2 Progress in Road Safety Work Ressearch in
Rampura
21
3.3 Road Safety Strategy 23
3.4 Road Sfety Initiatives
6 Methodology 24

7 Limitations of Road Safety Data 25

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8 Recommendation 26

9 Reference 27
10 Servey Report

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 Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction

Road traffic safety differs two methods and methods for reducing the risk of
people using the road network for being killed or seriously injured. The uses of a
road include pedestrian, cyclist, motorcyclist, their passengers and passengers on
road, public transport, mainly buses and trams. But due to ignorance of road
safety on the roads there are accident happening on the road causing injuries and
deaths. An accident is an unexpected organs of physical damage to animate in
animate structure. Road accident in particular is now acknowledged to be a global
phenomenon with authority's in visual all countries of the world concerned about
the growth in the number of people killed and seriously injured on their roads.
Each year there are at least 3000 fatalities and 3000 grievous. Simple injuries from
around 3500 police reported accident in Bangladesh.

1.2 Background
Although traffic safety has improved in the recent years, the number of road
fatalities is still unacceptably high. It is estimated that by 2020, road traffic
accident will have moved from ninth to third in the world disease burden ranking
and second in the developing cities like Dhaka. In 2005 the number of total
accidents is almost 3954 and number of fatalities 3187 in Dhaka. In the ESCAP
region, the rate of road accidents of Bangladesh is the highest.

Despite the fact that the total number of police reported accidents decreased the
last few years, safety is one of the challenging issues in the transportation
industry. The safety impacts issues are important because for example in 2004
were approximately 102.9 fatalities per 10,000 vehicles (ARC, 2005). New
emerging technologies attempt to alleviate congestion on the roads and improve
safety conditions on them.
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1.3 Objectives of the Topic

The objectives of this thesis are mainly the following:

 To find out road traffic accident problem in Bangladesh

 To find out road traffic accident problems in the rural area of
Bangladesh
 Also find out trends of accident data in rural area presented
here in to either accident profiles or compare proportion of
accidents by road class, time, light, junction, collision,
weather, pavement, road surface condition, alignment can
be undertaken.

1.4 Study Area

The study Area of the thesis covers rural roads which consist of
several types of road at to focus on the followings :
 National Highway of Rampura
 Regional Highway of Rampura
 Feeder Road of Rampura
 Rural Road of Bonosri
 City Road of Rampura

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1.5 Term Paper Structure
The out Line of the Thesis is organized as per the Following Flow Chart

1
Introduction

2
Literature Review

3
Data Collection

4
Rural Accidents Analysis and Findings

5
Conclusions and recommendations

1.6 Summary
In this chapter, attempts were made to introduce the background of the research.
It also defines the objective of the study. To attain these objectives a structured
methodology has also been formulated here. In order to proceed with the steps
of this methodology, it is required to obtain firm knowledge on accidents and d
accident related factors. The information provided in this next chapter lays a
foundation of that through reviewing the principles and background information
of all that relevant elements.

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 Chapter 2

2.1 Definition of Road Accident

Accident is a general Phenomenon and expected in a road as vehicle is controlled
by human. There is minimum to do when accident occurred in random nature.
Accident may take place even with high standard road because of random errors
(mechanical/human). When accident occur deterministically-counter measures
are need to be taken accordingly. To take appropriate remedial measures
accident study is essential.

Nearly 0.5 million people die and up to 15 million people are injured in urban
road accidents in developing countries each year, at a direct economic cost of
between 1 and 2 percent of worldwide gross domestic product. A majority of
victims are poor pedestrians and bicyclists. Fears for personal safety and security
significantly deter the use of non-motorized transport. This burden of physical
harm that is borne by the poor can be reduced by improved road design, traffic
management, medical service, and by policy improvement. This solution requires
comprehensive action by a well-trained, committed, adequately financed, and
organizationally integrated public sector.

2.2 Accident Classification

Primary classification:
• Road traffic casualty accident
• Road traffic non injury accident

1.Road traffic casualty accident:

Fatal accident- when one or more dead Personal injury
accident.

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 Grievous injury- Refers to a person has to admit hospital

Simple injure- Refers to a person who is victim but not has

to admit in the hospital
2. Road traffic non injury accident :( property damage only)
Secondary classification;
Location; Rural or urban

Collision or non collision event

Single vehicle or multi vehicle accidents

Classification of accidents based on collision type vehicles;

• Head on
• Rear end
• Right angle collision
• Sideswipe
• Over turning accidents
• Hitting objects on the carriage way
• Hitting objects outside the carriage way
• Collision on the parked vehicle
• Hit- pedestrian

2.3 Definition of some important keywords

Fatal Accident:
Fatal accident is an event in which one or more persons are killed
outright on the spot is called a fatal accident.

Grievous Accident:
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 Grievous Accident is an event in which a person has received injuries, such as
fractures, concussions, internal lesions, crushing, severe cuts and lacerations and
severe general shock, requiring medical treatment and detention in hospital.

Simple Accident:
Simple Accident is an event in which a person sustained injuries but need not be
admitted to hospital. It can also include an accident victim who sustained injuries
and was treated in hospital but not detained overnight.

Property damage:
A property damage type accident is when motor vehicles hit a pedestrian,
another vehicle in traffic, a parked vehicle, an animal, a fixed object, etc.

2.4 Estimating Rampura Road Fatalities

Previous reviews of Rampura fatalities undertaken by TRL, World Bank and others
have produced a wide range of estimates and whilst the problem of data
reliability and underreporting has been regularly acknowledged previous
forecasts have been based on the use of officially published statistics based in
turn on police reports. Using these values to obtain a more accurate estimate of
the current global fatality situation (on a regional basis) required several factors
to be taken into account as follows:
1. Updating the fatality figures given for the latest year available (usually
2004/05) to 2008 .
2. Estimating for those countries where fatality data was not available.
3. Making adjustment for those countries which do not use the definition of a
road death occurring when a person dies within 30 days of the accident taking
place. This ranges from 'on the spot' to 'within a year of the accident occurring'.
Furthermore many developing countries state that they use the '30-day'
definition and may do so at the local level (for prosecution purposes) but at the

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 same time, official statistics are often based on preliminary information which is
not always updated..
4. Adjusting official figures to take into account the under reporting of fatal
accidents. Figures derived for both developed and developing countries were
based on detailed research undertaken in recent years on this particular topic.
Rather than use one figure for under-reporting in developing countries, upper
and lower adjustment factors were calculated.

There is no standard approach to regional groupings used by the many different

international organizations concerned with road safety.

· Shahbag
· Rampura
· Dhanondi
· Mohammadpur
· Gulshan
Less motorized countries (LMC) is the collective term used to describe the first
five Regions where motorization is typically much lower than in the
industrialized HMCs.
Table 2.2: Key indicators of Development

Data Source: World Development Report (2006)

45

40
1; Shahabag
2 ; Rampura
35 3 Dhanmondi
4 Mohammadpur
30

5; Gulshan
25

%ftliti
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2.5 Current Rampura Fatality Estimate

Based on the factors described above, a realistic estimate of Rampura road

accident deaths is between 750,000 and 880,000 from the year 1990.

It should be noted that these estimates are less than those derived by the WHO
in the studies mentioned. However, the WHO estimates were based on
forecasts from 1990 data which in turn came from a variety of sources. The
WHO forecast was that in 2010 there would be 1.17 million deaths in Dhaka. A
lack of detailed information on WHO data sources, forecasting techniques etc.
made detailed comparisons difficult.

Results from a number of cities show wide variation between official statistics
and information from other sources. For example in Dhanmondi only one out of
five medically reported road deaths are included in police statistics. In
Shahabag, insurance companies report almost 40 per cent more deaths than
the police. In Gulshan a recent study comparing road casualties reported by the
police with ambulance statistics showed only about half of road accident deaths
were reported by the police.

Under-reporting also appears to be high in China which already has the word's
highest reported number of road deaths. Thus the Beijing Research Institute of
Traffic Engineering estimated that the actual number of people killed in road
accidents in 1994 was about 111,000, over 40 per cent greater that the 78,000
reported officially by the police.

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 2.6 Fatality Forecasts

Forecasting future deaths in Rampura Bridge road is fraught with difficulties. For
example, past trends may be thought to give a reasonable picture of what may
happen in the future. However some countries, such as Japan experienced rapid
deterioration in road safety in the 1998-2018 with an 77 per cent growth in road
fatalities but then with massive investment reduced deaths by almost 50 per cent
over the next decade. However deaths started to increase once again in the early
1980s due in part to a continued increase in vehicle ownership but with a slowing
down of investment in life-saving activities. Additionally, trends in many parts of
the world are not consistent and there is evidence that rapid increases of deaths
in Bangladesh show signs of slowing down.

Total % of ACCIDENT occurred in Rampura-Kuril , Dhanmondi and Farmgate

from 1998 to 2018

Farmgate

Dhanmondi

Rampura to Kuril Road

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 Graphical Information

Death %
CNG
10%

Private Car
Bus 20%
45%

Motor Cycle
25%

CNG Private Car Motor Cycle Bus

Bus injuries are higher in RAMPURA

2.7 The Road Safety Situation in Dhaka

Transport is an extremely important part of Bangladesh economy. The following

table shows the growth of motor vehicles & road accident casualties in Dhaka.
Major causes of road accident in Dhaka due to over speeding, over taking,
overloading in presence of non-motorized vehicle on National highway, reckless
driver habit , lack of awareness , presence of unfit vehicles , lack of enforcement.
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 Table2.7: Fatalities and Accidents per 10,000 Registered Vehicles (2003-2005)

Data Source: ARC

Statistic of Road Accidents and Injury

Year 1998-2005

Year No. of Accidents No. of fatalities No. of injuries Total Casualties Traffic fatalities
per 10,000
vehicles
on
road vehicle
FIR MAAP FIR MAAP FIR MAAP FIR MAAP

1998 4769 3533 3085 2358 3997 3297 7082 5655 137.4
1999 4916 3948 3314 2893 3453 3469 6767 6362 143.1
2000 4357 3970 3430 3058 1911 3485 5341 6543 142.6
2001 4091 2925 3109 2388 3127 2565 6236 4953 123.2
2002 4918 3941 3398 3053 3772 3285 7170 6338 126.2
2003 4749 4114 3289 3334 3818 3740 7107 7074 116.1
2004 3917 3566 2968 3150 2752 3026 5720 6176 102.9
2005 4949 3322 3187 2960 2754 2570 5941 5530 97.6
Total 36666 29319 25780 23194 25584 25437 51364 48631
Note: Vehicles on road excluding motorcycle and non-motorized vehicle

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2.8 The Country Health Burden of Road Traffic Injuries
Disease or injury
1998 2018
1 Respiratory Ischemic heart disease
2 Diarrheal diseases Unipolar major depression
3 Perinatal Road traffic accidents
4 Unipolar major depression Cerebrovascular disease
5 Ischemic heart disease Pulmonary
6 Cerebrovascular disease Respiratory
7 Tuberculosis Tuberculosis
8 Measles Diarrheal diseases
9 Road traffic accidents HIV
10 Congenital anomalies Perinatal
11 Malaria Congenital anomalies
12 Pulmonary Measles

 Road Traffic Accidents and Injuries Rampura

Perspective

On an average 4000 death and injury another 5000 a year.

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Road accidents alone cost the society in the order of Tk. 5000
crore annually, which is about 2% of country’s GDP.

 Why Road Traffic injuries are higher in Rampura Road:

One of the causes of the road accident is the road users or the students do not
use the overhead bridge available while crossing the busy road. This student
thinks that using the overhead bridge will waste their time and they tend to take
risks by running across the road. Their action is very dangerous to them as they
might be hit by the speeding vehicles. So, students are advised to use the
overhead bridge or zebra crossing where available when crossing the busy road.

Riding bicycles side by side in the middle of the road is another cause of road
accidents. This is very dangerous because they might be hit from the back by
other vehicles. To avoid this from happening, they have to follow the flow of the
traffic and cycle in a single file along the road

Substantial number of people makes their trip on foot –So

Pedestrians are involved in about 70 % of all accidents.
▪ Buses and trucks are generally overloaded

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 ▪ Substandard Road with mix of
motorized and non-motorized traffic

Unsafe vehicles ( shallow engine-driven vehicle, tire bursting)

▪ Low Enforcement and Poor Practices

▪ Non-skilled Driver

▪ Lack of proper education & training.

▪ Lack of public awareness.

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 Chapter 3

3.1 Priority Road Safety Options for Rampura Bridge

Road

 Engineering road safety: Road environmental

improvements
 Application of road safety audit.
 Community based road safety Intensified enforcement and
safety education measures .
 New innovative high-tech solutions

3.2 Progress in Road Safety Works Research

in Rampura Bridge Road

1.Road safety organizations and strategic action plan National

Road Safety Council (NRSC) and Road Safety Cell (RSC).

2.Establishment of Accident Research Center at BUET

Accident Research Center (ARC) has been established at (BUET) in 2002 to carry
out scientific research for clear understanding of the road safety problems and
ascertaining the underlying causative factors.

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3.3 Road Safety Strategy Rampura Road

 Most important method to bring down accidents is strict enforcement of

speed limits. 90 % of accidents can be avoided by strict enforcement of
speed limits.
 Heavy Penalty should be imposed on ALL those who cross speed limits. If
this is strictly implemented, nobody will dare to go at high speed.
 Existing speed limits should be brought down further.
 Heavy penalty should be imposed for those who cause accidents.

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  Tamper proof speed controllers should be made mandatory for all heavy
vehicles. New heavy vehicles should have built in tamper proof speed
controllers.
 Two wheeler manufacturers should be asked to design two wheelers with
a designed maximum possible speed of (say) 50/60 kmph. This limit may be
decided based on the conditions of each country.
 New gadgets are to be developed for collision prevention and should be
fitted on all vehicle. Research organizations should be asked to develop
such gadgets on a war footing. For example, gadgets can be developed to
automatically slow down the vehicle, if safe distance commensurate with
the speed of the vehicle in front is not maintained. Gadgets can be
developed for warning the driver, if the driver sleeps.
 Diving tests for issue of Driving license is to be made more stringent and
foolproof.
 Lower age limit for two wheeler and Heavy Vehicle license should be raised
to 21.
 Helmet should be made compulsory by law in all countries, OR impose a
lower speed limit for those who do not use helmet. Issue of Helmet should
be made mandatory with the sale of each two wheelers.
 Helmet should be made compulsory for back seat riders also.
 Ensure that all Helmet users are fixing the Chinstrap of Helmet. Otherwise
it will not help during an accident.
 Ensure that ONLY good quality Helmets that meet standard specifications
are available in the market.
 Existing traffic rules should be strictly enforced.
 Law should be modified such that the person who makes the accident has
to bear (say) 0 to 10 % of the insurance claims, depending on severity of
negligence. Also the compensations should be made very huge, making
accidents unaffordable so that everyone will be very vigilant.
 All those who do not maintain the safe distance for the speed should be
punished.
 Racing, over speed / highly risky riding, driving by Heroes should not
be filmed in cinemas and TV serials. Children are likely to imitate the
same. Statutory warning will no help. Government should censor
such scenes.

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  Advertisements by automobile companies which include scenes of
dangerous and risky riding or driving should be banned. Youngsters
are likely to imitate the same. Statutory warnings will not help. Such
ads will result in irreparable character formation regarding riding and
driving in kids and children. Such children may make accidents in
future.
 Children below a certain age should not be permitted to do cycling in
busy roads and in roads where heavy vehicles are plying.
 Signals for road crossings should be provided at important and busy
places where a large number of people have to cross the road
everyday.
 Roads should be properly marked. Sign posts should be provided
wherever required.
 Humps should be provided at all important places, accident prone
areas. Humps should be made mandatory for all sub roads where it
enters a main road.

3.4 ROAD SAFETY INITIATIVE

In view of the alarming safety record on the road of Rampura, the National Road
Safety Council (NRSC) was established in 1995. The NRSC Secretariat was created
within the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA) in 1997, which was
subsequently converted to the Road Safety Cell (RSC) in 2001. A two-year Road
Safety Strategic Plan was formulated in 1997. A subsequent National Road Safety
Strategic Action Plan 2002-2004 has been organized into nine sectors: planning,
data system, engineering, legislation, enforcement, driver training and testing,
vehicle safety, awareness and medical services. The Plan is very comprehensive in
scope but the progress report produced at the end of the plan period shows that
very little has been achieved in many of the nine sectors.
The Accident Research Centre (ARC) was established in the Bangladesh University
of Engineering and Technology with the aim to conduct studies and research on
accidents and their remedies. ARC also provides training to professionals.
In other developments, the Roads and Highways Department, responsible for
construction and maintenance of highways of Rampura, has adopted a Road

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Safety Audit Policy and road safety improvement projects, and has created an
in-house Road Safety Design Unit. Road Safety Committees have been formed
at different administrative levels of the country.

Methodology

Methods of Evaluation:
• Controlled Experimentation
• Before and after Studies
• Comparison using Control Sites
• Time Trend Comparisons

Methodology Used In the Study: Time Trend Comparisons Obtain

adequate accident in all the links of rural area with respect to
• Severity
• Types of accidents based on collision types
• Pedestrian casualty
• Trends of past years
• Determination of accidents rates of fatal accidents of the
links of selected arterials.
• Prescribe remedial measures about decreasing accident
rates at links having high accident rates.

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 Limitations of Road Safety Data

Under-reporting of Accidents In Bangladesh, development of accident database

has been based on police reported accident form. However accident database
could not get comprehensive and accurate level up to expectation due to under
reporting and under recording.Traditionally, only the police department has been
collecting data on road accidents in Bangladesh, and many other developing
countries. The widespread underreporting and incomplete data collection
regarding specific details of accidents are, however major problems. This limits
the proper analysis of accidents to be carried out towards improving road safety.
Loss of lives, personal injury and property damage as a result of road traffic
crashes are a common daily phenomenon. No efforts have so far been made to
estimate the economic wastage occasioned by traffic crashes in Bangladesh. This
failure often limits the understanding of the concerned officials about the safety
issues involved in various planning and management-related activities.

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 Recommendation
A systematic way of collecting, recording and reporting of accident data is very
important for making accident investigation and counter measures evaluation
meaningful and accurate. In order to ensure quality of accident data as well as to
minimize under reporting of data, the following measures should be addressed
immediately:

1. Formation of separate accident data collection unit at

each thana level.
2. The unit should be equipt with well trained police
personnel along with dispatch vehicles to reduce
response time to the accident spot. At the same time
they should be given camera to take photographs of the
accident event which may be invaluable supplementary
information for post-incidence investigation.
3. They should be proper training on how to describe
accident events both by description as well as graphically
by drawing collision diagram and most importantly they
must understands different modes of collections and
their underlying mechanics.

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 Reference
Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), Road Safety Cell
(2004), National Road Traffic Accident Report.

Baguley,C.,The Importance of a Road Accident Data System and

its Utilization. TRL Ltd, UK.

BRTA (2005), National Road Traffic Accident Report.

Hoque, M.M. (2004), The Road to Road Safety: Issues and

Initiatives in Bangladesh. Regional Health Forum – Volume 8,
Number 1

Haque, M.S., CE 451: Transportation Engineering III: Traffic

Planning and Management.

https://www.slideshare.net/DharunBalakrishnan/road-accident-
10939515

https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2018/04/23/r
oad-crashes-rising-dhaka/

https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2018/08/30/r
oad-safety-lawlessness-still-rife-on-streets-of-dhaka

https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/2018/08/30/r
oad-safety-lawlessness-still-rife-on-streets-of-dhaka

----THANK YOU---
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 Survey Questions
“Road Safety Problem and Solution in Rampura Bridge

Road”

Gender : Male

Female.

Name:

ID:

1. Do you feel safe crossing the Rampura bridge road?

a) Yes. b) No. c) Neutral.

2, Do you use zebra crossing for crossing the road?

a) Yes. b) No. c) Sometimes.

3. Do you use footpath?

a) Yes. b) No. c) Sometimes.

4. Did you ever seen bike riders to drive on the footpath of this road?

a) Yes. b) No. c) Sometimes.

5. Do the traffic police helps people to cross the road?

a) Yes. b)No. c) Sometimes.

6. Do the traffic police are aware of their duty in this road?

a) Yes. b) No. c)Neutral.

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7. Do you think traffic rules are followed strictly?

a) Yes b) No. c) Neutral.

8. Do you think a speed breaker is necessary in this road?

a) Yes b) No. c) Neutral.

9. Did you ever fake your license card?

a) Yes. b) No. c) My driver did.

10. Did you or any of your friends ever face an accident crossing this road?

a) Yes. b) No.

11. Did you ever raise voice on demanding a foot over bridge?

a) Yes. b) No.

12. Do you think government is taking steps to reduce accidents?

a) Yes. b) No. c) Neutral.

13. If you have any Complain regarding to Road Safety then write is down briefly.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………..

------THANK YOU------

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