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Capiz shell Windowpane, a prominent icon in Filipino culture present in many of Filipino architectures.
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Contents
1House structures
o 1.1Bahay Kubo
o 1.2Bahay na bato
2Religious structures
o 2.1Churches
o 2.2Iglesia Ni Cristo churches
o 2.3Mosques
3Fortifications
o 3.1Kuta
o 3.2Igorot Forts
o 3.3Idjang
o 3.4Intramuros
o 3.5Fort Santiago
o 3.6El Fraile Island
4Rice terraces
5Limestone Tomb complex of Kamhantik
6American period
o 6.1Art Deco buildings
7Modern period
o 7.1Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex
o 7.2Antipolo Church
o 7.3Iloilo Convention Center
8United Architects of the Philippines
9Heritage towns and cities
10Filipino National Artists for Architecture
11See also
12References
13External links
House structures[edit]
Bahay Kubo[edit]
See also: Nipa hut
Houses were built in a more or less similar manner, in the same way that the
settlements were built beside rivers and streams. The houses were built near rice fields
and coconut groves and orchards. The houses sit on posts raised above the ground.
The rooms were small, and generally, with a single multipurpose room, having only the
cooking space differentiated among the areas in the houses. There is a particular
architectural piece called ‘batalan’ that is often situated in the rear part of the house,
and is utilized for domestic work like washing, bathing, water storage, etc. The houses
were made of raw material like wood and bamboo. Tree houses or houses built on trunk
of trees rooted to the grounds were seen as an advantageous position.
The doors of the houses were usually oriented to the direction where the sun rises and
never faced towards the west, an architectural tradition which can be explained by the
values and belief systems that early inhabitants of the land have.
Bahay Kubo
Later on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent-like shelters and
tree houses. Early Classical houses were characterized by rectangular structures
elevated on stilt foundations and covered by voluminous thatched roofs ornamented
with gable-finials and its structure could be lifted as a whole and carried to a new site.
Examples include the Ifugao House and the Royal Nobilities' Torogan.
The architecture of the classical period of the Philippines is based on vernacular
architecture for most of its centuries and Islamic architecture in some coastal areas at
the south, plus the interior of Lanao, after the 13th century.
The bahay kubo is the term for huts built out of nipa. These types of edifices were
characteristic of the way that indigenous people of the Philippines built homes prior to
the arrival of the Spanish colonizers. They are still in use today, especially in rural
areas. Different architectural designs are present among the different ethnolinguistic
groups in the country, although most homes built along the shorelines conform to being
stilt houses, similar to those found in neighboring countries such
as Indonesia, Malaysia, and other countries of Southeast Asia.
Bahay na bato[edit]
See also: Bahay na Bato
The arrival of the Spaniards in 1571 brought in European colonial architecture to the
Philippines. Though not specifically suited for the hot tropics, European architecture was
transposed via Acapulco, Mexico into a uniquely Filipino style.
In this era, the nipa hut or bahay kubo gave way to the Bahay na bato (stone house)
and became the typical house of noble Filipinos. The Bahay na bato, the colonial
Filipino house, followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as open ventilation and
elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between the two houses would be
the materials that was used to build them.
The bahay na bato was constructed out of brick and stone rather than the traditional
bamboo, timbre and other wooden materials that elevates the house. It is a mixture of
native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. During the 19th century, wealthy
Filipinos built some fine houses, usually with solid stone foundations or brick lower
walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story with balustrades and capiz shell sliding
windows, and a tiled roof.[3] Excellent preserved examples of these houses of the
illustrious Filipinos can be admired in Vigan, Ilocos Sur.[4] Preserved examples of "bahay
na bato" are also found in Taal, Batangas and Boac, Marinduque in southern
Luzon, Iloilo, Iloilo and Carcar, Cebu in the Visayas, and Dapitan, Zamboanga del
Norte.
During World War II, many heritage districts and towns outside Metro Manila were
heavily destroyed and damaged by American and Japanese bombs. Reports of
deliberate burning of colonial structures by Japanese soldiers were also rampant. Most
destroyed or damaged heritage structures have never been restored and now lay in
ruins or have been replaced with shanty houses or concrete structures with no
significant architectural aesthetics. Many scholars have championed for Japan and
America's accountability for the destruction of many Filipino architectural landscapes
and towns, but to no avail.
Religious structures[edit]
Churches[edit]
See also: Earthquake Baroque and Baroque Churches of the Philippines
The order of the Augustinians, Augustinian Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of
the Philippines, built many churches all over the Philippines. These magnificent
structures can still be found throughout the Philippine Islands.The Paoay
Church in Ilocos Norte is one of the most prominent types of these churches. This
unique specimen of Filipino architecture called Filipino Baroque from the Spanish era
has been included in the World Heritage Sites List of the UNESCO. The church was
built by the Augustinian friars from 1694 until 1710. It shows the earthquake-proof
baroque style architecture. The bell tower served as an observation post in 1896 for the
Katipuneros during the Philippine revolution against the Spaniards, and again by the
Filipino guerillas during the Japanese occupation in World War II. [5]
The present structure is the third to stand on the site and has survived seven major
earthquakes, and the wars in Manila. The church remains under the care of
the Augustinians who founded it. The church also houses the legacies of the
Spanish conquistadors, Miguel López de Legazpi, Juan de Salcedo and Martín de
Goiti who are buried and laid to rest in a tomb, underneath the church.
The church has 14 side chapels and a trompe-l'oeil ceiling. Up in the choir loft are the
hand-carved 17th-century seats of molave, a beautiful tropical hardwood. Adjacent to
the church is a small museum run by the Augustinian order, featuring antique
vestments, colonial furniture, and religious paintings and icons. It was named a National
Historical Landmark by the Philippine government in 1976. [6] Together with three other
ancient churches in the country, it was designated as part of the World Heritage
Site "Baroque Churches of the Philippines" in 1993.
Iglesia Ni Cristo churches[edit]
During American colonial rule over the Philippines, there were a variety of rural anti-
colonial movements, often with religious undertones,[7] and American Protestant
missionaries introduced several alternatives to the Roman Catholic Church,
the established church during Spanish colonial period.[8] Iglesia ni Cristo church
buildings primarily serve as places of worship and are used for other religious functions.
[9]
Fortifications[edit]
The architecture of the early Filipinos are also reflected in the historical military
structures in the country. There was often competition in trade between
the thalassocratic states in the archipelago. Neighboring kingdoms would often wage
wars against one another to gain control of trade and territory. Fortifications were then
necessary to keep their subjects and interests protected. Due to foreign attacks and
colonisation, only a few of these fortresses physically remain. However, many cities in
the country, such as Manila, were built on the basis of fortifications that predated the
colony.
During the colonisation of the Philippines, fortifications were also built by the foreign
powers to assert political control in the islands. The Spanish, for example, made use of
their forts against attacks from Chinese and Moro Pirates, as well as the Dutch and the
British. These forts were made almost entirely of stone; hence some of them have
survived numerous wars and are still standing to this day.
Kuta[edit]
The surviving attested forms of fortifications in the country before colonisation were
the kuta (stronghold) and moog (tower). The word kuta is cognate with the
Malay kota which has the modern meaning "city". Kuta, in addition to its military uses,
also served as a palace for the local lord. These structures were usually made of stone
and wood and were surrounded by trench networks.
Kuta were notably used by Muslims for defense against foreign invaders. It is said that
the Maguindanao Sultanate, at the height of their power, blanketed the area around
Western Mindanao with such fortifications to prevent the Spanish from advancing into
the region. However, the sultanate was eventually subdued after further Spanish
campaigns in the region and majority of the kuta were dismantled. During the American
occupation, insurgents still built strongholds and the sultans often had these reinforced.
[5]
Many of these forts were destroyed during American attacks, which is why very few
have survived to this day.
Notable kuta:
Fort Drum built by the Americans to guard the Islands nearby against invaders.
El Fraile Island or Fort Drum, also known as "the concrete battleship," is a heavily
fortified island situated at the mouth of Manila Bay in the Philippines, due south
of Corregidor Island. The reinforced concrete fortress shaped like a battleship was built
by the United States in 1909 as one of the harbor defenses at the wider South Channel
entrance to the bay during the American colonial period. It was captured and occupied
by the Japanese during World War II, and was recaptured by the U.S.
after igniting petroleum and gasoline in the fort, leaving it permanently out of
commission.
Rice terraces[edit]
See also: Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
A rainbow appearing after the rain at the Batad Rice Terraces, one of the rice terraces in Ifugao.
For years the mountainous province of Ifugao have been carefully cultivated with
terraced fields.[16] These rice terraces illustrate the ability of human culture to adapt to
new social and climate pressures as well as to implement and develop new ideas and
technologies. They also epitomize a harmonic, sustainable relationship between
humans and their environment. The structures' original builders used stone and mud
walls to carefully carve and construct terraces that could hold flooded pond fields for the
cultivation of rice. They also established a system to water these plots by harvesting
water from mountaintop forests. These engineering feats were done by hand as was the
farming itself.[16]
Maintenance of the rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole
community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological
resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system
respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and mastery
of a complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs,
accompanied by religious rituals and tribal culture.[17]
Although popularly known as and listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site believed
to be older than 2,000 years, there are some conflicting recent studies that report that
the terraces may in fact be less than 1,000 years old. [18][19]
American period[edit]
The Manila Central Post Office is a neoclassical building built during the American period.
With the arrival of the Americans in 1898 came a new breed of architectural structures
in the Philippines. Foremost of the American contributions to the country was the
establishment of civil government. This led to the erection of government buildings from
the city all the way to the municipal level. Designed in the most respectable manner,
these government houses resembled Greek or Roman architecture.[11]
The revival period, popular at the turn of the century, became the foremost architectural
parlance of the era as seen in such buildings particularly in Manila. Education of the
masses also became the thrust of the American occupation, as such, public education
was established, foremost of which is the University of the Philippines. [citation needed] With
American rule firmly established in the Philippines, the military government at the time
invited the well-known architect and urban planner Daniel Burnham to develop Manila.
[21]
Burnham's arrival led to the formation of the Burnham Plan which identifies the city of
Manila as a uniquely European city in the tropics and as such opposed to develop its
architecture in line with the existing style. The style of architecture, as suggested, varies
little from existing architecture at the time as typified by the Manila Hotel.[22] New
structures continued the use of conventional motifs but were made of more durable
materials such as concrete. This style of architecture prevailed even after the turn of the
century.
The Luneta Hotel, located in Kalaw Avenue, is one of the remaining structures that
survived the liberation of Manila in 1945. The hotel was completed in 1918. According to
Dean Joseph Fernandez of the University of Santo Tomas, the hotel was designed by
the Spanish architect-engineer Salvador Farre. The structure is the only remaining
example of the French Renaissance architecture with Filipino stylized Beaux-Arts
architecture in the Philippines to date.
At the Far Eastern University (FEU) in Quiapo, Manila, five Art Deco structures on the
campus were designed by National Artist Pablo Antonio. Three were built before World
War II and two, after. Although FEU buildings were totally damaged during the war, the
university was restored to its original Art Deco design immediately after. The university
was given a UNESCO Asia Pacific-Heritage Award for Cultural Heritage in 2005 for the
outstanding preservation of its Art Deco structures.[23]
Art Deco buildings[edit]
See also: Art Deco theaters of Manila
During the rise of cinema in the Philippines as a form of recreation, several theaters
were constructed in the 1930s to 1950s in the Art Deco style designed by prominent
architects now recognized as National Artists. The Manila Metropolitan Theater is an Art
Deco building designed by the Filipino architect Juan M. Arellano, and built in 1935.
Another fine example of Art Deco is the old Jaro Municipal Hall in Iloilo built in 1934 by
Filipino architect Juan M. Arellano. It later became the Jaro District Police Station and
after the full restoration is now the regional branch office of the National Museum.
During the liberation of Manila by the combined American and Flipino troops in 1945,
the theatre was totally destroyed. After reconstruction by the Americans it gradually fell
into disuse in the 1960s. In the following decade it was meticulously restored but again
fell into decay. The sculptures upon the façade of the theater are by Italian sculptor
Francesco Riccardo Monti, who lived in Manila from 1930 until his death in 1958, and
worked closely with Juan M. Arellano. Highly stylized relief carving of Philippine plants
executed by the artist Isabelo Tampingco decorate the lobby walls and interior surfaces
of the building.
The following are the Philippine architects who contributed and lead to the design of the
classic Philippine theaters:
Modern period[edit]
The aftermath of World War II brought major destruction especially in the capital city
of Manila and a time of rebuilding ensued. The modern era dawned on Philippine
architecture using the simple straight lines of the International Modern Style as a chief
mode of expression.[citation needed] By the 1970s, a new form of Philippine architecture
emerged with the filipinization of architecture. The Filipino style found its way in the re-
emergence of traditional motifs, the Bahay Kubo and the Bahay na bato became
popular forms to be copied and modernized such as the Batasang Pambansa and
the National Theater. By the 1980s the country's architectural idiom was swept by the
tide of Post Modernism, a hearkening back of some sort to classical architecture.
[24]
Today, architecture in the Philippines continue to be vibrant and with the country
opening up to the world, more first rate architecture is pouring in. [24]
Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex[edit]
Grand Hyatt Manila in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig is the tallest building in the Philippines since its completion
in 2017 with a height of 281.78m.
The United Architects of the Philippines (officially known as the Integrated and
Accredited Professional Organization of Architects) is the official architectural
association of the Philippines. It is the first professional organization to be accredited by
the Professional Regulation Commission and it currently has 38,000 members. [29]
Dumaguete
Taytay, Palawan
Daraga
Capul
Baclayon, Bohol
Laoag
Panay, Capiz
Nagcarlan
Malolos
Zamboanga City
Marawi
See also[edit]
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