Monthly Progress Report

20-May-2020

Development Plan
SYED BILAL AHMED
 Content
1. Generator Excitation and protection system
2. Generator Protections
3. Electrical Protection system (General and at our Plant)
4. Protections on motors (LV and MV)
 1. Generator Excitation and protection system

Excitation System
Definition: The system which is used for providing the necessary field current to the rotor
winding of the synchronous machine, such type of system is called an excitation system. In
other words, excitation system is defined as the system which is used for the production of the
flux by passing current in the field winding. The main requirement of an excitation system is
reliability under all conditions of service, a simplicity of control, ease of maintenance, stability
and fast transient response.

The amount of excitation required depends on the load current, load power factor and speed of
the machine. The more excitation is needed in the system when the load current is large, the
speed is less, and the power factor of the system becomes lagging.

Types of Excitation System

The excitation system is mainly classified into three types. They are

1. DC Excitation System
2. AC Excitation System
o Rotor Excitation System
o Brushless Excitation System
3. Static Excitation System
1. DC Excitation System
The DC excitation system has two exciters – the main exciter and a pilot exciter. The exciter
output is adjusted by an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) for controlling the output terminal
voltage of the alternator. The current transformer input to the AVR ensures limiting of the
alternator current during a fault.

When the field breaker is open, the field discharge resistor is connected across the field
winding so as to dissipate the stored energy in the field winding which is highly inductive.

The main and the pilot exciters can be driven either by the main shaft or separately driven by
the motor. Direct driven exciters are usually preferred as these preserve the unit system of
operation, and the excitation is not excited by external disturbances.
The voltage rating of the main exciter is about 400 V, and its capacity is about 0.5% of the
capacity of the alternator. Troubles in the exciters of turbo alternator are quite frequent
because of their high speed and as such separate motor driven exciters are provided as standby
exciter.
Advantages
The advantages of the DC system are
• More reliable
• Compact in size
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of the DC system are
• Large size
• Voltage regulation was complex
• Very slow response
2. AC Excitation System
The AC excitation system consists of an alternator and thyristor rectifier bridge directly
connected to the main alternator shaft. The main exciter may either be self-excited or
separately excited. The AC excitation system may be broadly classified into two categories
which are explained below in details.
a. Rotating Thyristor Excitation System
The rotor excitation system is shown in the figure below. The rotating portion is being enclosed
by the dashed line. This system consists an AC exciter, stationary field and a rotating armature.
The output of the exciter is rectified by a full wave thyristor bridge rectifier circuit and is
supplied to the main alternator field winding.

The alternator field winding is also supplied through another rectifier circuit. The exciter
voltage can be built up by using it residual flux. The power supply and rectifier control generate
the controlled triggering signal. The alternator voltage signal is averaged and compare directly
with the operator voltage adjustment in the auto mode of operation. In the manual mode of
operation, the excitation current of the alternator is compared with a separate manual voltage
adjustment.
Advantages
The advantages of the rotating thyristor system are
• Fast response
• Simple
• Low cost
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage is the response rate of the thyristor is very low

b. Brushless Excitation System

This system is shown in the figure below. The rotating portion being enclosed by a dashed line
rectangle. The brushless excitation system consists an alternator, rectifier, main exciter and a
permanent magnet generator alternator. The main and the pilot exciter are driven by the main
shaft. The main exciter has a stationary field and a rotating armature directly connected,
through the silicon rectifiers to the field of the main alternators.
The pilot exciter is the shaft driven permanent magnet generator having rotating permanent
magnets attached to the shaft and a three phase stationary armature, which feeds the main
exciter field through silicon rectifiers, in the field of the main alternator. The pilot exciter is a
shaft driven permanent magnetic generator having rotating permanent magnets attached to
the shaft and a 3-phase stationary armature, which feeds the main’s exciter through 3-phase
full wave phase controlled thyristor bridges.

The system eliminates the use of a commutator, collector and brushes have a short time
constant and a response time of fewer than 0.1 seconds. The short time constant has the
advantage in improved small signal dynamic performance and facilitates the application of
supplementary power system stabilising signals.

Advantages
The advantages of the brushless system are
• Reliability is excellent
• The flexibility of operation is good
• System responses are good
• There is no moving contact in the brushless system, so maintenance is low
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of the brushless system are
• Response is slow
• There is no fast de-excitation
3. Static Excitation System
In this system, the supply is taken from the alternator itself through a 3-phase star/delta
connected step-down transformer. The primary of the transformer is connected to the
alternator bus and their secondary supplies power to the rectifier and also feed power to the
grid control circuit and other electrical equipment.

This system has a very small response time and provides excellent dynamic performance. This system
reduced the operating cost by eliminating the exciter windage loss and winding maintenance.

Principle of Static Excitation System

In Static Excitation System, power for providing field excitation is derived from the Generator output
terminals. A transformer know as Excitation Transformer, is connected to the output terminals of
Generator to step down the voltage to required voltage level usually 415 V AC. As we need DC supply,
therefore Transformer output is connected to a Thyristor Full Bridge Rectifier. Figure below shows
simplified block diagram of Static Excitation System.
The firing angle of Thyristor Full Bridge Rectifier is controlled by a Regulator so that required field
excitation may be provided. Secondary terminal of CT and PT connected to Generator output terminals is
fed to regulator. On the basis of Generator terminal voltage, the regulator adjusts its firing angle. Let’s
say, Generator output voltage has increased beyond its rated voltage of 21 kV (say), in that case, field
current must be reduced to maintain the terminal voltage. Therefore, regulator increases the firing angle
so that average value of DC current may reduce. Similarly, if the Generator terminal voltage goes below
its rated value then field current must be increased. Therefore regulator decreases the firing angle to
increase the average value of the field current.
As in Static Excitation System, excitation is provided by field winding wound on the rotor therefore Slip
Rings and Carbon brushes are used.
Advantages
The advantages of the static system are
• Reliability is good
• The flexibility of operation is very good
• System responses are excellent
• Small in size
• Low loss
• Simple
• High performance
Disadvantages
The main disadvantages of the static system are it requires a slip ring and brush.
2. Generator Protections
A generator is subjected to electrical stresses imposed on the insulation of the machine,
mechanical forces acting on the various parts of the machine, and temperature rise. These are
the main factors which make protection necessary for the generator or alternator. Even when
properly used, a machine in its perfect running condition does not only maintain its specified
rated performance for many years, but it does also repeatedly withstand certain excess of
overload.
Preventive measures must be taken against overloads and abnormal conditions of the machine
so that it can serve safely. Even ensuring an efficient design, construction, operation, and
preventive means of protection – the risk of a fault cannot be completely eliminated from any
machine. The devices used in generator protection, ensure that when a fault arises, it is
eliminated as quickly as possible.

An electrical generator can be subjected to either an internal fault or external fault or both. The
generators are normally connected to an electrical power system, hence any fault occurred in
the power system should also be cleared from the generator as soon as possible otherwise it
may create permanent damage in the generator.
The number and variety of faults occur in a generator are huge. That is why generator or
alternator is protected with several protective schemes. Generator protection is of both
discriminative and non-discriminative type. Great care is to be taken in coordinating the
systems used and the settings adopted to ensure that a sensitive, selective and discriminative
generator protection scheme is achieved.
Types of Generator Protection
The various forms of protection applied to the generator can be categorized into two manners,

1. Protective relays to detect faults occurring outside the generator.

2. Protective relays to detect faults occurring inside the generator.

Other than protective relays, associated directly with the generator and its associated
transformer, there are lightning arrestors, over speed safe guards, oil flow devises and
temperature measuring devises for shaft bearing, stator winding, transformer winding and
transformer oil etc. Some of these protective arrangements are of non-trip type i.e. they only
generate alarm during abnormalities.
But the other protective schemes ultimately operate master tripping relay of the generator.
This should be noted that no protective relay can prevent fault, it only indicates and minimizes
the duration of the fault to prevent high temperature rise in the generator otherwise there may
be permanent damage in it.

It is desirable to avoid any undue tresses in the generator, and for that it is usual practice to
install surge capacitor or surge diverter or both to reduce the effects of lightning and other
voltage surges on the machine. The protection schemes usually applied to the generator are
discussed here below in brief.

Protection against Insulation Failure

The main protection provided in the stator winding against phase to phase or phase to earth
fault, is longitudinal differential protection of generator. Second most important protection
scheme for stator winding is inter turn fault protection.

This type of protection was considered unnecessary in previous days because breakdown of
insulation between points in the same phase winding, contained in the same slot, and between
which a potential difference exists, very rapidly changes into an earth fault, and then it is
detected by either the stator differential protection or the stator earth fault protection.

A generator is designed to produce relatively high voltage in comparison to its output and
which therefore contains a large number of conductors per slot. With increasing size and
voltage of the generator, this form of protection is becoming essential for all large generating
units.

Stator Earth Fault Protection

When the stator neutral is earthed through a resistor, a current transformer is mounted in the
neutral to earth connection. Inverse time relay is used across the CT secondary when the
generator is connected directly to the bus bar. In case of generator feeds power via a delta star
transformer, an instantaneous relay is used for the same purpose.

Rotor Earth Fault Protection

A single earth fault does not create any major problem in the generator but if the second earth
fault is occurred, however, part of the field winding will become short-circuited and resulting
and unbalanced magnetic field in the system and consequently there may be major mechanical
damage to the bearings of the generator. There are three methods available to detect the types
of fault in the rotor. The methods are
1. Potentiometer method
2. AC injection method
3. DC injection method
Unbalanced Stator Loading Protection
Unbalancing in loading produces negative sequence currents in the stator circuit. This negative
sequence current produces a reaction field rotating at twice of synchronous speed with respect
to the rotor and hence induce double frequency current in the rotor. This current is quite large
and causes overheating in the rotor circuit, especially in the alternator.

Low Vacuum Protection

This protection, usually is in the form of a regulator which compares the vacuum against
atmospheric pressure, it is normally fitted to the generator set above 30 MW. The modern
practice is for the regulator to unload the set via the secondary governor until normal vacuum
conditions are restored. If the vacuum conditions do not improve below 21 inch the stop valves
are closed and the main circuit breaker is tripped.

Protection against Lubrication Oil Failure

This protection is not considered essential since the lubrication oil is normally obtained from
the same pump as governor oil and a failure of the governor oil will automatically make stop
valve to close.

Protection against Loss of Boiler Firing

Two methods are available for detecting the loss of boiler firing. In the first method, normally
opened (NO) contacts are provided with the fan motors which may trip the generator if more
than two motors fail. The second methods use a boiler pressure contacts which unload the
generator if boiler pressure falls below approximately 90%.

Protection against Prime Mover Failure

If the prime mover fails to supply mechanical energy to the generator, the generator will
continue to rotate in motoring mode that means it takes electrical energy from the system
instead of supplying it to the system.

Over Speed Protection

While it is the general practice to provide mechanical over speed devices on both steam and
hydro turbine, which operate directly on the steam throttle valve or main step valve, it is not
usual to backup this devises by an over speed relay on steam driven sets.
Protection against Rotor Distortion
The cooling rates following shutdown, at the top and bottom of the turbine casing, are different
and this uneven temperature distribution tends to cause destruction of the rotor. To minimize
the disruption, it is common practice to turn the rotor at low speed during the cooling down
period. In the view of the forces involved with large modern rotor, it is now standard practice to
fit shaft eccentricity detectors.

Protection against Difference in Expansion between Rotating and

Stationary parts
During the running up period, the rate of heating of the rotor differs from that of the casing,
due to the difference in mass. As a result, the rotor expands at a different rate to the casing and
it is necessary to overcome this unequal expansion.

Protection against Vibration

Vibration detectors are usually mounted on the bearing pedestals. The detector consists of a
coil mounted on springs between U shaped permanent magnets. The voltage output from the
coil, which is proportional to the degree of vibration, is passed from the coil into integrating
circuits and then into interval indicating instrument.

Back up Protection of Generator

Back up protection should always be given in highly rated machine like synchronous
generator or alternator. If faults occurred had not been cleared by the appropriate
protection scheme then back up protection relays should be operated to clear the
fault. Over current relays are generally used for this purpose.
3. Electrical Protection system (General and at
our Plant)
Electrical Protection for unit:

N when the protection is connected by means of transducers which measure the phase
parameters and the vectoral sum of the parameter to be measured (current or
voltage) is sent to the relay. This connection is generally called residual connection
(Holmgreen);

G when the protection is connected directly to the secondary of a transducer (CT or VT)
which measures the homopolar parameter directly (current or voltage);
R used for different applications: – reactance (for example 87R differential protection);
– undervoltage to indicate residual voltage (27R); – rotor of a synchronous machine
(64R ground rotor);
I. Differential protection for generator （87G）
Any internal fault inside the stator winding is cleared by mainly differential
protection scheme of the generator or alternator. The differential protection is
provided in the generator by using longitudinal differential relay

II. Symmetrical overload protection （49G）

The Type 49/50/51 overload relay provides three important functions for the protection
of a motor: Overload Protection (Function 49), Locked Rotor Protection (Function 51)
and Phase Fault Protection (Function 50). Packaged in one case, the three functions are
individually adjustable, allowing optimum protection without compromising the various
elements.
 III. Asymmetrical overload protection （46G）
Generator negative sequence current protection(46G): the negative sequence current
relays shall protect the generator from damage by overheating due to sustained flow
of unbalanced phase currents, and the operating characteristics of the relay shall be
adjustable to match I2Rt thermal characteristics.
IV. Over current with under-voltage maintained （51G/27）
‘51’ overcurrent protection This protection function is not strictly necessary for
alternators since operation under overload also requires the turbine to be able to
deliver more power or for the excitation system to be able to increase the field in the
machine above the rated value. These conditions are rather difficult to produce and
consequently this protection generally operates for external faults and for this reason
must be delayed to prevent false trips
V. Reverse power protection （32R-1）
VI. Reverse power protection for program tripping （32R-2）
32’ protection against reverse power (return of energy) When the power source which
moves the turbine fails, the generator (with the turbine always connected to the axle)
operates like a motor and the active power necessary to keep the machine rotating is
taken from the network
VII. Over-voltage protection （59G）
‘59’ overvoltage protection This function protects generators and users against
overvoltage’s which can occur due to sudden disconnection of the loads or due to a
malfunction of the voltage regulator. Generally, the protection is provided with two trip
thresholds since it must be extremely rapid for large overvoltage’s which can cause
insulation faults, whereas it must have long times for small overvoltage’s which can be
solved by the voltage regulator.
VIII. Stator turn to turn short-circuit protection （61G）
Density Switch or Sensor
IX. 100% stator earth fault protection （64G）
Generator rotor earth fault protection(64-1,64-2): the first rotor earth fault of
generator shall be detected by means of super imposing of separate Dc bias on the
field winding. The DC bias shall be such that the faults at any point in the winding are
covered by the protection.
X. Rotor one-point earth fault protection （64F1）
In this method, a high resistance is connected across the field winding of the rotor. The
midpoint of the resistor is grounded through a sensitive relay. When the fault occurs
the relay detect the fault and send the tripping command to the breaker.
XI. Loss of excitation protection （40G）
The protection against loss of excitation is entrusted to relay 40 which controls the
excitation state at the stator terminals. In practice, this relay measures the current
which changes from ‘capacitive’ to ‘inductive’ as a consequence of lack of excitation.
 XII. Pole slipping protection （78G）
Phase-Angle Measuring Relay
XIII. Voltage balance protection （60G）
Detection of blown voltage transformer fuses.
XIV. Under/over frequency protection （81G）
Under- and over frequency protection
XV. Low frequency over current protection （16L）

XVI. Inadvertent energizing protection （16E）

XVII. Over fluxing protection （24G）
XVIII. Excitation transformer instantaneous overcurrent （50ET）
XIX. Excitation transformer over current protection （51ET）
XX. Excitation overload protection （49ET）
XXI. Differential protection for unit auxiliary transformer （87UAT）
XXII. Overcurrent relay with voltage blocking （51UAT/27）
XXIII. Overcurrent relay with voltage blocking for branch A （51UA/27）
XXIV. Overcurrent relay with voltage blocking for branch B （51UB/27）
XXV. Instantaneous overcurrent with time delay protection for branch A （50A
）
XXVI. Instantaneous overcurrent with time delay protection for branch B （50B
）
Zero-sequence overcurrent for branch A （51UAN）
Zero-sequence overcurrent for branch B （51UBN）
Start cooler for auxiliary transformer （SCUT）
4. Protections on motors (LV and MV)
Motor Protection
Motor protections vary widely depending on the size of the motor and voltage level involved.

Motor protection depending on size and voltage level (on photo 3-phase asynchronous motor,
(55 kW)
Short-circuit = disconnection in case of a short-circuit at the motor terminals or inside the
motor windings.
Instantaneous overcurrent = operates with no intentional time delay when the current exceeds
a preset value.
Thermal overload = disconnection of motor in case of sustained operation with a torque
exceeding the nominal value. Overload is detected by measurement of excessive stator current
or by using PTC probes.
Phase current imbalance = disconnection of the motor in case of high current imbalance,
responsible for increased power losses and overheating.
Phase current loss = disconnection of the motor if one phase current is zero, as this is revealing
of cable or connection breaking.
Over-current = alarm or disconnection of the motor in case of high phase current, revealing a
shaft over-torque.
Ground fault / Instantaneous earth fault = disconnection in case of a fault between a motor terminal
and ground. Even if the fault current is limited, a fast action could avoid a complete destruction of the
motor.

Long start (stall) = disconnection in case of a starting time longer than normal (due to mechanical
problem or voltage sag) in order to avoid overheating of the motor.
Jam = disconnection in order to avoid overheating and mechanical stress if motor is blocked while
running because of congestion.
Undercurrent = alarm or disconnection of the motor in case a low current value is detected, revealing a
no-load condition (e.g.: pump drain, cavitation, broken shaft, …)
Phase current reversal = disconnection when a wrong phase current sequence is detected
Motor temperature (by sensors) = alarm or disconnection in case of high temperature detected by
probes.
Rapid cycle lock-out = prevent connection and avoid overheating due to too frequent start-up.
Load shedding = disconnection of the motor when a voltage drop is detected, in order to reduce the
supply load and return to normal voltage.
Notching or jogging / Number of starts = a specified number of successive operations within a given
time.
Phase voltage imbalance = disconnection of the motor in case of high voltage imbalance, responsible
for increased power losses and overheating.
Phase voltage loss = disconnection of motor if one phase of the supply voltage is missing. This is
necessary in order to avoid a single-phase running of a three-phase motor, which results in a reduced
torque, increased stator current, and inability to start.
Phase voltage reversal = prevent the connection and avoid the reverse rotation of the motor in case of a
wrong cabling of phases to the motor terminals, which could happen during maintenance for example.
Under-voltage = prevent the connection of the motor or disconnection of the motor, as a reduced
voltage could not ensure a correct operation of the motor.
Over-voltage = prevent the connection of the motor or disconnection of the motor, as an increased
voltage could not ensure a correct operation of the motor.
Under-power = alarm or disconnection of the motor in case of power lower than normal, as this
situation is revealing a pump drain (risk of destruction of the pump) or broken shaft.
Over-power = alarm or disconnection of the motor in case of power higher than normal, as this situation
is revealing a machine overload.
Under power factor = can be used for detection of low power with motors having a high no-load
current.
Over power factor = can be used for detection of end of the starting phase.
Motor reclosing = controls the automatic reclosing and locking out of a motor.

The relay rating is to be chosen according to the nominal motor current and the calculated starting
time.
• Trip class 10 is adapted to normal duty motors.
• Trip class 20 is recommended for heavy duty motors
• Trip class 30 is necessary for very long motor starting.

Protection of LV Motors
1. Motor Instantaneous Over-Current Protection
2. Motor Timed Over-Current Protection
3. Thermal Overload
4. Motor Ground Fault Protection
5. Motor Stall Protection
6. Motor Over-Fluxing Protection

1. Motor Instantaneous Over-Current Protection

Instantaneous over-current is usually the result of fault conditions (phase to phase, phase to
ground), in which current flow will greatly exceed normal values. Damage due to winding
overheating and burning damage associated with large fault currents can occur without this
type of protection.
These types of faults can be rapidly detected by a differential protection scheme using Core
Balance CTs as will be discussed later and cleared before major damage results. In these
situations, fast acting electromagnetic relays will be used to trip the affected motor.

2. Motor Timed Over-Current Protection

Continuous operation of an electric motor at currents marginally above its rated value can
result in thermal damage to the motor

3. Thermal Overload
Another common type of relay used for timed overload protection is a thermal overload relay.
In this type of relay, the motor current or a fraction of the current through a current
transformer is connected to an in-line heater.

4. Motor Ground Fault Protection

In the detection of ground faults, as with the detection of instantaneous over-currents, it is
extremely important that the fault be detected and cleared quickly to prevent equipment
damage. Insulation damaged by heat (from extended overload operation), brittleness of
insulation (due to aging), wet insulation or mechanically damaged insulation can cause ground
faults.

5. Motor Stall Protection

Stalling or locking the rotor, is a situation in which the circuits of a motor are energized but the rotor is
not turning. Motors are particularly susceptible to overheating during starts, due to high currents
combined with low cooling air flows (due to the low speed of the motor, cooling fans are delivering only
small amounts of air).

6. Motor Over-Fluxing Protection

As you can recall from the module on motor theory, the current drawn by a motor is roughly
proportional to the core flux required to produce rotation. Moreover, the flux in the core is roughly
proportional to the square of the slip speed.

Protection of MV Motors

Similar to LV motors, but different

In principle, the protection of medium voltage motors is similar to low voltage motors,
but the requirements are more demanding. Being closer to the utility source, medium-
voltage motors are more susceptible to voltage sags and surges, reclosing, and higher
available fault levels.

1. Motor overcurrent differential relay (Device 87)

a. Phase differential overcurrent relay
b. Self-balancing differential using window CTs
2. Split winding current unbalance (Device 87)
a. Arrangement of CTs and relays
b. Evaluation of split winding current unbalance protection
c. Application of split winding protection
3. Ground-fault protection
a. Instantaneous ground-fault protection
b. Time-overcurrent ground-fault protection
c. Installation of cable for ground-fault protection
d. Residually connected CTs and ground-fault relay
e. Selection of resistor for low-resistance system grounding
 1. Motor overcurrent differential relay (Device 87)
Motor overcurrent differential protection measures the current flow into a load and
compares it to the current measured on the neutral side of the motor. A current difference is
detected as a fault. These schemes can be technically applied to any motor load, but often are
applied to large or critical motors only where damage could be costly or replacement difficult.

a. Phase differential overcurrent relay

Three general recommendations for applying differential overcurrent protection are as follows:
1. With all motors 750 kW and above used on ungrounded systems.
2. With all motors 750 kW and above used on grounded systems where the ground-fault
protection applied is not considered enough without differential protection to protect
against phase-to-phase faults.
3. With smaller motors, especially at voltages above 2400 V, although justifying differential
protection for large motors (i.e., 1900 kW and above) is easier.
 b. Self-balancing differential using window CTs
Three window (or toroidal) CTs are normally installed at the motor. One CT per
phase is used with the motor line, and neutral leads of one phase are passed
through it so that the flux from the two currents normally cancels each other in
the CT. A winding phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground fault results in an output
from the CTs of the associated phases. That current operates the associated
relays.

4. Split winding current unbalance (Device 87)

The purpose of the split winding current unbalance device is to quickly detect low-
magnitude fault conditions. This protection also serves as backup to instantaneous phase-
overcurrent and ground-fault overcurrent protection.
This protection is normally only applied to motors having two (or three) winding paths in parallel
per phase
 a. Arrangement of CTs and relays
The usual application is with a motor having two winding paths in parallel per
phase. The six line leads (i.e., two per phase) of the motor are brought out, and
one CT is connected in each of the six leads. The primary current rating of the
CTs should be chosen to carry full-load current.
b. Evaluation of split winding current unbalance protection
The following factors should be considered when evaluating split winding current
unbalance protection:

• Total cost would be somewhat less than conventional phase differential

and more than self-balancing differential.
• The primary pickup current for this protection would be about half of
the primary pickup current of conventional phase differential
• This protection has a slight time delay compared to the phase
differential schemes.
•

c. Application of split winding protection

Split winding protection is rarely used, but is feasible to apply to important
motors rated above 3700 kW that have two or four winding paths in parallel
per phase.
5. Ground-fault protection
The purpose of ground-fault protection is to protect motors by detecting ground-fault
conditions with no intentional delay and to be certain that the unbalance current
represents a true ground fault (i.e., not due to asymmetry in the primary current or to
CT saturation).
a. Instantaneous ground-fault protection
Using a zero-sequence (or window) CT that has been designed
for instantaneous ground-fault protection and tested with a specific ground-
fault relay is recommended
For medium-voltage applications, the power system should be resistance-
grounded, and the Device 50G should be set to operate for a primary ground-
fault current in the range of 10 A to 30 A
b. Time-overcurrent ground-fault protection
Many installations have surge protection at the motor terminals, and a surge
discharge through an arrester could cause an instantaneous relay to have a
false trip. To avoid this event, a Device 51G should be applied, in place of the
Device 50G in Figure 5 above, and set to trip within a few seconds of the fault-
sensing pickup.
c. Residually connected CTs and ground-fault relay
Applications have been made using the residual connection from three CTs
(i.e., one per phase) to supply the relay. This arrangement is not ideal because
high phase currents (e.g., due to motor starting inrush or phase faults) may
cause unequal saturation of the CTs and produce a false residual current.
d. Selection of resistor for low-resistance system grounding
The purpose of resistance grounding is to provide current sufficient
for protective relays to operate upon detection of a ground fault, but low
enough to limit the magnitude and resulting damage to the motor.