A Study on Power and Resource Allocation of mmMIMO Antenna Array System and Two-Tier Heterogeneous Network

with Small Cell Cluster Based Algorithm in Wireless Backhaul

Trisha Das Mou1

Abstract--- The dense deployment of small cells will expand network
capacity, making this a megatrend for future wireless technology.
However, the two frequency bands, such as the cellular wireless
frequency band and the millimeter-wave frequency band (mmWave)
are used for wireless backhaul links, though, backhauling a large
number of small cells has become a major challenge to its success. The
significance of Massive MIMO is to generate high spectral efficiency,
also increase energy efficiency. Moreover, the resource allocation
problem in a two-tier heterogeneous MIMO network plays a key role
in avoiding interference between mobile users directly connected to
the host, as well as, the connected host through the backhaul link.
Therefore, two diverse frequency data transfer capacities are
proposed to evade the impedance created between the clients put in
the obstruction region in the small cell. The portable client frequency
range is distributed for the connection between small cell base stations
and macrocell base stations. Moreover, versatile client and millimeter
frequency transfer speed is used between the small cell base station,
small cell bunch heads, and small cell clients. Small cell groupings
enable the small cell to base station hub to choose the quantity of
receiving wires for correspondence and send the solicitation for
distribution of transfer speed to dispose of the internal cell jamming.
This paper highlight the review of the focus on solving power
allocation and preceding design problems associated with energy
efficiency and large antenna array. The choice of SC cluster scheme
and SBH is small enough to be ignored by the processing delay of FD
SBS. On the other hand, the adeptness of IBFD allows small cells to
use the same frequency band to communicate through the access link
and the backhaul link. In this paper the non-conventional method
derives in conventional shape by proper approximation Iteration
based on the Constrained Bump Process (CCCP) which is a solution
algorithm being proposed by the author to explore the general
optimum solution for obtaining the converge.
utilization of wireless communication equipment has increased rapidly,
and network congestion has also increased in locations such as public
structures. In order to overcome this lack of bandwidth, a Two-Tier
heterogeneous network was implemented, presented in [3]. A network
with different bandwidths is proposed, which shares the traffic between
them when a specific bandwidth is congested. MIMO antennas are
designed to efficiently access two bandwidths to handle Congestion in the
network.
The concept of heterogeneous network leads a new network
connection, entitled as the backhaul network. This technology provides a
dedicated connection to the host instead of a regular direct connection.
Connection. When low bandwidth is allocated, these backhaul networks
are used to handle congestion in the communication network. However, in
practice, the use of wired backhaul to connect to a large number of small
cells is a major bottleneck. Wireless backhaul via massive MIMO may be
an essential and cost-effective solution, as well as, energy efficient,
claimed in [4–6].
The latest developments in the self-interference (SI)
cancellation capabilities of full-duplex radios through shared antenna
schemes, digital circuit domain schemes, and beamforming-based
technologies provide new ways for successful deployment, described in
[7] & [8].

Keywords: Two-Tier Heterogeneous Networks, Small Cell Cluster,

Resource Allocation, Massive MIMO, Energy Efficiency, IBFD
proficiency.

I. Introduction
Different base stations (BS) infrastructures are making Cellular network
systems diverse tremendously. Consequently, a significant increase in
mobile data traffic and high-quality service (QoS) demand are the results.
Thus, brings out the need to increase the capacity of wireless network.
Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) forecast that, global mobile data
traffic will growth seven fold from 2017 to 2022, mentioned from [1].
Therefore, Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with small cell and
multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems are now considered to be Figure 1:
two promising and effective solutions for transmitting data faster, as well
as, stable efficiency, claimed in [2]. The energy efficiency (EE) of massive MIMO systems is
MIMO antennas provide parallel communication by sending usually characterized by the ratio of achievable data Rate (bits/second) and
and receiving data on multiple paths of the antenna simultaneously. This total power consumption (watts). Although deploying more antennas on
parallel approach reduces communication Time, which helps other users the base station (BS) can increase the data rate, subsequently, the
to use the channel in a short time interval without congestion. The use of additional antenna circuitry results in a higher transmission rate energy
MIMO technology has reduced the channel allocation time, thus the consumption. This has stimulated the demand for energy-saving system
design, mentioned in [10].

1
Department of EECE, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
E-mail: trishadasmou.eee@gmail.com
 Recently, two frequency bands have been considered as ideal
candidates for wireless backhaul. One is the cellular frequency band,
which is the same frequency as the nearest cellular network. The other is
the high frequency band, entitled as millimeter wave (mmWave), such as
the 60 GHz band and the E-band (71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz), mentioned
in [11]. For example, resource allocation in a two-layer mMIMO-HetNet
system with in-band wireless backhaul, and proposed mmWave wireless
backhaul improve system capacity in [13]. Because mmWave has high
propagation loss, for example, the path loss in the free space of the 60 GHz
frequency band is 28 decibels higher than that in 2.4 GHz [10] & [16], so
it is not suitable for long-distance transmission [14].Therefore, mmWave
is a suitable candidate for wireless backhaul between small cells [12].
This dissertation represented the review of [12], where the
author exlicit a corollary that SCC-based resource allocation in two-tier
mmMIMO-HetNet systems with wireless backhaul, in addition, for
evaluating the performance of this system, energy efficiency has been
discussed.

The major concerns of the reviewed paper is mentioned below-

System Architecture Power Allocation Proposed Authors Methodology

Optimization Algorithm Contribution
 The first proposal is the  The power allocation  Since it is necessary to  The author of [12]  The first part
architecture of an SCC-based optimization problem set a feasible initial claimed to put each Strategy includes
mMIMO heterogeneous of maximizing the total value in the iterative SBS power singular value
network system, in which downlink rate of the algorithm based on constraint in the decomposition
two frequency bands system through an CCCP, it may be original problem (SVD)
(cellular frequency band and applicable estimate and difficult to find a instead of each SCC  Next, maximize
mmWave frequency band) an iterative algorithm feasible initial value power constraint, so Mobile base Station
are used for wireless based Constrained when there are too the precoding of transmit power,
backhaul links. Concave Convex many constraints. each SCC was which is the total
Process (CCCP) in [15] redesigned. downlink rate of the
 In order to eliminate inter- proposed to solve the  Therefore, an iterative system, even though
layer interference and problem. water injection  On this basis, the it is tough to explain
multiMU interference, a algorithm is proposed precoding of each directly.
block diagonalization-based to obtain the best power SCC is divided into
precoding scheme for MBS distribution. a product of two  Similarly,
proposed in [12], in which parts. The first part transformed the
the transmit precoding matrix is designed to formulated problem
of MU is projected onto the eliminate multi-SU into multiple sub-
empty space of the and inter-layer problems in an
interference channel. interference, and iterative water
the second part is injection algorithm,
adjusted to which proposed to
maximize the total get the best power
downlink rate of the allocation and
system. preceding.

Table 1: Architecture of the existing papers

The following issues are discussed in the rest of the paper:

 An overview of the existing papers that discuss issues nnd challenges

of resource allocation with mmMIMO in two-layer heterogeneous
network for wireless backhaul associated with small cluster
algorithm.
 Describe Small cell and Macro Cell structure in Access downlink and
backhaul system by self-established image (Figure 1, Figure 2 and
Figure 3}
 A systematic study described in related work of the existing
algorithms and other actions that are needed for mmMIMO Antenna
Array System and Small Cell Cluster for SBSsby emphasizing on
their strengths and weaknesses. Focused on Small Cell Cluster with
Self-Interference (SI) Cancellation which is undoubted playing a
vital role in the system Backhaul for Heterogeneous Network
 Studied different types of algorithm for establishing bandwidth
efficiency and power constraint analysis.
 Highlighting the important areas for improving the large antenna
arrays system for mmMIMO in the future, as well as the scope of
resource allocation in the IoT and its platforms.
 II. Related Work
Due to the increase in communication equipment, effective
connections between hosts have become more critical to provide effective
non-congestion communication, therefore, multiple protocols has been
implemented more significant energy-efficient connections. Congestion-
free protocol communication affects energy efficiency. Mostly wireless
communication equipment is powered by batteries, so energy efficiency is
higher that plays a vital role in these communication networks. MIMO
technology a layer-based cross-layer mechanism is introduced to deal with
congestion and energy efficiency in communication networks, explained
in [16].
A. mmMIMO Antenna Array System and Small Cell Cluster for
SBSs
Different energy-saving algorithms are implemented in cellular
networks to overcome energy consumption among mobile users. These
energy-saving algorithms can reduce energy consumption, but will affect
the quality of service in the network. The agreement must promote dense
frequency reuse in the presence of spectrum holes. In order to overcome
the problem of spectrum densification, large-scale technologies such as
MIMO mechanisms and soft cell methods/small cell have been
implemented. The beamforming method is applied to implement the
MIMO concept in soft cell networks. This method not only satisfies the
energy constraint but also satisfies the quality of service in the network,
mentioned in [17].
An extended wireless network is implemented using MIMO
antennas in all the nodes and works in the line of sight propagation model.
The number of nodes placed in the network determined the number of
antennas, in each node. This method overcomes the zero data rate
problems by regulating the multiple input and output through the line of
sight propagation model. The antennas are equally split to perform
transmission and receiving function. Two transmission strategies are
implemented, Long-hop and Short hop. In long-hop strategy, the nodes are
placed widely to meet the maximum transmission range. By sacrificing
the multiplexing power, the gain in transmission is increased, mentioned
in [17]. In case of short hops, the nodes are placed nearer that the nodes
will take maximum short hops to reach its destination. It gains the
multiplexing power by performing shorter hops in the network. The
efficiency of the antenna is relatively utilization. This method is used to
perform backhaul process in the network [18]. Though, in mmWave
MIMO system with a large number of antennas, it will bring prohibitively
high energy consumption and hardware complexity. To solve this
problem, mmWave MIMO prefers the more energy-efficient hybrid
analog and digital precoding [19], which can significantly reduce the
number of required RF chains [12] & [28]. Two categories of techniques
have been proposed recently.
 The first category is based on the spatially sparse precoding
[28],
 The second category of hybrid precoding based on
codebook [28].
Though, one of the drawback is RF chain connection required huge
amount of phase shifter, cause each RF chain will operate hundreds of BS
antennas, which is also energy-intensive. Therefore, the sub-connected
architecture is expected to be more energyefficient and implementation
practical for mmWave MIMO systems.
The size of the network determine the number of antennas
placed between the network user and base station node. By developing a
random function use to identify the location of the node and the number
of antennas to be placed for the transmission and reception process. In
order to obtain the maximum frequency in a smaller network, the scaling
of the antenna is used. The geometric index stripping method is
implemented to increase channel gain and network stability. Most hybrid
precoding techniques consider a fully-connected architecture requiring a
large number of phase shifters, which is also energy intensive. To solve
this problem, mmWave MIMO prefers the more energy-efficient hybrid
analog and digital precoding, mentioned in [25].
B. Backhaul for Heterogeneous Network
In the future, wireless communication networks will have
multiple access points to cover the huge demands in the network.
Applying decentralized methods for densification and spectrum sharing
management to analyze the performance of signal processing in
distributed processing affecting energy efficiency, overcoming this
problem by recognizing the three-level distributed concept. First, signal
processing is performed between nodes (hybrid), while in the second level,
processing is performed only at the access point, while the third level is
distributed, where processing is performed in each individual node.
Compare energy efficiency in distributed and centralized models to find a
solution suitable for the backhaul network. [18].
The network structure of the heterogeneous network can meet
the requirements of energy efficiency, spectrum efficiency and service
quality. The framework also includes multilayer interference control and
power management. The system is designed to manage all these conditions
under unbalanced load conditions in 5G wireless communication
networks. [21]. A separate intermediate host is placed to regulate traffic
within a limited bandwidth. Many algorithms are implemented to handle
the connections in the backhaul network. Allocating bandwidth for the
backhaul link and effectively processing network traffic, which is based
on backhaul user and neighbor channel conflicts are important criteria to
be handled in the backhaul Heterogeneous network based MIMO nodes
[12].
To improve the cost efficiency and energy efficiency in the
network the density of the heterogeneous network was increased. The
density of the communication channel increases the capability of the
backhaul network to handle much higher traffic. Heavy, dense traffic
created at backhaul link affects the performance of other mobile user
connected directly to the host. So regulation of dense traffic by backhaul
link should be monitored to provide balanced connection throughout the
network.
Under the limitation of wireless backhaul, downlink cell
association and bandwidth allocation can maximize the total number of
log users which is comprehensively analyzed by the authors of [23]. It is
assumed that co-channel reverse time division duplex (TDD) is used for
duplexing and spectrum sharing, additionally, spatial multiplexing method
dynamic soft frequencies are also reused to achieve interference
coordination. However, the power allocation and precoding design are not
considered. The author optimizes the Energy Efficiency of the system by
applying self-backhaul and energy harvesting, also consider small cell
association and power allocation problems in FD SBS, which is proposed
by the author in [22]. Instead of single tire network the backhaul
architecture is more efficient in two-tier system, proposed in [24].
C. Small Cell Cluster with Self-Interference (SI) Cancellation
Due to large scale propagation and multiple path in two-tier
heterogeneous network cause Inter Symbol Interference ISI. Full-duplex
radios through shared antenna schemes, digital circuit domain schemes,
and beamforming-based technologies provide new ways for successful
deployment for Self-Interference (SI) cancellation, described in [7] & [8].
The common-band full-duplex (IBFD) system supports the transmission
and reception of information in the same frequency band, and achieves a
significant improvement in wireless network SE [9]. Therefore, using full-
duplex technology at SBS and massive MIMO at MBS in in-band
backhaul transmission can produce an excellent architecture that [5], [9],
which combines the advantages of the aforementioned technologies.
Because of its ability of beam energy to the required area, massive MIMO
is attractive for wireless energy transmission. This can enable wireless
power operation for a large number of RF (radio frequency) energy
harvesting devices in future paradigms such as the Internet of Things
(IoT), presented in [10]. mmWave is a suitable candidate for wireless
backhaul between SCs.
On the other hand, the author of [28], proposed a successive
interference cancelation (SIC)-based hybrid precoding with sub-
connected architecture. In addition, they claimed that maximizing the
achievable sub-rate of each sub-antenna array is equivalent to seeking a
precoding vector which has the smallest Euclidean distance to the
unconstrained optimal solution. Based on this fact, we can easily obtain
the optimal precoding vector for each sub-antenna array [28].
Furthermore, a low-complexity algorithm applied to realize the SIC-
based precoding, which avoids the need for singular value decomposition
(SVD) and matrix inversion. Complexity evaluation shows that the
complexity of SIC-based precoding is only about 10% as complex as that
of the spatially sparse precoding [29] in typical mmWave MIMO systems,
while it can still achieve the near-optimal performance
The development of wireless mobile communications lead higher
data rate applications increment, which consumes vast energy to achieve
the quality of service in the network. Mobile devices are battery-powered,
so an energy-saving algorithm is needed to meet energy constraints and
achieve ecofriendly communication quality of service. The process should
be performed in the background without disturbing the communication
medium. To perform these procedures implementation of OFDMA-based
MIMO technology in relay transporting network [20].
III. Methodology
For system architecture, deal with Multi-path heterogeneous
topology, titled as two-tier mMIMO-HetNet system consisting with
effective traffic congestion, divide the traffic into multiple levels. Two
floors Heterogeneous networks are widely used, in which additional
backhaul links are generated for highly handle network users in dense
location. The backhaul link provides a separate connection between the
host and the user node when the user node enters a smaller cell area is
heterogeneity, thus, place a separate backhaul link to handle Network
traffic.
In order to handle network traffic and user density, the network is
occupied with functions and is deployed by increasing network
bandwidth. Simply increasing these parameters is not enough. These
methods fail in dense areas and at the edge of the network. Consequently,
to overcome the problem of performance degradation, small cells were
introduced. Small cells are coupled to the open macro network and help to
share load between smaller cells and through normal direct links.
Developing Small cells in areas where the coverage links of macro -cells
are weak or have high-density could be advantageous. Small cells
equipped with low-power base stations that can help user nodes to
interface with communication hosts. Figure 2 illustrates the location of
small cells in a macro cell network.
Figure 2: Macro and Small Cells Representation
Deploy small cells unit to increase processing power data load in the
network, moreover, Small cells provide backhaul for establishing a
connection with the host by reducing the network traffic of the macro cell.
After that when the user node enters, it joins the backhaul network with
Small-Cell area. Network load in Small and Macro cells avoid load
imbalance in the network. To overcome transmission delay, place MIMO-
based antennas in the Base stations and micro-access providers in the
network Hybrid mesh cell.
Figure 3: Inter Clusters in Small Cell and Multi-Frequency Link.
In a heterogeneous network, the size of the unit will be different
Call it "Macro", "Small" and "Pico" based on size cell. Each cell size has
its transmission power. Because of placing multiple small cells, the mutual
interference is getting closer and Small cells are closely place the user
node in the small unit. That has three different signals, one from the macro
unit and the other from the corresponding small cell. Overcome this
interference problem, clusters between each small cells was established,
because its access points and inter-cluster access points are grouped with
small base stations. The backhaul network has been framed between the
small cell base station and the host node.
Two frequency bands are implemented in a heterogeneous
network, one has a normal mobile frequency band and the other has
millimeter wave frequency band. The mobile frequency band is applied to
macro cell and millimeter wave frequency band utilized between small
base stations and small users clusters. Difference in frequency processing
provides interference avoidance between macro nodes and small cell node.
This formation of clusters can achieve load balancing in the small cell
area.
Implemented a small cell clustering algorithm to handle Inter-
cell traffic in the small cell area. Interference Eliminates inter-cell and
direct link mobile users caused user block diagonalization process. The
transmission precoding process is framed to avoid the interference of
mobile users moving from the direct link to the small cell area (and vice
versa). This method is implemented in all small cell nodes. In the initial
state of the Internet, some users’ communication requests are submitted
by small base stations.
According to the bandwidth flow of the small cell is allocated
by the macro cell station. Bandwidth is allocated based on the number of
users request directly from small cell base stations, meanwhile a user
enters and exits small cells. Therefore, the bandwidth and number of
mmMIMO antennas are fixed before communication started. The radio
wave communication within the small cell provides additional security to
prevent interference by mobile users for interference area from direct link
to small cell area.
By following the analysis of authors [12] the amount of
bandwidth allocated for small cells as follows;
Received Signal-
 𝑆
𝑌𝐼𝐾 =∑𝐾1 𝑆𝑆 𝑠 𝑠 𝐾𝑚 𝑚𝑠 𝑚 𝑚 𝑐 𝑁 𝑏𝑠 𝑏 𝑏
𝑖=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑙𝑖 𝑥𝑙𝑖 +∑𝑖=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑜𝑖 𝑥𝑜𝑖 +∑𝑖=1 ∑𝑗=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 + 𝐻𝑚𝑚𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 =γ
𝐹
𝑛𝑙𝑘 ∑ 𝑓=1 𝑎𝑓 ∧𝑟 (𝜙𝑓𝑟 𝜃𝑓𝑟 ) ∧𝑟 (𝜙𝑓𝑡 𝜃𝑓𝑡 )Γ𝑟 (𝜙𝑓𝑟 𝜃𝑓𝑟 )Γ𝑡 (𝜙𝑓𝑡 𝜃𝑓𝑡 )….(4)
𝑆𝑆 𝑠 𝑠
=ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑙𝑖 𝑥𝑙𝑖 +∑𝐾1 𝑆𝑆 𝑠 𝑠 𝐾𝑚 𝑚𝑠 𝑚 𝑚
𝑖≠𝑘 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑙𝑖 𝑥𝑙𝑖 +∑𝑖=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑂𝑖 𝑥𝑂𝑖 + Where,
∑𝑐𝑖=1 ∑𝑁 𝑏𝑠 𝑏 𝑏  γ = pGTGR = F is a normalization factor, GT and GR
𝑗=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 +𝑛𝑙𝑘 ……………..(1)
denote transmit and receive number of antennas, respectively. F
Here, is the number of effective channel paths corresponding to the
limited number of scatters. αf is the complex gain of the f -th
𝑆𝑆 𝑠 𝑠 path.
 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑙𝑖 𝑥𝑙𝑖 = Desired Signal
 (∑𝑖≠𝑘 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑙𝑖 𝑥𝑙𝑖 +∑𝐾𝑚
𝐾1 𝑆𝑆 𝑠 𝑠 𝑚𝑠 𝑚 𝑚  The function (𝜙𝑓𝑡 𝜃𝑓𝑡 ) and (𝜙𝑓𝑟 𝜃𝑓𝑟 ) denote the azimuth
𝑖=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑂𝑖 𝑥𝑂𝑖 ) = (Multi−SU
interference)+ (Inter−tier interference) (elevation) angles of departure and arrival
 ∑𝑐𝑖=1 ∑𝑁 𝑏𝑠 𝑏 𝑏  Respectively Γ𝑟 (𝜙𝑓𝑟 𝜃𝑓𝑟 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Γ𝑡 (𝜙𝑓𝑡 𝜃𝑓𝑡 ) denote the
𝑗=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 = Backhaul interference
 𝑛𝑙𝑘 = Noise. antenna array respons vectors corresponding to the
antenna array structures, respectively.
M and N antenna arrays, BS serves KS, 𝐾𝑚 denote MBS 9Total
number of mobile user), SBS defined by KS, the received signal by the For the uniform linear array (ULA) with GT elements, the
kth MU can be written as follows [12]: antenna array response vector shown in [26].

The total bandwidth allocated to the small cell includes the smaller
𝑚
𝑌𝑂𝑘 =∑𝐾𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝐾𝑖 𝑠𝑚 𝑠 𝑠
𝑖=1 ℎ𝑂𝑘 𝑣𝑂𝑘 𝑥𝑂𝑘 +∑𝑖𝜀𝛽𝑚𝑘 ∑𝑖𝑗=1 ℎ𝑖𝑘 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 + interference ranges and the noise value so that the effect due to these
∑𝑐𝑖=1 ∑𝑁 𝑏𝑚 𝑏 𝑏
𝑗=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 +𝑛𝑜𝑘 disturbances is neglected in the communication link.

𝑣𝑂𝐾 𝑥𝑂𝑘 +∑𝐾𝑚

𝑚𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝐾𝑖 𝑠𝑚 𝑠 𝑠 IV. Result and Discussion
=ℎ𝑂𝑘 i≠1 ℎ𝑂𝑘 𝑣𝑂𝑖 𝑥𝑂𝑖 +∑𝑖𝜀𝛽𝑚𝑘 ∑𝑖𝑗=1 ℎ𝑖𝑘 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 +
∑𝑐𝑖=1 ∑𝑁 𝑏𝑚 𝑏 𝑏
𝑗=1 ℎ𝑂𝐾 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 +𝑛𝑂𝑘 …………….(2) In this section, authors [12] evaluate the performance of proposed
Here, algorithms.
 Depending on Per-SCC Power Constraint analyze performance
 𝑚𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
ℎ𝑂𝑘 𝑣𝑂𝐾 𝑥𝑂𝑘 = Desired Signal  Based on Per-SBS Power Constraint analyze performance
 ∑𝐾𝑚 ℎ 𝑚𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝐾𝑖 𝑠𝑚 𝑠 𝑠
i≠1 𝑂𝑘 𝑣𝑂𝑖 𝑥𝑂𝑖 +∑𝑖𝜀𝛽𝑚𝑘 ∑𝑖𝑗=1 ℎ𝑖𝑘 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 = Depending on the performance of Per-SCC power constraint analysis,
(Multi−MU interference)+ (Inter−tier interference), consider simulating a massive MIMO MBS in the cell cente. Each SCC is
 ∑𝐾𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
i≠1 ℎ𝑂𝑘 𝑣𝑂𝑖 𝑥𝑂𝑖 = The total signal strength received by
a circular and MBS rectangular, in this paper, authors randomly select a
the mobile user from small cell, cluster access point SBH from SBSs for simplicity [12].
 ∑𝑐𝑖=1 ∑𝑁 𝑏𝑚 𝑏 𝑏
𝑗=1 ℎ𝑂𝐾 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 = Backhaul interference,
These interferences caused in the communication link are very
small, so these values are neglected in the calculation of loss in
packets transferred due to this interference, but the values are
added in bandwidth requirement to neglect the effect in the
network.
 𝑛𝑂𝑘 = Noise
For backhaul downlink of SCCs the received signal by the kth
antenna in the lth SBH can be written as follows [12]:

𝑌𝑙𝑘𝑏 =∑𝑐𝑖=1 ∑𝑁 𝑏𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝐾𝑚 𝑚𝑏 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑗=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 +∑i=1 ℎ𝑙𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑖 𝑥𝑜𝑖 +𝑛𝑙𝑘

𝑣𝑙𝑘 𝑥𝑙𝑘 +∑𝑁

𝑏𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
=ℎ𝑙𝑘 𝑏𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑁 𝑏𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑗≠𝑘 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑙𝑗 𝑥𝑙𝑗 ++∑𝑖≠1 ∑𝑗≠1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 +
Figure 4: Downlink SE versus iteration number [12]
∑𝐾𝑚 𝑚𝑏 𝑚 𝑚 𝑏
𝑖=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑂𝑖 𝑥𝑂𝑖 ) +𝑛𝑙𝑘 ……………..(3)
Figure 4, demonstrated the convergence performance of the proposed
Here, CCCP-based iterative algorithm. Here, for different initial values and after
several iterations, the downlink SE will quickly converge to the maximum
𝑏𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
 ℎ𝑙𝑘 𝑣𝑙𝑘 𝑥𝑙𝑘 = Desired Signal value. However, the disadvantage of this algorithm is that the initial value
 𝑁
∑𝑗≠𝑘 ℎ𝐼𝐾𝑏𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑣𝑙𝑗 𝑥𝑙𝑗 ++∑𝑐𝑖≠1 ∑𝑁 𝑏𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑗≠1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖𝑗 =
must be feasible. When there are a large number of variables and
constraints (ie, the number of users and SCs is relatively large), it may be
(Multi−antena interference)+ (Multi-SBH difficult to find a feasible initial value.
interference) Figure-5, illustrated the downlink SE versus per-SCC power under
 ∑𝐾𝑚 𝑚𝑏 𝑚 𝑚
𝑖=1 ℎ𝐼𝐾 𝑣𝑂𝑖 𝑥𝑂𝑖 ) = Access Downlink interference
two algorithms, mentioned below-

 𝑏
𝑛𝑙𝑘 = Noise  First, SE increases and then stabilizes with per-SCC power,

Then, its channel model can be presented as [26], [27]:

  Second, the performance of the proposed iterative algorithm,
based on CCCP is very close to the performance of the
recommended optimal iterative water injection algorithm,
especially for high power per SCC.
Figure 5: Downlink SE versus per-SCC power. [12]
Figure-6 illustrate, the downlink SE versus the total power at MBS
under two algorithms.
 Firstly, Pmmax, increases when the SE increases, which is easy
to comprehend.
 Secondly, higher power of per SCC, which means that the
solution obtained by the iterative algorithm based on CCCP
becomes the global optimum under certain conditions.
. Figure 6: Downlink SE versus total power at MBS. [12]
Figure 7 represented, the relationship between the downlink SE and
the number of MBS antennas M under the two algorithms. Easy to verify
the increment of SE with the number of MBS antennas M. For the same
M and power per SCC, the SE is almost the same under the two algorithms
[12].
 When the power per SCC is higher, the SE is higher, •
 When the power per SCC is low, their rate gap becomes
larger with the antenna. This is because the actual transmit
power of the SBS in each SCC is less than the highest
power.
Finally, although with the incensement of M, SE has been improved.
However, when each per-SCC power is lower than the selected maximum
power the SE in very limited compared with per-SCC power.
Figure 7: Downlink SE versus number of MBS antennas [12].
Figure-8 shows the relationship between the number of
downlink SE and SBS antennas N, under the two algorithms. Obviously,
the SE increases as the antenna array N increases, and it is greater for
higher M In addition, the performance of the two algorithms is almost the
same [12]. Moreover, Figure-9, signify the downlink SE versus number of
SUs in each SC. It can be found that more SUs can bring higher SE [12].
Even though if it is obvious, the backhaul data provided by the
mobile base station is limited because the SE of the MU must be
considered. Therefore, for each SCC with more SU or higher power, the
SE of the SCC can be increased, though, they cannot obtain such a high
SE due to the limited backhaul data. This is the reason why the downlink
SE in Figure-9 is almost stable for more users or higher power per SCC.
Figure 8: Downlink SE versus number of SBS antenna [12].
Figure 9: Downlink SE versus number of SUs in each SC [12].
 Now, based on the performance of Per-SBS power
constraint analysis, the corresponding problem is solved by the iterative
water injection algorithm. The authors claim that they compared the
downlink SE under two different power limits [12]. For each SBS power
constraint, the total power of the SBS in each SCC is the same as the power
under each SCC power constraint, and each SBS has the same power.It
can be seen from Figure 10 (the second representation of Figure 7) that,
when the number of MBS antennas is less than the previously considered
regional radio, the SE is the same under the two power constraints, as
mentioned in [12]
Figure 10: Downlink SE versus number of MBS antennas [12]
Finally, finally, according to Figure 10, it is found that for a larger number
of MBS antennas associated with the SE under each SCC power
constraint, which is higher than the SE under each SBS power constraint.
V. Limitations
Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm. It is an
environment with a large number of interconnected things and
applications. IoT devices are used to generate data, which is converted into
usable information, and provide application resources for end users. This
process is the main goal of the IoT. Therefore, one of the important themes
in the Internet of Things is resource allocation, the purpose of this is to
balance load and minimize operating costs and power consumption. In
addition, the resources should be allocated in such a way to be a balanced
efficiency that can increase the system performance, Quality of Service
(QoS). However, the resource allocation in the IoT is the main challenge
in which the users’ requirements are accommodated [30]. Although, this
drawback can be overcome by using multiple layer Heterogeneous
network by clustering small cells that cancel the Self Interference.
Moreover, environmentally created noise can’t be eliminated
permanently, even though, machine learning application can effectively
reduce external noise [31]. SIC-based hybrid precoding is easy to analysis
the system.
VI. Future Aspect
 However, using the blockchain in for Heterogeneous Network with
Small Cell Cluster could reduce the limitation in resources is a
challenge as well as improve QoS-Quality of Service.
 Machine Learning for Resource Management in Cellular and IoT
Networks can be a potential application, which is time occupied and
energy efficient.
 Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Resource Allocation and
Power Control in Small Cells cost functions with local CSI or local
CSIT in the literature rely on heuristic formulations, because the sum-
rate cannot be computed if without global CSI. A deep reinforcement
learning-based RA algorithm to maximize the sum-rate for any given
limited information on instantaneous CSI or sum-rate at the previous
period, for mining the cost of phase shifter in Large Antenna Array.
VII. Conclusion
Interference issues and service quality of Heterogeneous
Network use the backhaul link MIMO properties to improve performance
in the network two-layer heterogeneous network, but due to Macro users
and small cell users are relatively satisfied in the interference area. To
overcome this problem, a resource allocation algorithm based on small
cell clusters is implemented in a heterogeneous network. This review
paper illustrated the SCC-based resource allocation in mMIMO-HetNet
systems with wireless backhaul with the proposal of using hybrid
precoding large antenna array. According to, X. Gao, the author of [26],
claimed SIC-based hybrid precoding is only about 10% as complex as that
of the recently proposed spatially sparse precoding in typical mmWave
MIMO systems. This paper has investigated the downlink performance of
a two-tier heterogeneous network accounting massive MIMO enabled
wireless backhauling at MBS and full-duplex transmission at SBS. For
eliminating multi-user and inter-tier inference BD based precoding
scheme applied at MBS and per SCC. The power allocation optimization
problem formulated by two algorithms to maximize the downlink sum rate
of the system subject to per-SCC power constraint and
To conclude, it can state that, applying large antenna array in
two-tier mmMIMO for Heterogeneous Network with Small Cell Cluster
in Wireless Backhaul is energy efficient and effective for source division,
as well as fully cancelation of Self-interference on the system. From the
numerical results, shown that number of antennas and SBS density can be
Considered as a useful design parameter in the system model to achieve
optimal performance. The idea can be outstretched by employing multiple
antennas at SBS to serve multiple users and by addressing interference
management schemes. From this work, it may be concluded that massive
MIMO enabled wireless backhaul and fullduplex transmission are
significant technologies for future networks with proper interference
management.
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