Apostolic Vicariate of Tabuk Catholic Schools System, Inc.

10 St. William’s Academy Bulanao, Inc.

Senior High School Department
Bulanao, Tabuk City, Kalinga, 3800 Philippines
C.N:___
School Year 2020 – 2021

LEARNING MODULE IN DISCIPLINE AND IDEALS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES 11

MODULE NO.3-4. CONCEPT MODULE

TOPIC: Major Social Sciences Theories
C. N:____ Name: _____________________________________ Grade and Section:_______________________

Dear Parents;
In this time of health pandemic, we would be glad if you could help us facilitate this lesson to our learners to be able to
continue his/her the holistic development. Thank you and we will heal and journey as one.
School Administration

I. LEARNING TARGETS:
In this lesson, the learners will be able to;
1. Determine the relationship between gender ideology and gender inequality.
2. Identify the key theories on feminism.
3. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of feminism approach.
4. Analyze the significance of data.
5. Identify the key theorists on hermeneutical phenomenology.
6. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of hermeneutical phenomenology approach.
7. Distinguish the ways by which human environment interactions shape cultural and natural landscapes.
8. Interpret thematic and mental maps to understand landscape changes and an individual’s sense of place.
9. Explain environmental and social issues through the analysis of spatial distributions and spatial processes.
II. LESSON PROPER
FEMINISM
 A collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic,
and social rights for women. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and
employment.
 Studies gender and its relation to power, and the dynamics these two concepts play out in economics, politics,
sexuality, race, and nationality among others.
 The primary concern that feminism tries to address is the oppression of women in society and the patriarchal
structure of most societies.
Patriarchy- a social organization wherein the father or eldest male heads a society or government.

The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three "waves". Each is described as dealing with
different aspects of the same feminist issues.
1. The first wave refers to the movement of the 19th through early 20th centuries, which dealt mainly with suffrage,
working conditions and educational rights for women and girls.
Most Important incidents
Russia: In 1913 women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday of February.
England: In 1918 Marie Stopes, who believed in equality in marriage and the importance of women's sexual
desire, published Married Love, a sex manual that, according to a survey of American academics in 1935,
was one of the 25 most influential books of the previous 50 years.
Germany: in 1919 granted women the right to vote.
England 1919- Nancy Astor became the first woman to take her seat in the House of Commons.
China: The first female students were accepted in Peking University, soon followed by universities all over
China.
2. The second wave (1960s1980s) dealt with the inequality of laws, as well as cultural inequalities and the role of
women in society.
Most Important incidents
1966 Twenty-eight women, among them Betty Friedan, founded the National Organization for Women (NOW).
1969 The American radical organization Redstockings was organized.
1973 The American National Black Feminist Organization was formed
1977 the Canadian Human Rights Act was passed, prohibiting discrimination based on characteristics including sex
and sexual orientation, and requiring "equal pay for work of equal value
1980 The second wave began in the 1980s in Turkey and in Israel.
3. The third wave of feminism (late 1980searly 2000s (decade)), is seen as both a continuation of the second wave and
a response to the perceived failures.
Most Important incidents
1994: The Gender Equity in Education Act became law in the U.S. It banned sex role stereotyping and gender discrimination in
the classroom
1994: The Violence Against Women Act became law in the U.S
1995: The Fourth World Conference on Women was held in China
 2007: The Gender Equality Duty of the Equality Act 2006 came into effect in the United Kingdom
2008: Norway requires all companies to have at least forty percent women on their boards

KEY CONCEPT IN FEMINISM

Gender Ideology- social beliefs that supports gender inequality.
 It is a social divide that establishes perceived roles for men and women, and relegating them to specific
roles for men and women, and relegating them to specific roles.
Gender Inequality- is the actualization or realization of gender ideology.
 There is gender inequality when the percieved role of women subordination to men reflects hiring
procedure and requirements; for example, a secretarial post accepting only female applicants.

IMPORTANT THEORIES
Mary Wollstonecraft
 Mary Wollstonecraft was an English writer who advocated for women's equality. Her book 'A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman' pressed for educational reforms.
 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). In the work, she clearly abhors prevailing notions that
women are helpless adornments of a household. Instead, she states that society breeds "gentle domestic
brutes” and that a confined existence makes women frustrated and transforms them into tyrants over
their children and servants. The key, she purports, is educational reform, giving women access to the
same educational opportunities as men.
Nancy Cott
 Nancy Falik Cott is a historian, educator, editor and writer specializing in women's history. She is
recognized as an influential feminist scholar and is credited with contributing a great deal to the body of
knowledge on women's roles, both social and political, throughout the history of the United States.
 Cott was called as an expert witness by the plaintiffs’ lawyers, who had flown her, one of the foremost
historians of marriage in the United States, cross-country to refute Prop 8 supporters’ claims to fact. Cott
is in favor of same-sex marriages. She reached this conclusion, she says, “as a result of my historical
research and study.” She argues, “If gender symmetry and equality and the couples’ own definition of
spousal roles are characteristic of marriage, then same-sex couples seem perfectly able to fulfill those
roles.”
Adrienne Rich
 Adrienne Rich is an influential American poetess, publicist, a representative of the second wave of
feminism, a lesbian. She is the author of 25 books of poetry, 6 collections of essays and notes. Rich
belongs to the most significant poetesses of the USA in the second half of the 20th – beginning of the
21st centuries, influential figures of the American public scene.
 Uses poetry to bring to light the oppression of women and lesbians in the society.
Judith Butler
 Judith Butler is an American gender theorist and professor of comparative literature and rhetoric at the
University of California, Berkeley. Since 1988, she has written many books and articles on feminism,
gender theory, philosophy, and culture. Here we will focus on her ideas about feminism and gender,
particularly those presented in her most well-known book Gender Trouble: Feminism and the
Subversion of Identity. In this work, she challenged the existing feminist model in terms of how it has
defined the female gender.
Patricia Hill Collins
 Patricia Hill Collins is an acclaimed social theorist known for her intersectional approach to the
sociologies of feminism, Black liberation, and nationalism. Collins draws from her own experiences
with discrimination, which she encountered head on as a Black working-class student who attended
white middle-class schools. She notes that her marginalized position in economically privileged, white
spaces forced her to endure “daily assaults designed to teach [her] that being an African American,
working-class woman made [her] lesser than those who were not.”
Ayn Rand
 rejected the label "feminist" and even went so far as to provocatively declare herself a "male
chauvinist." In addition to her philosophical views per se, she had a view of sexual psychology that
ascribed distinctive "masculine" and "feminine" attitudes to healthy men and women respectively. She
argued that sexually, women should desire to engage in "hero worship," and that this required having at
least one man to whom they could each look up. For this reason she argued in her essay "About a
Woman President" that a women should not want to be the commander-in-chief. However, she was clear
to explain in that context that she nevertheless held that ability was not the basic issue: "women are not
inferior to men in ability or intelligence..." Neither I nor any Objectivist thinker of note today thinks
Rand's psychological concepts of femininity and masculinity are integral to the philosophy of
Objectivism .

List of Pros of Feminism

1. Leads towards Self-Love and Respect.
Women who have been abused, belittled, and disempowered as a child can regain their power through the ideologies of
feminism. It will fulfill the assurance that life will become better upon stepping up and taking responsibility of one’s actions.
Thus, it will open an opportunity to acquire self-respect and self-love.
2. Promotes Sense of Belonging.
The nature of women aiming to look out for other women will result in a sense of belonging and community. In fact, many
spiritual and secular women organizations based their ideologies from feministic activism and philosophy. Thus, it will
provide a place for women with different orientations and nationalities to feel accepted.
3. Promotes Relationship Equality.
Relationships that are defined by equality and freedom are considered healthy. This is when both partners perceive
themselves as equals. So, the relationship will be built on the basis of mutual respect, instead of being dependent on control
and indigence.
List of Cons of Feminism
1. More Children Lack Mother’s Care.
The fact that women are unsatisfied if they do not become the breadwinner or the homemaker put them in a position where
they earn a living for themselves. However, wives having this type of mentality tend to leave the care of their children to
other people instead of taking care of their children themselves. Thus, it will leave children out of the love and care of a
mother.
2. Difference between Male and Female.
Women would want to believe that there is no difference between man and woman. However, the truth is that there are
obvious differences. But the difference is not related to making either gender inferior or superior to the other.
3. Misunderstood Domestic Responsibilities.
The fact that feminism promote equality among men and women does not mean that their roles are interchangeable. So for
mothers, it is their responsibility to bear a child and fulfills the role of a mother for the child. Motherhood is actually not a
role that is purely feminine though. Rather, it is a responsibility as a person to complement that of their male counterparts.

HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY

HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY – is a qualitative research methodology that arose out of and remains closely
tied to phenomenological philosophy, a strand of continent philosophy. Phenomenology refers to a person’s perception of
the meaning of a event, as opposed to the event as exist externally to (outside of) that person.
HERMENEUTICS - In the study of literary texts, scholars frequently adhere to a set of rules or a specific system on which
to base their interpretation. Similarly, the interpretation of non- literary texts, such as art or philosophy, may also require
adherence to such a method. The specific rules used to interpret and understand a text are known collectively as
hermeneutics.
PHENOMENOLOGY is an umbrella term encompassing both a philosophical movement and a range of research
approaches. The phenomenological movement was initiated by Husserl (1859-1838) as a radically new way of doing
philosophy. Later theorists, such as Heidegger (1889-1976), have recast the phenomenological project, moving away from a
philosophical discipline which focuses on consciousness and essences of phenomena towards elaborating existential and
hermeneutic (interpretive) dimensions (Finlay, 2009).

In ancient Greek mythology, the god Hermes served to interpret messages from the other gods. Like Hermes' name, the term
hermeneutics comes from the Greek word for 'interpreter'. The concept of utilizing a system to interpret texts was first noted
in early writings by Aristotle.

HERMENEUTIC ANALYSIS -is a name for various methods of analysis, which are based on interpreting. The strategy
forms an opposite to those research strategies which stress objectivity and independence of interpretations in the formations
in formation of knowledge. A combination of the rules of hermeneutics and phenomenology forms phenomenological
hermeneutic analysis. Hermeneutic analysis also forms the basis of various discipline-specific methods of analysis and close
readings methods.
HERMENEUTIC RESEARCH -enables you to make interpretations and gain an in-depth understanding of the researched
phenomenon. Hermeneutic research emphasizes subjective interpretations in the research of meanings of texts, art, culture,
social phenomena and thinking.
INFORMATION SHEET: Ethnographic analysis – Ethnographic, a method of research in the social science, often
involves a researcher’s direct, personal observation of a group of people. Scholars from many academic fields, most notably
anthropology and sociology, utilize such data in wide variety of research projects.
Features – Ethnographic analysis is a qualitative approach for studying human societies in terms of their distinctive
cultures. The defining aspects of this approach involves the in-depth study of all aspects of a given human societytheir
findings.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS - is based on discussions and reflections of direct sense perception and experiences
of the researched phenomenon. A starting point of the strategy is your ability to approach a project without a priori
assumptions, definitions or theoretical frameworks. A key aspect of this method of analysis is phenomenological reduction.
KEY THEORISTS
Edmund Husserl- the founder of phenomenology, addressed the body throughout his philosophical life, with much of the
relevant material to be found in lecture courses, research manuscripts, and book-length texts not published during his
lifetime. One of the most important texts—the second volume of his Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a
Phenomenological Philosophy, subtitled Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution and usually referred to as Ideas 2—
was particularly influential.

Martin Heidegger- was a student of Husserl. Before that, he was a theology student, interested in much more concrete
matters of human existence than his teacher, and his questions concerned how to live and how to live "authentically"—that
is, with integrity, in a complex and confusing world. His use of phenomenology was subservient to this quest, although the
quest itself soon transcended the phenomenological method. Heidegger's phenomenology is most evident in his first (and
greatest) book, Sein und Zeit (1927; English trans. Being and Time, 1962). Like his teacher Husserl, Heidegger insists that
philosophical investigation begin without presuppositions.

Hans-Georg Gadamer- German philosopher whose system of philosophical hermeneutics, derived in part from concepts of
Wilhelm Dilthey, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger, was influential in 20th-century philosophy, aesthetics, theology,
and criticism.
Hans-Georg Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics is a popular qualitative research interpretive method aiming to explore
the meaning of individual experiences in relation to understanding human interpretation. Gadamer
identifies that authentic engagement with reading requires awareness of the inter-subjective nature of understanding in order
to promote a reflective engagement with the text.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty- In his investigation of the Phenomenology of Perception (1945), Maurice Merleau-Ponty defines
phenomenology as the study of essences, including the essence of perception and of consciousness. He also says, however,
that phenomenology is a method of describing the nature of our perceptual contact with the world. Phenomenology is
concerned with providing a direct description of human experience.

Perception is the background of experience which guides every conscious action. The world is a field for perception, and
human consciousness assigns meaning to the world. We cannot separate ourselves from our perceptions of the world.

Merleau-Ponty argues that both traditional Empiricism and Rationalism are inadequate to describe the phenomenology of
perception. Empiricism maintains that experience is the primary source of knowledge, and that knowledge is derived from
sensory perceptions. Rationalism maintains that reason is the primary source of knowledge, and that knowledge does not
depend on sensory perceptions. Merleau-Ponty says that traditional Empiricism does not explain how the nature of
consciousness determines our perceptions, while Rationalism does not explain how the nature of our perceptions determines
consciousness.

John Paul Sartre (1905 - 1980) was a multi-talented contributor to many fields of study and the arts. Born in France, Sartre
was a respected philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer and literary critic. Among his
many honors, Sartre was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, although he tried to refuse it because of his disdain for
public honors.
-attended Husserl's lectures at the Sorbonne, and he became an enthusiast of phenomenology. He was
first of all concerned with the nature of human freedom and the correlative sense of responsibility. Sartre's phenomenology is
largely modeled on Heidegger's work, but in his L'être et le néant (1943; English trans. Being and Nothingness, 1956) he
retreats from Heidegger's attack on the Cartesian view of consciousness, Sartre argues that consciousness (described as
"being-for-itself") is such that it is an activity, not a thing or substance ("no-thing"), and it is always to be distinguished from
the world it intends. Consciousness is free to choose and free to "negate" (or reject) the given features of the world.

The Pros of Phenomenological Research

1. Unique Perspectives
To be sure, there is some value to be found in focusing research on how people perceive an event or phenomena, rather than
simply how the phenomena exists in a vacuum.
2. Understanding
Perhaps the biggest benefit of phenomenological research is the fact that it can provide us with a profound, detailed
understanding of a single phenomena.
3. Rich Data
Culled from enough individuals, the data one can receive through phenomenological research is rich and impressive. This is
a form of research that allows for a truly unique approach to understanding a phenomena.
The Cons of Phenomenological Research
1. Subjectivity
Establishing the reliability and validity of the approaches can be challenging, which makes subjective research difficult.
2. Bias
Researcher-induced bias can influence studies, and this is particularly true with phenomenological research.
3. Pure Bracketing
Interference with the interpretation of the data can lead to a number of headaches in trying to establish and maintain pure
bracketing.
4. Presentation
Presenting the findings of this research is more often than not difficult, if not impossible. The results of such research can
prove to be highly qualitative, which makes it hard to present the findings in a fashion practitioners would consider to be
useful.
ACTIVITY 1: Cite one (1) situation happened in your life wherein you used defense mechanism and identify the Id, ego,
and Superego in that situation you experienced. (Use a bond paper for your answer)

Rubrics: 10 pts - Relevance to the Topic 5 pts – Organization of ideas 5 pts – Neatness

ACTIVITY 2: Enumerate the given strength and weaknesses of Psychoanalysis, rational choice and institutionalism theory.
Give at least 5 strength and 5 weaknesses. (Use a bond paper for your answer)

ASSESMENT 3: Choose one scenario from the list below and share your personal and social experience or knowledge of
them using one of the theories discussed. Write a reflection paper about it. (Use a bond paper for your answer)
a. Being a member of a particular religious organization;
b. Deciding where to eat during lunch break
c. Role of your family in sharing your norms and values.

Rubrics: 10 pts - Relevance to the Topic 5 pts – Organization of ideas 5 pts – Neatness

Prepared By: Ms. Lyka Francess S. Balunggay, LPT Checked by: Mr. Alexis B. Luban, MPA
SHS Coordinator

Approved by: Sr. Celestina Bangcoleng, SIHM

Principal
Parent’ Signature: ______________________________Date: ___________________