There are so many cultures and practices that seem unusual in the province of Kalinga.

Some ethos that the local tribes molded of what they are now. It still exists and difficult to
break down the beliefs despite the changes in the modern world. The old practices had
been preserved and continued to pass on from one generation to another.

Bain
It was interpreted as “feeling shame.” The act of showing respect to other people as a
fellow human being. It has a similar meaning to the virtue espoused by the saying of
Confucius: “Do not do unto others if you would not like others to do unto you.”

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Ngilin
It is strict adherence to taboos regarding social and economic activities. It also involves
compliance with certain rituals to protect oneself and the members of the family from
illness or harm. It dictates avoidance to what is offensive to “kabunyan” or Kalinga god to
one’s own kind. “Mangngilin ka” means avoid doing evil is a common advice of the elders.
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Paniyaw
The Kalinga people believe in a god called “kabunyan” who is the creator of all things and
the master of life and death. “Mampaniyao” is the restriction on oneself acts looked upon
as degrading, immoral and punishable by the mighty “kabunyan.” The Klaingas strongly
abhor wicked acts such as “Ba-ug” (the killing of a stranger in the village where he has
been given food to eat or water to drink).