Plain & Reinforced Concrete II 08-Dec-20

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER & EMERGING SCIENCES (FAST-NUCES)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

BS Civil Engineering (Fall 2020)

Engr. Ali Raza Khalid

Structural Engineer (PE)
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (FAST-NU),
B-Block, Faisal Town, Lahore, Pakistan.
Email : aliraza.Khalid@lhr.nu.edu.pk
Land Line : 042-111128128 (Ext:433)

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TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SLABS

A slab is structural element whose thickness is small compared to its own length
and width. Slabs are usually used in floor and roof construction.

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TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SLABS

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TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SLABS

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TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SLABS

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ACI DESIGN METHOD

The ACI Code (13.5.1.1) specifies two methods for designing two-way slabs for gravity loads. These
are the direct design method and the equivalent frame method.
Direct Design Method
• The code (13.6) provides a procedure with which a set of moment coefficients can be
determined. The method, in effect, involves a single-cycle moment distribution analysis of the
structure based on
a) the estimated flexural stiffnesses of the slabs, beams (if any), and columns
b) the torsional stiffnesses of the slabs and beams (if any) transverse to the direction in which flexural moments
are being determined.
Some types of moment coefficients have been used satisfactorily for many years for slab design. They do not, however, give very
satisfactory results for slabs with unsymmetrical dimensions and loading patterns.
Equivalent Frame Method
• In this method, a portion of a structure is taken out by itself, and analyzed. The same stiffness
values used for the direct design method are used for the equivalent frame method. This latter
method, which is very satisfactory for symmetrical frames as well as for those with unusual
dimensions or loadings.

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DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

For the moment coefficients determined by the direct design method to be
applicable, the ACI code (13.6.1) says that the following limitations must be
met.
1. There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction.
2. The panels must be rectangular, with the length of the longer side of any panel not
being more than two times the length of its shorter side lengths being measured c
to c of supports.
3. Span lengths of successive spans in each direction may not differ in length by more
than one-third of the longer span.
4. Columns may not be offset by more than 10% of the span length in the direction of
the offset from either axis between center lines of successive columns.
5. The unfactored live load must not be more than two times the unfactored dead
load. All loads must be the result of gravity and must be uniformly distributed over
an entire panel.

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DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

6. If a panel is supported on all sides by beams, the relative stiffness of those beams in the two
perpendicular directions, as measured by the following expression, shall not be less than 0.2 or
greater than 5.0.
 f 1l22
 f 2l12
Where α is the ratio of flexural stiffness of a beam section to the flexural stiffness of the slab
section. bounded laterally by the centerlines of the panels on each side of the beam.
Ecblb
f 
Ecs ls
• 𝐼 = the gross moment of inertia of the beam section about the centroidal axis
• 𝐼 = the moment of inertia of the gross section of the slab.

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COLUMN & MIDDLE STRIP

• After the design moments have been determined by either the direct
design method or the equivalent frame method, they are distributed across
each panel. The panels are divided into column and middle strips and
positive and negative moments are estimated in each strip.
• The extend of column and middle strip in a panel is defined by ACI Code
section 13.2.
• The column strip is a slab with a width on each side of the column
centerline equal to one-fourth the smaller of the panel dimensions 𝑙 or 𝑙 .
• 𝑙 = Span length, c/c of supports, in the direction moments are being determined.
• 𝑙 = Span length, c/c of supports, in the direction perpendicular to 𝑙

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COLUMN & MIDDLE STRIP

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MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS

Slabs without Interior Beams (α ≤ 0.2)
• For a slab without interior beams spanning between its supports and
with a ratio of its long span to short span not greater than 2.0, the
minimum thickness can be taken from Table 16.1 of this chapter
[Table 9.5(c) in the code].
• The values selected from the table, however, must not be less than
the following values (ACI 9.5.3.2):
• Slabs without drop panels 5 in.
• Thickness of those slabs with drop panels outside the panels 4 in.

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MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS

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MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS

Slabs with Interior Beams
1. For 0.2 ≤ α ≤ 2.0, the thickness shall not be less than.
fy
ln (0.8  )
h 200000 ACI 9-12
But not less than 5.0 inches 36  5 [ m  0.2]

2. For α > 2.0, the thickness shall not be less than

fy
ln (0.8  )
h 200000 ACI 9-13
But not less than 3.5 inches 36  9

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MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS

where.
ln = clear span in the long direction measured face to face of columns (or face
to face of beams for slabs with beams)
β = Ratio of clear span in long direction to clear span in short direction
α = Average value of α for all beams on edges of panel.

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TOTAL STATIC MOMENT

• If a simply supported beam carries a uniformly distributed load w
K/ft, then the maximum positive bending moment occurs at mid span
and equals,
ln2
M o  ( wu l2 )
8
ACI Code Eq. 13.4

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TOTAL STATIC MOMENT

• In a typical interior panel, the total static moment, M is divided into
two moments, the positive moment, M at mid span, equal to
0.35M , and the negative moment, M , at each support, equal to
0.65M .

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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
The apportionment of Mo among three critical sections (interior
negative, positive, and exterior negative) depends on
1. Flexural restraint provided for slab by the exterior column or the exterior wall.
2. Presence or absence of beams on the column lines.

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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
• If the magnitudes of the negative
moments on opposite sides of an
interior support are different because
of unequal span lengths, the ACI Code
specifies that the larger moment
should be considered to calculate the
required reinforcement.

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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
• The longitudinal moment values mentioned in the previous section are for the entire width of the
equivalent building frame. This frame width is the sum of the widths of two half-column strips
and two half-middle strips of two adjacent panels.
• Distribution factors applied to static moment Mo for positive & negative moments in end span.

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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
Percentages of Interior Negative Design Moments

Percentages of Positive Design Moment

Percentages of Exterior Negative Design Moment

As per ACI, Majority of the Moments are to Be

Resisted by Column Strip, Remaining moments will be
transferred to the Middle strip
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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
• Formulas for calculating moment distribution to column strip.

• Where

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Example # 1
Design an interior flat plate for the structure in Figure. Edge beams are used
around the building perimeter, and they are 12 in. wide and extend vertically for
8 in. below the slab. They also extend 8 in. out into the slab as required by ACI
Section 13.2.4. No drop panels are allowed, and the concrete in the slab is the
same as that used in the edge beams.

• Service live load = 80 psf,

• Service dead load =110 psf
(including slab weight),
• fy =60,000 psi,
• F’c=3000 psi,
• Column heights of 12 ft.

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Moment Distribution Tree in Long Span

Total Static Moment

181.2 kip-
ft

-117.78 kip-ft +63.42 kip-ft

N/P (65%) (35%)

-88.4 kip-ft -29.4 kip-ft +38.1 kip-ft +25.3 kip-ft

C/M Strips (75% CS) (25% MS) (60% CS) (40% MS)

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Moment Distribution in Long Span

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Moment Distribution in Shorter Span

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