R. K. MALIK’S JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results NEWTON CLASSES in terms of percentage selection www.newtonclasses.net CHAPTER-16 : DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] CONSOLIDATED THEORY 1. Inwroduction «The dpssive sem performs sr baie prose Inger © Norrie are Chemie sulsanos tn the ad bar body ton, erevon, ising and populdon, digestion asn- cal for grovth, maintenance aed weir. iadon and dfacexion © These main per of nerieger Se wate cube, Mechanical digestion consis of mastication and fa proteins, minealsand viamins. movements of the alimentary canal that aid chemical ‘© A process by which the food gets broken down into mol- digestion. ects that areal eeogh to enter body cg rn Chemical digestion isa sets of hydrolysis actions as digestion that beak down Lig Ctboi artes, fs, protien tcl acid iff foods ini) smaller molecules dat are [Digestive System gestive usable by body cells. ~The organs involved in the breakdown offood are collec: thely Laon ar the dig Mf yaad Two groups of organs compose the digestive system: the alimentary canal and the accessory digestive glands, General organisation of human digestive system ‘Alimentary canal Mouth —Buecal cavity Pharynx Oasophague Stomach _—“Smallintestine Large intestine | | | 1 f T 1 [ 1 f TT 1 [ T T 1 Palate Teeth Tongue Nasopharynx Onepharyra Cardiac Fundic Bocy Pore | Caecum Colon Rectum Anal canal Duodenum Jejuntn eum -—_ Accessory digestive glands Salivary glands Gasttc glanas Intestinal lands Ler Gallbladder Pancreas Parotid SubMaxilay Sib-ingual Goblet Chief Parietal Absorptve Goblet Paneth Enteroandocrine cols cols cals. cal cals cal call Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0661-2682623, 9635608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES.NET DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE]R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘The alimentary canal isa continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It contains food from the time iis eaten until itis digested and absorbed or elim. inated from the body © The mouth or buccal or oral cavity is formed by the cheeks, the teeth, hard and soft palates and a muscu lar tongue. Humans have owo sets of reeth in their life: the deciduous (milk) cecth and the permanent reech, This dentition is known as diphyodont dentition Humans alo have heterodont dentition cha is they have diferent types ofteth, such as incisors (cutting teeth), canine (tearing teth), premolars (grinding) and molars (grinding). Denatl formula for human dentition ate a) Child: 12/2, C1/1, PM 0/0, M 2/2 = 102 = 20 bb) Adule: 12/2, CLL, PM2/2, M 3/3 = 16% 2 = 32 The oesophagus is a collapsible, muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Ie contains an upper and a lower oesophageal sphincter The stomach connects the oesophagus tothe duode- ‘num, The principal anatomical regions of the stom- ach are cardiac, fundie, body and pyloric. Becwoen the pylorus and duodenum isthe pyloric sphincter. The small intestine has three portions: the duo~ denum (U-shaped), the jejunum (middle) and the ileum (highly coiled). OF these, ileum is the longest par followed by jejunum and duodenum. ‘The large intestine extends fiom the ileum to the anus. The large intestine has four principal regions: ‘eaecum, colon and rectum followed by anal canal Enzyme Source Saliva ‘Salivary amylase Salivary glands al lipase Lingual glands in rongue The wall of the alimentary canal from lower oesophagus to the anal canal has four-layered arrangement of tissues fiom the inside out. I includes: the serosa (contains mesothelium with some connective tissue), muscularis, (formed of smooth muscles), sub-mucosa (has loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood and lymph vessel) and mucosa (forms rugae in stomach and villi in small intestine) “The three digestive glands are the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas. © ‘Thereare three pairs of major slvary glands parotid sub-maxillary or sub-mandibular and sub-lingual lands. ‘The liver is the largest and the heaviest gland of the body. Ithas left and tight lobes. The lobes of the liver are made up of lobules that contain hepatocytes (liver cll), sinusoids, Kupffer cells and a central vein, The fall bladder is a sac located in a depression on the posterior surface of the liver that stores and concen tates bile, Hepatocytes produce bile chat is earied by a duce system to the gall bladder for concentration and temporary storage The pancreas les berween the limbs of ‘U'-shaped duodenum. Endocrine pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones, and exocrine acini secrete pancreatic juice. [3 Digestion of Food © Through mastication, food & mised with saliva and shaped into a soft, exible mass called a bolus Deglutition othe swallowing is the movement of food fiom the mouth into pharynx, oesophagus and finally the stomach, ‘Substrates Products Starches (polysicharides) | Maltose (disecharde), sakotrioe (saccharide) and ac-dextins Triglycerides (fas and ois) | Fay aces and diglyerides and other fats. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] Gastric Juice ‘© Pepsin (activated from | Stomach chief cells pepsinogen by pepsin and hydrochloric acid) = Gast lipase Stomach chief cell Proteins Peptides ‘Trighyoerides (fats and oils) _| Fatty acids and monoglycerides Pancreatic Juice ‘+ Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic acinar cells Saarches (polysaccharides) _| Malte (disaccharide), aakotrio: (trisaccharide) and acdextins (Continued) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph. 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.NETCHAPTER-16 : DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] Enzyme Source ‘Substrates Products “Trypsin (activated from | Pancreatic acinar cells tuypsinogen by enterokinase) CChymotrypsin (activated from | Pancreatic acinar cells chymotrypsinogen by trypsin) Carboxypepridase (activated From procarboxypeptidae by trypsin) Elastase Pancreatic acinar cells Pancreatic acinar cells Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic acinar cells Nucleases Ribonuclease Pancreatic acinar cells Deoxyribomuclease Pancreatic acinar cells Proteins Dipeptides Proteins Dipeptides Amino acid at carboxyl end ‘of peptides Dipeptides Elastin Dipsptides Triglycerides fas and oils) that have been emulsified by bile salts Farry acids and monoglyeerides Ribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleotides Nucleotides Brush-Border Enzymes in Microvilli Plasma Membrane o-Dentrinase Maltase Small intestine Smal intestine Sucrase Small intestine Lactase Small intestine Enterokinase Small intestine Peptidases Aminopeptidase Small intestine Dipeptidase Small intestine Nucleosidases and phosphatases Small intestine @-Dexwins Glucose Makose Sucrose Lactose ‘Trypsinogen Glucose Glucose and fructose Glucose and galactose Trypsin Amino acid at an Amino acids a peptides Dipeptides Nucleotides peptides Amino acids [Nitrogenous bases, pentoses and phosphaces (4. Absorption of Digested Products “Passage of the digested nutrients from the alimentary ‘anal inco the blood or lymph is called absorption. In the mucosa of the mouth and the lower part of the tongue, the absorption of some drugs tales place. “The mucus cells ofthe stomach absorb some wate, ions and short-chain faty acids, aswell as certain drugs (espe- ally aspirin) and aleohol. Absorption in che small intestine occurs by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport © Absorption of amino acids, dipeptides and tripep- tides: Very small amounts of aminoacids are absorbed by simple diffusion which depends on concentration gradients, Most proteins are absorbed as amino acide via active transport processes that occur mainly inthe duodenum and jejunum. Normally, 95-98% of the procein present in che small intestine is digested and absorbed. Absorption of monosaccharides: All carbohydrates ate absorbed as monosaccharides. Small amounts of monosaccharides like glucove are abrorbed by simple Monogleerides 3) Small intestine: Starch —*4 5 Disaccharide (4) Small intestine: Proteins 25°» Amino acids 7. Which one of the following pairs of the kind of cells and thei secretion ae correctly matched? (1) Osyntic edls ~ A secretion with pH berween 2.0 and 3.0 2) _ Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans dlecreares blood sugar level (8) Kupffer cds — A digestive enaymes that hydrolyses rauclic acids Secretion that (4) Sebaceous glands ~ A scttion tha evaporates for cooling Lipide hich can be found inci-bsd sd dresngs and icecream, ducing digexion splits ico Q) Bucy acide and geet (2) Glycerol and amino acids (3) Glucose and fey aids (@) Glucose and amino acide “The pH ofthe digexive juices within the human small invesine is berween 755 and 8.5. Ths environmen is slighty (Basie (3) Nevrel 2) Acidic (4) None of these “The pH of stomach is 1.6; hen which enzyme wil get proce? ()Tiypsin ) Amylae Pein © Expsin Excess carbohydrates and prowins are stored in the body as (2) Amino acids Starch @ Fas (B) Monosaccharides 9. Bruners gland is characteristic Feature of (2) _Jejunum of small incestine @) Meum @)Duodenum (@Fundic region of stomach DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.NETCHAPTER-16 : DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] 3 Which ofthe following isnot a function ofthe iver? (1) Procesing newly absorbed nusiems (2) Producing enzymes that digest proteins {@) Breaking down old red blood cll (4) Producing bile The purpose of il in che small intestine isto (1) Aid in che movement of food through the small 2) Phagocytise microbes (G) Produce digestive enzymes (@) Increase the surface area for absomption of digested Which ofthe following isnot produced in the sromach? (1) Sodiumbicarbonate 3). Pepsinogen @) Gastin @ Mucus 5. Which of the fllowing i noe correctly pated? (1) Ocsophagus ~Perisalis 2) Mouth ~ Mastcaion (@) Large intestine ~ Mass peritais Stomach ~ Emulation + Lipass digest eriglycerids into Glucose (2) Amino acids @)_ Fany acids and monoglyestides () Nuckic acids Place theollowingin the correct onder a foo pases from the small intestine 1. Sigmoid colon IN. Rectum Transverse clon v. ML, Ascendingeobn Vi @) LMI, vLyIV @) V1,Vi1, mV @) 1.N, Vit M1 (4) VotMIL VIL IV Caecum Descending colon 1. Lacteals Function (1) In the absorption of lipids in chylomicrons 2) To produce bile in the liver G) In the absorption of electrolytes (4) In the fermentation of carbohydrates in the lange “Trypsin changes (1) Proteins into peprones 2) Fats ico fay acids @) Starch and glycogen ito maltose (4) Malese into its components Fay acids and glycerol ate ise absorbed by (1) Lymph vessels @) Blood capillaies @) Vili (Hepatic porta vein 2. Human beings have long investne in order to provide more space for (1) Food seorage 8) 2) Absorption offood 4) Killing of bacteria ‘None ofthese 23. ‘On removal of pancreas, the compound shich remains uundigesed is 1) Lactose @) Fa Q) Carbohydrate (4) Prowin i. Submucoss is the thickest in @) Rectum @) Q) Inestine w Stomach Ocsophagus Animals do not synthesize (1) Proteins cy @) Vitamins “) Bile acids are (1) Steroids rc) @) Carbohydeates ® Glycogen Phospholipids Modified proteins Vitamins 7. Maximum energy is available on complete oxidation of (1) Glucose @) @) fe w Protein (Organic acids In small intestine, active absorption occurs in case of (1) Glucose @) @) Amino acids w Digestion of carbohydrates occurs in (1) Buceal eavity @) @) Stomach @ Ne All the above Intestine All of these 1. Thecodont, diphyodont and hererodont teeth are charac- teristic of (1) Reptiles (3) Mammals/man Q) Aves (4) Ampbibi J. Scomach in verrcbrats isthe main site for digestion of (1) Proteins @) Fas Q) Carbohydrates (8) Nucleic acids Which layer of the gu is responsible for perstalsi? (1) Muscularis (3) Sub-mucosa 2) Mucosa (4) Serost 3. Secretion of gastric juice is controlled by (1) Enterogasterone 3) Gastrin 2) Cholecystokinin (8) Villkinin |. Gall bladder takes pare in (1) Secretion of bile @) Seorage ofbile @) Formation of bile salts (Formation of enzymes 5. Chyme of a person who has consumed only starch will show the presence of (1) Maleose and glucose @) Dextrinand maltose @) Search, dextrin and maltose (8) _ Search, dextrin and glucose Hydrolytic enzyme which acts atlow pH is @) amylase 3) Hydrolases Q) Protease (A) Peroxidases 7. The proces af formation of glucose from lipid is called (1) Gluconcogenesis 3) @) _Lipogeness “ Glycogenesis Glyeogenclysis DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Digested lipids ae absorbed fom lctal t () Tigheesdes @) Monoglycerides 2) Dighyceides @)Fice fay aids Epithelial cll involved im absorption of digested food have on thei ice surface () Zymogengranuls —@) @) Pioocyticveides ).Lysoaymes ae found in (Saliva (2) Teas (@)_Boch saliva and vers @ Mitochondia |. Which ate cueing teth fn humans? ) Ganines ° @) Molars o = Which nutrient reserve starving man firs consumes? Fa G) Glycogen @ Procin @ Viamin Substrate for amylase enayme is () Nucicacid @) Search @) Procin ® Fe |. Onc ofthe constituents of pancreatic juice which is poured inro duodenum is (1) Toprinogen o 2) Chymourypsin ® 5. Aggregates of lymphoid swe presen indistal potion of smal imestine are known a8 vii ° 2) Rogae o 5. Oxyatc calls are located in (Dike of Langerhans and secrete insulin (2) Kidneys and secrete renin (3) Gastric epithelium and seerte HCL ( Gasuicepthelium and secrete pepsin Phagocytic vesicles, Microvill Premolars Incisors Trypsin Enrerokinase Choroid plexus Peyer's Patches Succ entries i secreted by () Crypts of Licbevihn (2) Brunner glands @) Boch () and @) None ofthe above }-Porennin is produced by (Isles of Langeshans_(@)_Seroi cll @) Zymogencell © Hepatoeyes ). Emulifcation of fats is brought about by (Bile pigments @ Ha @) Bilesak Pancreatic juice ‘Which ofthe following has minimum pH? () Gastic juice @ @ Bie o Vomiting slated wo disturbance in (Stomach sometimes duodenum 2) Hypothalimus 3) Gaseoineestinal wact ( Hapothalamus Pancreatic juice Saliva 52. Which gland docs not take part in liv production? () Parotid @). Submucosl 2) Submaxillary © Sublinguals 53. Which ofthe following has al proteolytic enzymes? (Q) Pesala, erypsin, pepsin (2) Lipase. empsin, rypin @)_Eepsin, uypsin, pepsin Pepsin, ulease,nuclotidase In jejunum, emayee required for digestion of amino acid conraining compounds is () Tiypsin ° @) Pepsin @ 5. Which is absorbed in ileum? @ Viamink @) Glucose @) Bile ale @ Fx 5. Gastrointestinal hormone chat stimulates insulin secre Pepridase ‘Chymourypsin @) Gasein @) Secretin @ ar @ CCK ™ Glucose, some amino acids and sodium are absorbed in the blood by (1) Simple diffusion @) Active cranspore @) acl @)_ Osmosis Direction for Questions 58-60: Match the statements in Column 1 labelled as (A), (B), (C) and (D) with those in Column It labelled as (p),(q),(°) and 6). transport 58. March che items in Column I with appropriate items in ‘Coluraa I Couumn (a) CCK Column (©) Provein-digesing enzyme from the pancreas (@) lnvesinal enzyme that completes protein digestion (B) Sodium bicarbonate (© Trypsin (9) Stimulates release of pancreatic juices (D) Pepridase @ A3@BIG:C>OD>@ @) AFO;B>@:C5 0:09) 8) AVOB>GC>OD>@ @ A5Q;B>@:C>:D90 Match the items in Column I wih appropriate items in (9 Helps neutralize stomach acids Column it (p) Increase surface area in smal intestine (@) Location berween the ‘opening of the small and large intestine (B) Cireular folds DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.NETCHAPTER-16 : DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] z ‘Column (© Hleocecal sphincter ‘Column W (9 Surrounds the opening berween the stomach and duodenum (9 Large mucosal folds in stomach (D) Pyloric sphincter Q) A+):B>0:C40:D>@ 2Q AG;B> (PCF @iD>0 B) AF@:B>4 QC 0:D 96 @ A+B >(0:C4p:D>@ ). Match che names of glands in Columa I with the location sven in Column I Column (A) Coypes of Licberkithn (B) Pancreas (© Adrenal gland (9) Investine D) Gastric gland (6) Kidney @ A+; B> (pC @:D 0) @ AOB(P:C46:D@ B) A@):B> 6: @ A>(P):B30;C>6:D>@ Column (p) Loop of duodenum (q) Stomach Direction for Questions 61-65: In the fllowing et of ques tions, two statements “Assertion” and “Reason” are given Choose the correct answer from the following options: (1) Assertion and Reason are truc, and the Reason isthe cor- rect explanation of the Assertion. Assertion and Reason are true, but the Reason i not a comect explanation of the Assertion. Assertion is true, but the Reason is ale Assertion and Reason both are false. Assertion: En fas sification is necessary for the digestion of Reasons After fats are emulsified, the action of enzyme amylase gets significantly increased, 9. Assertion: In alcoholicdrink, the alcohol i converted into sghicose in liver. Reason: Liver cells are able to produce glucose from alco- hol by back fermentations Assertion: Glyeerides ate important nutrients for body Reason: Gilycerides are hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acide which are farther absorbed in intestine by the forma- tion of chylomicron. Assertion: Bile is esental forthe digestion of lipids Reasor biliverdin. Assertion: Thick layers of muscles are present in the wall of alimentary canal Reasons These muscles help in the mixing of food materi- als withthe enzymes coming from different plands in the alimentary canal, Bile juice contains enzymes bilirubin and ANSWER KE’ 31.) 32.) 33. 3) Q @ @ Q Q @ 40. (3) al, 4B. 44, 45. 46. a. 48, 49. 50. EXPLANATIONS + (1) The hardest substance of the human body is the enamel. Ir covers the tooth from outside and is most highly mineralised substance of the body. @) Seeresin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are two main gastrointestinal hormones sccreted in duodenum of alimentary canal. CCK stimulates gall bladder con- traction and thus increases the flow of bile slts into the incestine. Socretin stimulates the release of an alkaline pancreatic uid that neutralizes stomach acid as it entes the incestine, 3. (2) Parietal cells are present in the epithelium of the gas trie glands. They are lege and are most numerous on the side walls ofthe glands. They ae also called oxyn- tic cells as they sain strongly with eosin. They secrete hydrochloric acid and Castle intrinsic facto. 4. (3) Bile pigments impart yellow colourin an infants soo. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES . (4) The function of paical ells isco secrete HCL and andes tear isa, Fopcinoge #3 changed by HCl into an activ enzyme pepsin 5.) Pancreatic juice is reese in intene and conan pee plane so ald atypia Ir gs J of de sarc contig it om mals ral cocandlimie dex. a) + iit ets aps in hl 6th “They secrete hydrochloric acid that hls in main tlning pH of parc ce berreen 2 and 3 +" Alin ole of Mes of Langan of pcx sce igo borane «Kupffer cll are spcilied macopigzs chat ds pose of old blood cll and preulate mate + Schacrousgnds scie! hum on Wb tafe ain (1) Some ft digatioccns inthe sorach through he tcton of log and gle Bp, Most of fe omar inthe smal osteo the acon of pancreatic lipase. Lipase beaks down psi fry ach and deck (A) lt refers othe relative concentration of H? fons ina {olugoo, pEylns below 7 laa high concen Sige of H og) and pt vale cop kn cons of Hine (oa (2) Resin mont efecivetn the ver cic eneoament ofthe xomach, which has a pH of 1.8. The actvated persia by aurea acres more peplnegen to Ippsn. Ths peptn bye the peace proean {E prowolric cron the tgs «sa Jfotles Become goal iis RA oll loc (poids sings ode BS ye en sil conti tigre tqreed into igre .@) Thesubatteo of the dubdenm connina dude tal gard, alo called Eeunnet gad, which semte fling mcs chat bl eure gas ald nthe lyme. Thee gandgpe note ypsol Lichen Hepanopty dre (rimre the anfio- gy NE) arouse he amingacdscan be ued for ATP production or converted wo carboydrate or fa. The resting toxic ammonia (NH, is then come sted inn the mach gigi Wiel is eh eine, Hepareyrs snxdrinlincr pao procins (eg, alpha and bea gubulins, burnin, poe thrombin and fbvingen), The trocar f snl iene specially adaprod Br these fonctions. es length slne prides a large sur fice ares fr digestion and aboepton and thar area i Farber Inceaed by alr fds lt and merovl (AY The gare lads fa he serach: con caeain three ype of exocine gland cls dt eecete cel produce ino the stomach fumer + Mucus neck cll or goblet cllsThey secrete mucus * Chief or peptic or zymogenic cells: They secrete the proenzyme or zymogens pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin), prorennin and gastric lipase. + Parieal or oxyntic cells: ‘They produce Castle's incrinsic factor (needed for absorption of vitamin B,.) and hydrochloric acid. 16. (6) Before a large far globule containing triglyerides can be digested inthe small intestine, it must frst undergo emulsification by bile salts. These bile sls break fat globules into small far droplets, Consequently, the large fac globule is broken apart into several small fat globules, each about 1 ym in diameter: The small fat globules formed from emulsification provide a brge surface area that allows pancreatic lipase to function more effectively. Bile also contains cholesterol and phospholipids. Irdoes not contain any enzymes 17. @) The digestion of fats takes place by the gastric lipase enzyme. le splis the short-chain triglycerides fats and ‘lls in far molecules (such a8 those found in milk) Inco fatty acids and monoglycerdes (a glycerol mole cule chat is attached to one fatty acid molecule). This enzyme, which has a limited role inthe adult stomach, ‘operates best ata pH of 5-6. 18. (4) The various types of movements observed in large Immediately after a mea, the reflex intensifies per- stasis, forcing any chyme in the ileum into the Haustral churning movement is characteristic of large intestine. In this process, the haustra (small sacclike pouches because of which intestine appears segmented) remain relaxed and become distended while they fill up. When the distension reaches a certain point, the walls contract and squeeze the contents into the next haustrum. Perstalss oceuts at a slower rate and involves move- ‘ment of contents along length of colon by contrac- tions of circular and longitudinal muscles. ‘Mass peristalsis: Ie is a strong perisaltic momen that begins at about the middle of the transverse colon and quickly dives the contents of che colon into the rectum. Mass peristalsis usually takes place three oF four times a day, during or immediately after a meal Defaceation reflex eliminates faeces by contractions in sigmoid colon and rectum. 19. (1) Chylomicrons leave the absorptive cell ia exacytoas, Because they are so large and bulk, chylomicrons can- ‘not enter blood capillaries, instead, they enter lacteals, which have larger pores than blood capillaries, From lacteals, chylomicrons are transported by way of lym- phat vesels tothe thoracie duct and enter the blood. 20, (1) Enzymes of pancreatic juice, trypsin, chymotrypsin and carhonypeptidase break down proteins into peptides, DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.NETCHAPTER-16 : DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] 9 ‘Trypsin and chymotrypsin, both cleave the peptide bond berween a specific amino acid and its neighbour; carboxypeptidase, as the name suggests, spits off the amino acid a¢ the carboxyl end of a peptide. (8) Chylomicrons leave the absorptive cell via exocyto- sis, Beeause they ae so large and bulky chylomicrons cannot enter blood capillaries, instead, they enter lac- teals, which have larger pores than blood capillaries. From lacteals, chylomicrons are transported by way of Iymphatic vessels to the thoracic duct and enter the blood. 22, (2) Most digestion and absorption (about 90%) of nutsi- cents occur inthe small incestine. The other 10% occurs in the stomach and large intestine. ‘The structure of small inestne is specially adapted for these functions. les length alone provides a large surface area for diges- ‘ion and absorption and that area is further increased by circular folds, villi and microvilli, Absorpeion in the small intestine occurs by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active tanspor. Pancreatic juice is released by the hepato-pancreatic duct in the small imestine. The pancreatic juice is a clear, colousless liquid thar consists mostly of water, some salts, sodium bicarbonace and enzymes. ‘The ‘enzymes in pancreatic juice include: ‘© Pancreatic amylase: Ie sa starch-digesting enzyme, ‘© ‘Tiyprin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase: They are protein-ligesting enzymes. The protein-digesting femymes of the pancreas are produced in an inacive form (as typsinogen, chymouypsinogen, procarboxy- peptidases) just a pepsin is produced in the stomach 88 pepsinogen. The enzyme prodastase is also present which gets converted to clase by trypsin. 24, (4) “The wall of the oesophagus consis of four layers asin the rest of che alimentary canal Adventitia, Masculs, Submucoss, Macoss. Submucosa consists of arcolarcon- nective tissue that is loose and binds the mucosa to che muscularis. Ie may also coneain glands and. lymphatic tiste ae many blood and lymphatic vewel that recive shsorbed food molecules. leis thickest in oesophagus, 25. (2) Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts in the dicts of animals to ensure healthy growth and reproduction, Most vitamins with known Functions are coenzymes and cannot be synthesized by. the body and hence must be ingested in Food. Bile is released by the hepato-pancretic duct in the small intestine. Ie consists of bile pigments (bilirubin derived from heme and biliverdin), bile salts [the sodium sales and potassium salts of bile acids (mainly chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid)) and phos- ppholipids and cholesterol, Bile salts are used in the small intestine for the emulsification and absorption of lipids 2. 33. (@) Fats liberate more energy than an equal mass of ear bohydrates. This is because its molecules contain relatively less numberof oxygen than that ofcarbohy- drate. Therefore, fat molecules require extra amount of ‘oxygen for oxidation and hence release more energy. Most digestion and absorption (bout 9096) of nutri- cents occur inthe small intestine. The other 10% occurs in the stomach and large intestine. The structure of sim intestine is specially adapeed for these functions. Tes length alone provides a lage surface area for diges- tion and absorption and chat area is Further increased by circular fold, vill and microvilli, Absorption in the sinall intestine occurs by simple diffusion, facilitated difusion, esmoss and active transport. {@) Even though the action of salivary amylase may con- tinue in the stomach for a while, the acidic pH of the stomach destroys salivary amylase and ends is activi. Thus, only a few starches are broken down by the ime chyme leaves the stomach. Those starches not aleady broken down into maltose, maltoriose and a-dextrins are cleaved by pancreatic amylase, an enzyme in pancreatic juice that acts in the small @) In checodont, the wooth is embedded in the socket of the jaw bone, for example, mammals and croco- diles. Mammals have diphyodont dentition or two sets of teth in thee life thar erupe at diferene rimes: Deciduous tecth and Permanent teeth. Mammal have heterodont dentition, as they have diferent types of tcedh exch having diferent functions (1) The presence of food in the stomach stimulates the gastric mucosa to produce gastrin hormone, The leet {sabsorbed in the blood steam and stimulates gastric lands wo scerete gastric juice. Ieeontains HCI, proen- zyme pepsinogen and prorenin (in infants). In the presence of HCL, pepsinogen is converted to an active form, that is pepsin. The activated pepsin by auto caalyss activates more pepsinogen to pepsin. This pepsin enzyme isthe principal protease or proteolytic enzyme ofthe stomach which hydrolyses proteins io peptides (proeoses and peptone) Pests is a movement in the wall of the gut by which food proceed forward cowards posterior part of gut. The anterior pare of the oesophagus is made up of striated muscles, middle parc of a mixture of strated and smooth muscles and lower pat purely of smooth muscles. The smooth muscles are responsible for peristais, @) The secretions of the mucus, parietal and chief calls form gatricjuice, which totals 2000-3000 mi per day. In addition, gastric glands include a type of enteroen doctine cell, the G cell which secrets the hormone gasvin into the bloodstream chat stimulates several aspect of gastric activi, 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc! 4, Ph.; 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES.NET DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE]R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES |.) The Fancions ofthe gall ler are to store and con- ceneate the bile produced by the ive (up tenfold) con is eee ithe sl eatin Th bile concentrated by aborption of water and ions by the pall badder mncoes Secreted by the salivary lands, salivary amylase ini ates the breakdown of arch, The function of alivary amylase is o begin sarch digeion by breaking down search into male: olecules such a he diaceuride maltose, the tsaccharide maltorose and shor-chain score polymers called crdentin. No. digetion ‘ccs in inthe somach. Thus. chyme ofa perio who has consumed only starch wll show the prsence of sarc, dein and maltose. 5.) The activated pepsin by autocitalys acivates nie pepsinogen wo ppl, Ths pepsin mos WHE Ga {ipa protease or proteoytic enzyme ofthe stomach {As resol, the protins become fragmented into proreoses and peptone (pepides), smaller strings of min acide, Pepsin is most efecrve in the very acidic vironment ofthe stomach, which asa pH of 1.8 Excess dietary aminoacids are not excreta in che urine or fet bot intend ar conréred Inco glace by deamination process (removal of amino group rea ing in ammonia hich is converted neo ura) of by dconcogeness amin aids suchas alanine, cystine, iycine, serine and threonine are converted w pyruvic $6, which thin be syed inte ote 6b mtr the Krebs! eye). The excess amino acids cn Ho be convened insliglysrides ipogeetis slo acids > acyl CoA > fey acids ilyeride). (1) Chylomicrons leave the absorpive cel via exocytosis Hecron thezasego lnpeaned DIDS iho ca not enter blood capillaries, instead, they ener areal, which hayelaget pores than blood capillaries. From Inceale ylmicrs ave anspor by way of fy phic veel othe thoracic ducrand ener he blood. Mictl are projec of the apical (Fe) mem brane ofthe absorptive ell, Each microils is a T-mm long eylndeal membrane-covened projection thar contains bundle of 20-30 actin filaments. When ‘owed through a ight microscope, the micrvl are too small co be sen individually iatead hey form Faz ine, called the brush border extending into the fume ofthe small ots. Lgeorne is an exayme oSauting frunlly in oxy white, human scar saliva, and other body Bids, Capable of desroying the cll walls of certain bacteria and thereby acting asa mild anciepic. . 6) Inco are owest tthe midline, ar chise-dhaped and are adapred for nibling and custing fod. (3) Glycogen s sed a a serve fod in animals (starch in plans). Glyeogen is alo called animal starch, A sav Jing man hence rst consumes glycogen. 43. (3) Whe food enters the mouth, secretion of saliva increases and it lubricates, disolves and begins the biochemical breakdown of the food. Secreted by the salivary glands, salivary amylase initiates the breake down of starch 44, (1) Pancreatic juice is released by the hepato- pancreatic duct in the small intestine. The pancreatic juice is a lear, colourless liquid that consists mostly of water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate and enzymes. The bicarbonare ions give pancreatic juice a slightly alkx- line pH (7.18.2), which inactivates pepsin from the stomach and creates the optimal environment for activity of enzymes in che small intestine, . (4) The lamina propsia ofthe small inestinal mucosa con- tains arcolar connective tissue that has an abundance ‘of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which helps defend againse pathogens in food. Solitary Iym- pphatie nodules are most numerous in che distal parc of the ileum. Groups of lymphatic nodules refered ro as aggregated lymphatic follicles, or Peyer’s patches, are also present in the ileum 5.3) The gastric glands in the stomach mucosa contain three types of exocrine gland cells that secrete their products into the stomach lumen: Goblet cll, Peptic cll and oxyntic cel. Parietal of oxyntic cells: They produce Castles intrinsic factor (needed for absorp- tion of vitamin B,,) and hydrochlorie acid, 47. (1) The intestinal juice or succus entericus is formed by the secretions of goblet as well a brush border cells Ie isa clear yellow fluid, comtains water and mucus and is slightly alkaline (pH 7.8), which is suitable for enzymatic activities, The alkaline pH of intestinal juice is due to the high bicarbonate ion (HCO; ) content of pancreatic juice. Both mucus and che bicarbonates protect the mucosa of the intestine from acid. . 2) Chief oF pepric or zymogenic cells secrete the proen- zyme or zymogens pepsinogen (inactive form of pep- sin), promennin and gastric lipase. 49. (2) Bile salts makes food alkaline, emulsfies fat and helps in ks absorption, Bile salts are produced by the liver 50. (1) pHofgasticjuiceis2.0-3,7, pH chacofbileis7.0-8.0, pH of pancreatic juice is 7.8-8.0 and pH of saliva is (6.7. Gastric juice has the minimum pH 51. (1) Vomiting isthe forcible expulsion of the contents of the upper alimentary canal (stomach and sometimes duodenum) through the mouth. Before vomiting, a feeling of nausea (discomfore characterized by a loss of appetite and the sensation of impending vomiting) dlvclops. The strongest stimuli for vomiting ae iit tion and excessive distension of the stomach. 2. (3) Most saliva is secreted by the major salivary glands, which lie beyond the oral mucosa, into ducts 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662629, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.NET DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE]CHAPTER-16 : DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE] that lead to the oral cavity, There are three pairs of major salivary glands: parotid, sub-maxilary and subclingual - (3) Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase continue v0 break doven proteins into peptides. Typsin and chymo- trypsin both dave the peptide bond berscen a specific amino acd and its neighbour, carboxypeptidase, as the name sugges, splits off the amino acd atthe cazboxy! end ofa pepeide. 3) Protein digestion is completed by two peptidases in the brush border: aminopeptidase and dipeptidase ‘Aminopeptidas, as the name suggests, cleaves of the amino acd ar che amino end of a peptide, Dipeptidase splics dipeptides (two amino acids joined by'a peptide bond) into single amino acids - (3) Small amounts of monosaccharides like glucose are absorbed by simple diffusion which depends on con centration gradient. (3) Secretin stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile salts, Ie promotes normal growth and main- tenance of pancreas and stimulates the release of insulin (2) Active transport cannot only move materials down the concentration gradient, but also against the gra- dient and utilises energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP, Substances of high nutritional importance, such as glucose, galactose and amino acids are absorbed by this process. Na’, cha is important for the active absorption of above materials, is also absorbed by active transport. Column | ) CCK Column tt (2) Stimulates release of pancreatic juices (B) Sodium bicarbonate (8) Helps neunalize stomach acids (©) Trypsin | (p) Prowin-digesting enzyme fiom che pancreas (D) Pepridase | (q) Intestinal enzyme that completes protein digestion Column | (A) Rugae Column i (9) Large mucosal folds in stomach (B) Circular folds | (p) Increase surface area in small inestine (© Meoceca sphincter | (q) Location becween the ‘opening ofthe small and large intestine Column (©) Pylosic sphincter Column (9) Surrounds che opening beeween the somach and duodenum ColumaT (A) Crypts of Liebeskiihn (B) Pancreas (©) Adrenal gland (D) Gastric gland ‘Column i (0) Intestine (p) Loop of duodenum (@) Kidney (6) Stomach 61. 3) Being insoluble in water, fats and oils form large immiscible droplets in aqucous media bus the enzymes ‘which hydrolyse fas and oils (called lipases) are insl- ble Fats and soluble in water. Therefore, lipases can act only on the water adjoining surfaces of fa drop- lets. Evidently, che larger the surface area of fa drop lees, the greater isthe ation of the lipase on them. As ‘we know that smaller the sie of a dropler, the larger is its surface area relative to its mass. Thus lipase acts ‘can digest fat in significant amounts only when large fac droplets are broken into tiny droples to form afine ‘emulsion. This is the reason why emulsification is so nccessary forthe digestion ofits. Enzyme amylase, on the other hand, is a starch-hydrolysing enzyme which hasno roe in ft digestion. Thus, the asertion is true, bu the reason is fale (62, (8) The liver detoxifies aleohol. In che liver, emyme alco hol dehydrogenase (ADH) converts alcohol into acet- aldehyde, Acctaldehyde is then converted to acetate by other enzymes and is ultimately metabolized into catbon dioxide and water. Thus, both assertion and reason ae fale 63. (3) Glycerides; mainly triglycerides are a principle form of fats present in our food. During digestion, fats are digested to form monoglycerides and free faty acids. “They fst become dissolved in the central lipid por- tions of bile micelles which are soluble in chyme, In this form, the monoglycerides and fre fatty aids are carled o the surfaces ofthe microvill ofthe intestinal cell brush border and then penetrate into the interior of the intestinal cells which i possible because the lip- ids are also soluble in the epithelial cell membrane. ‘This leaves the bile micelles sill in the chime, where they function again and co help absorb sill more monoglyeerides and fay acids. Thus, the asertion is tue, bur dhe reason is false, 64. (4) Bile isa biteer-asting, greenish-yellow, alkaline uid produced by the liver sored in the gall ladder and secreted into the duodenum of verrebrates. It assists 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranc! 4, Ph.; 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES.NET DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION [NEET CRASH COURSE]2 R.K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES the digestion and absorption of fats by the action of bile salts which chemically reduce fatty substances and decrease the surface tension of far droplets so that they are broken down and emulsified. Bile may also stimulate gut muscle contraction. Bile also contains the bile pigments bilirubin and biliverdin, which are produced by the breakdown of the blood pigment haemoglobin. Thus, boch assertion and reason are false, 65. (1) The wall of alimentary canal has thick layer of mus- les called muscularis, They fasten che movement of food through this canal. They help in breaking down of food into small particles and to semi-liquid form by various enzymes secreted by different glands in the alimentary canal. Thus, both the statements are true, and the reason is the correct explanation for the Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.NET EI] a & Ss c = q 3 # co e B 8 2 z 2 5 a S z g 2 2 Zz 4 Zz 2