R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results in terms of percentage selec www.newtonclasses.net BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES [NEET CHAPTER-WISE SOLVED PAPER] PUSS 1. The exchange of gases inthe alveoli ofthe lungs takes place by (osmosis. 2). simple diffusion, @) passive transport, active wansport (CBSE-PMT 1998) “The long bones are hollow and connected by air passage. They ace the characteristics of. Aves, @) Repiitian @) Mammals, Land vertebrates. (CBSE-PMT 1998) 3. Therespiratbry centers which control inspiration and expiration ate located in (1) spinal cond, @) cerebellum (@) diencephalon (medulla oblongata, (CBSE-PMT 1999) ‘What is the name oft between ribs and sternum? (1) Cartlaginous joint @) Angular joint 2) Gtiding joint @ Fibrous jint (CBSE-PMT 1999) ‘5. Given below are four matchings of an animal and its kind of respiratory organ, (a) Silver fch~ trachea (b)>- Scorpion ~ book lung, (©) Sea squin ~ pharyngeat gills (€) Dolphin skin ‘The correct matchings are (0) @)ana ) Hand @)@).) and) ) @and (a (AIPM 2003) ‘One ofthe fllowing sa very unique feature ofthe mammalian body (1) presence of diaphragm, (2) fourchambered heat. G) nbeage. (4) omeothermy. Neel NOM te its Pelueie elit 4 Cal-K-> dae) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, ular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES ‘When CO, concentration in blood increases, breathing becomes (1) there is no effect on breathing @) slow and deep @) faster and deeper (@) shallower and slow (AIPM 2008) ‘The majority of carbon dioxide produced by our body cells is transported tothe lungs (1) dissolved in the blood @) as bicarbonates. @)_ascarbonates, (attached to haemoglobin, (AIPM 2006) Increased asthmatic attacks in certain seasons are related 19 (tow temperature 2) hotand humid environment G)_ eating fruits preserved in tin containers (@) inhalation of seasonal pollen. (PMT 2007) ‘What i vital capacity of our lungs? (1). Total lungs capacity minus residual volume {@) Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume. @)_ Total lungs capacity minus expiratory reserve volume, Inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve vol- (AIPMT 2008) |. Hemoglobin ofhuman fetus (1)_has two protein subunits instead of four (2) has higher afinity of oxygen than that ofthe adult {G)_ has lower affinity of oxygen than that of the adult (@) its affinity for oxygen isthe same as that ofan adult. (AIPMT 2008) 2. Listed below are four respiratory capacities (a-d) and four jum- bled respiratory volumes of a normal human adult Respiratory capacities (@) Residual volume (©) Vital capacity (©) Inspiratory reserve (@ Inspiratory capacity Repl 2500 mL. 3800 mb 1200 mi. 4500 mt ry volumes Which one of the following is the correct matching of two ‘capacities and volumes? (1) (4) 3500mL (a) 1200 mL. 2) (@)4500mL (6) 3500 mL. G) (b)2500mL (6) 4500 mL. @ (©)1200mL (4) 2500 mL. (AIPMT PRE 2010) 13, Whats true about RBCS in humans? (1) They transport about 80% oxygen only and the rest, 20% oft i transported in dissolved state in blood plasma, (2) They do not carry CO, ata 3) They carry about 20-25% of CO, (4) They donot carry CO, at all They carry about 20-25% of (CO, They transport 98.5% of O,, (AIPMT PRE 2010) |. Figure given below shows a small part human lung where exchange of gases takes place. In which one of the options ‘The one part a, b, © or d is correctly identified along with its function? (1) (@) Red blood cel-ransport of CO, mainly. (2) (© Arterial capilary-passs oxygen to tissues 3) (@) Alveolar cavity-main site of exchange of respiratory ‘gues. (8) (@ Capillary wall-exchange of O, and CO, takes place here (AIPMT PRE 2011) A large proportion of oxygen islet unused the human blood ‘even afer its uptake by the body tissues. This (1) helps in releasing more O, to the epithelium tissues. (2) acts asa reserve during muscular exercise (3) raises the pCO, of blood to 75 mm of Hg. (4) is enough 1 keep oxshemoglobin saturation a 96%. (AIPMT PRE 2011) Bulk of earbon diexide (CO) released from body tissues into the Blood is present as (1) _carbamino-hemoglobin in RBC. (2) bicarbonate in blood plasma and RBC. (3) free CO, in blood plasma (4) 70% carbamino-hemoglobin and 30% as bicarbonate (AIPMT MAIN 2011) ‘Which one of the following is a possibility for most of us in regard to breathing, by making a conscious effor? (1) The lungs can be made filly empty by forcefully breath- ing out alla from them (2) One.can breathe out ar totally without oxygen Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-t, Ph.; 0651-2562523, 9835508 NEWTONCLASSES.NETBREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES [NEET CHAPTER-WISE SOLVED PAPER] (G) One can breathe out ai through Eustachian tubes by clos- ing both the nose and the mouth (4) One can consciously breathe in and breathe out by mov- ing the diaphragm alone, without moving the ribs at ll (AIPMT MAIN 2011) Which one ofthe following i the orret statement fr respira- Yon in humans? (1) Wotkes in grinding and stone-breaking industries may suffer, from lung fibrosis. {@) About 90% of carbon dioxide (CO,)is carried by haemo- {lobia as carbaminohaemoglobin. Cigarette smoking may lead to inflammation of bronchi. [Neural signals from pneurotaxic center in pons region of brain can increae the duration of inspiration. (AIPMT PRE 2012) “The figure shows a diagrammatic view of human respiratory system with abels a,b, ¢ and d. Select the option which gives ‘correct identifation and rain function andlor characteristic Trachea — long tbe supported by complete catiag- ‘ows rings fr conducting inepced a. >-Peural membrane ~ surround ibs om both ids fo pro- ‘ide cushion agnnet bing. -Alveol = thin walled vascular bag, ke structs for exchange of uses. <-Lower end of lings ~ daphragm pls it dowa dung inspiration (xEET 2015) Approximately seventy percent of carbondioxide absorbed by the Blood wil be transported othe ngs (() as bicarbonate ios (@) inthe form of dissolved gas molecules. {G) by binding o RBCS () ascarbaminehacmoplobin. (area 2019) 21, When you hold your breath, which ofthe following gas changes in Hood would frst lead tothe urge to breathe? (1). Falling O, concentration. (@)_Rising CO, concentration. @) Falling CO, concentration. (Rising CO, and falling O, concentration (AIPMT 2015) Name the pulmonary disease in which alveolar surface area involved in gas exchange is drastically reduced due to damage in the alveolar walls (1) asthma @)_ emphysema 2) lewis, (4) pmeumonia (RE-AIPMT 2015) ‘ame the chronic respiratory disorder caused mainly by ciga- rete smoking. (1) Emphysema G3) Respiratory acidosis (2) Asthma (8) Respiratory alkalosis (NEETI2016) Asthma may be aributed to (1) bacterial infection ofthe lang. (2) allenic reaction of the mast calls inthe lungs. @) inflammation ofthe trachea. (accumulation of uid in the lungs. (NEETT 2016) The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli ofthe lungs is (1) more than that inthe ood. (@)_ Jess than that in the Hood. (G) les than that of carbon dione. (4) equalto that inthe blood. (NEET 112016) Luings 46 not collapse between breaths and some air always remain in the lungs which can never be expelled because (1) theresa negative itraploural pressure pullingat the hing walls (2) there is postive intrapleual pressure. (@) pressure in he lungs is higher than tbe atmospheric pressure, (4) there isa negative pressure inthe lungs. (XEET 112016) Lungs are made up of aefilled sacs, the alveoli. They do not ‘collapse even after forceful expiration, boeause of (1) inspiratory reserve volume, (2) tidal volume expiratory esere volume. (@) residual volume, (EET 2017) EEE L@ 1. @ 21. Q) 2) 2 22. 6) 2 13.) 23.) 40 14.0) 24. @) 5@ 18. @) 28. (1) 6a 16. @) 26. (1) 2.0) 11.) 27. @) 2 18.) 9. (4) 19. @) 10. 20. (1) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835506812, 8507613968, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ANSWERS WITH EXPLANATIONS Gas exchange isthe delivery of oxygen from the lungs 10 the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream tothe lungs. It occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries, hich are located inthe wals ofthe alveoli. Difision occurs when molecules move from an area of high concentration (of that molecule) 10 an atea of low concentration. This occurs ‘during gascous exchange as the blood in the capillaries sur rounding the alveoli has lower oxygen concentration of oxy- igen than the air inthe alveoli which ha just been inhaled. ‘Answer (2) Hollow long bones connected by ar passage are characteristics ‘of Aves (birds). These adaptations are essential for fight “Answer (1) The medulla oblongata detects the levels of oxygen and carbon oxide concentrations and signals the muscles inthe heart, the lungs and diaphragm to increase or decrease the breathing, The pons contol the sped of inhalation and exhalation or respira- tion rate depending onthe need ofthe body Answer (4) ‘Carilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (Sbro- ‘cartilage or hyaline). Cartlaginous joints allow more move- ment between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint Answer (1) Insilver fish, exchange of gases occurs through trachea. ‘Some species ofarthropods such as scorpion have book lungs for respiration ‘Sea squirts have pharyngeal larvae gil sits that help in respi- Dolphins are mammal that spre through Tungs. “Answer (2) “The respiratory system it well-developed in mammals I takes place through elastic and spongy lungs loated in pleural cavi- ties. The presence of diaphragm below the rib cage is a unique feature of mammals. It improves the breathing eFiciency sig- rican newer (1) ‘When CO, concentration in blo increases, breathing becomes faster and deeper The effect of increased CO, is to decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for O, Thus due to Bohr’ effect the CO, released in respiring tissue accelerates the delivery of oxygen by faster and deeper breathing, Answer (3) 8 ‘The eset percentage oF CO, shout 70% is tansprted in Boo plana as biarbonae ions (HCO). As CO, difases into systemic capil and entered cei treats with sratr the presence ofthe enzyme carbene amidase (CA) to form cabonic acid, which dsociates ino Hand HO; Thus as Bood picks wp CO, HCO; accumulates inside RBC ‘As lod pases hough puimonary caplis nthe ngs, ll these reactions revene and CO, i exaled Answer (2) ‘Asthma isa disorder characterized by chronic airway inflam- mation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli and airway obstruction. It i at least partially reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment. In the early phase (acule) response, smooth muscle spasm is accompanied by excessive secretion of mucus that may clog the bronchi and bronchioles and worsen the attack, The late phase (chronic) response is characterized by inflammation, fibrosis edema and necrosis (death) of bronchial epithelial cells. The wigger for asthma Sometimes is an allegen such as pollen, house dust mites, ‘moulds oa particular food Answer (4) Vital capacity = TV +IRV-+ ERV ‘Total lng capacity = VC-+RV So wecan say that VC= Total lung capacity ~ Residual volume ‘Answer (1) Adult hemoglobin molecule consists ofa protein called globin, composed of four polypeptide chains (ovo aipha and two beta chains). Fetal hemoglobin unlike adult hemoglobin has two alpha and two gamma chains. Thus, fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) differs ftom adult hemoglobin (HbA) in structure and in its affinity fo 0, Hb-F has ahigher affinity focO, because binds BPG less strongly. Thus, when PO, slow, Hb cam camry up to 30% more O, than maternal HB-A. Answer (2) + Residual volame is 1100 = 1200 mi. + Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV of 500 + 2500 to 3000 + 1100 = 4100 ~ 4600 mi. * Inspiratory reserve volume is 2500 ~ 3500 mL. + Inspiratory capacity volume is 3000-3500 mi. IC=TV +IRV oF $00 + 2500 to 3000 = 3000 ~ 3800 mL. Answer (1) ‘About 96-979 of exygen is transported by RBCS in the Hood. Dring the transports of oxygen about 96% of he dfused oxy- gn enters into the red-bood corpuscles (RECs) and combine with hemoglobin, 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 983550 NEWTONCLASSES.NET 12, 8507613968BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES [NEET CHAPTER-WISE SOLVED PAPER] + The remaining 45 of oxygen is card in dissolved state through the plasma, + Nearly 20-25% of CO, istransported by RBCs as carbamino- hemoglobin, + Remaining 70% ofthe CO, is cared as bcarbonates. “Answer (3) Alveolar ducts are the both sites of gas exchange. The alveolar exchange serves as gas-enchange surface. Answer (3) ‘The lelover oxygen it used as reserve during muscular exercise asitis this ime that body equires maximum oxygen. ‘Answer (2) ‘The greatest percentage of CO, about 70% is transported in blood plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO, ). As CO, diffuses into systemic capillaries and enter rd blood cells treats with water in the presence ofthe enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) to form carbonic acd, which dissociates into H" and HCO, : (€0,+H,0+ 1,00, =H" + HCO “Thus, as blood picks up CO,, HCO,” accumulates inside RBCs. “Answer (2) ‘Whenever we give attention to our breathing and make some conscious effort to lengthen it, we easily start breathing deeply. ‘One can consciously breathe in and breathe out by moving the diaphragm alone, without moving the ribs at all, Answer (4), ‘Workers in grinding and stone-breaking industries may suffer from lung fibrosis. Due to the presence of silica particle, causes pulmonary fbrotis to the workers. ‘Answer (1) 1 — Trachea ~ long tube supported by complete cartilaginous rings to prevent collapsing, 'b- Pleural membrane -sutround lung on both sides to provide cushion against ubbing, © — Alveoli thin walled vascular bag like structures for exchange of gases. <4 Diaphragm ~ lungs pulls it down during inspiztin, ‘Answer (3) ‘The greatest percentage of CO, about 70% is transported in ‘blood plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO;)-As CO, diffuses into systemic capillaries and enters red blood cells itreats ith water in the presence ofthe enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) to form carbonic acd, which dissociates into H" and HCO; ‘Answer (1) ‘When we hold our breath, the fesh air isnot inhaled so supply ‘of oxygen is arrested and concentration of CO, rses which urge tus fr breathing Answer 2) Emphysema isa disorder characterized by destruction of the ‘walls ofthe alveoli, producing abnormally large air spaces that emai filled with ar durin exhalation Answer (3) Emphysema is generally caused by a long term irritation; cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational exposure 10 industrial dust are the most common iritants. 1 isa disorder characterized by destruction of the walls ofthe alveol, pro- ducing abnonmally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation Answer (1) ‘Asthma (panting) is a disorder characterized by the chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli and airway obstruction, The trigger for asthma some- times isan allergen such as pollen, house dust mites, molds ‘ora particular food. Other common tigers of asthma attacks are emotional upset, aspirin, exercise and breathing cold air or cigarette smoke. Answer (2) Alveolar must be higher than blood for oxygen to diffuse from ‘alveolar air into the blood. The rate of difusion is faster when, the difference between in alveolar air and pulmonery capil- lary Blood is larger, diffusion is slower when the difference is smaller, Normal inalveol is 104 mmHg and that in oxygenated blood is 95 mm He. Answer (1) Even afler the expiratory reserve volume is expired, consid- rable air remains in the lungs because the sub-atmospheric intapleural presure koeps the alveoli slightly inflated, and Some sca remains in the non-collapsibe airways. This vol- ‘umeis called the residual volume Itamounts to about 1100 ml 10 1200 ml. Anewer (1) ‘When the expiratory reserve volume is finished some air ‘remains inthe lings to keep the alveol inflated and some pres ‘ent in thenon-collasible airways. This reserve volume is called residual volume and lungs donot collapse due 1 residual vl ume presen inthe lungs. Answer (8) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835506812, 8507613968, NEWTONCLASSES.NET