TP7* 5:00

THE OPEN AND BLOCKED DISTRIBUTED AIR TRANSMISSION LINES

BY THE FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM METHOD

Tsang, S. H. L., Benson, M. W. and Granberg, R. H.

Lakehead University
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
This paper deals with the response of a dis- The majority of earlier work on fluid tran-
tributed air transmission line with laminar flow sients with laminar flow in rigid tubes is con-
subjected to an impulse, step, or arbitrary peri- cerned with the propagation of sinusoidal distur-
odic excitation. The rational is based on the bances. Several methods and solutions are avail-
inverse Fourier transform: able in the literature [1]. On the transmission
of pressure waves, Rohmann and Grogan [2] are the
R(t) = F I{G(jw) * P1 jw)} first to use the electrical transmission line
theory to model the fluid lIne as a series of in-
where R(t) Is the response, G(jw) the system fre- finitesimal elements, comprising a series impe-
quency function, and P1(jw) the frequency spectrum dance Z(jw) and a shunt admittance Y(jw). The
of the input function. For input flow prediction, propagation of sinusoidal signals and the frequen-
G(jw) is the input admittance. G(jw) represents cy response of the line are characterized by the
the transfer function for pressure calculation. line characteristic impedance ZcCjw) = /77? and
The predicted dynamics of a blocked and an open the propagation constant r(jw) = V77. The most
line subjected to arbitrary periodic excitation complete information on the series impedance and
are compared with experimental measurements. shunt admittance, however, is contained though not
explicitly in the paper by Iberall [3] published
NOMENCLATURE seven years earlier. In 1962, Nichols [4] and
Brown [5] obtained the same results from the first
a speed of sound order governing equations using different ap-
A cross-sectional area proaches. Ohmi, et al. [6], presented a consider-
C capacitance ably more extensive treatment of the isothermal
CO capacitance per unit line length line which includes also the radial flow. But
f Pfc frequency, highest frequency, cps or Hz with appropriate simplifications and taking only
F Fourier transform the first eigenvalue, Ohmi's solution is also re-
HCjw) transfer function duced to that derived by Iberall. The theory
i first presented by Iberall, and later by Nichols
Jo,Jj Bessel functions and Brown, has been shown to correlate well with
transmission line length measurements by Krishnaiyer and Lechner [7].
inertance per unit line length
N number of samples Schuder and Binder [8] are two of the earlier
Np Prandt number investigators into the step response of a volume-
P1 input pressure loaded pneumatic line. Their constant resistance-
P2 downstream pressure inertance-capacitance one-dimensional model pre-
Qi input flow dicts responses which lead experimental measure-
r transmission line radius ments. For the semi-infinite line, Brown [5] ex-
R resistance tended his work to derive a short transient time
t time, second solution for the impulse and step inputs. To
T period, second better the range of transient times, Brown and
Y( jw) line shunt admittance Nelson [9] used a three-part procedure to calcu-
Yi (jw) input admittance late the step response of a liquid line from the
Z(jw) line series impedance frequency response solution. Later, Kantola [10]
Zc ( jw) line characteristic impedance obtained the infinite series representations of
y specific heat ratio the impulse and step responses for the semi-infi-
rC(jw) propagation constant per unit line length nite line, which is an improvement over the pre-
Af sampling frequency interval, Hz vious methods. Karam and Leonard [11] calculated
At sampling time interval, second the response of a terminated line from the re-
time-averaged dynamic viscosity sponse of the semi-infinite line. On the blocked
vo
V
time-averaged kinematic viscosity line, Katz [12] used the inverse Laplace Transform
PO t i me-averaged f I u i d dens i ty technique and obtained results in agreement with
angular frequency, rad/second measurements.

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 There are advantages and disadvantages of the Using Brown's [53 formulation and replacing s by
various methods used by the many authors on the jw, the series impedance Z(jw) and shunt admit-
step and impulse responses of the laminar fluid tance Y(jw) for a unit line length are given by
line. This paper presents an alternative approach
which has some advantages lacking in the other Z (j w)
jwL0 (5)
methods. The rational is based on the inverse 3/2
=

Fourier transform: 2JI( J x)

R(t) = F_1 {G(jw) * P1 (jw)} 3/2 x-- (j3V2x

L. i0

[
where R(t) is the response, G(jw) the system fre-
quency function, and P1(wj) the frequency spectrum 2(y-1/) (3/2N 1/2X
2(y1xJ(j32N 1/2x)
of the input wave. For downstream pressure pre- Y(jW) = jwc0 1 + 3/2 1/2 xJ (j 3/2 1/2 1 (6)
dictions, G(jw) represents the transfer function
of the transmission line system, and G(jw) is the
j Np Np x).
input admittance for input flow calculations. The where
input wave can be of any shape - impulse, step or x = r v
PO Kr2
any periodic forcing function, Its frequency
0
p
Lo= -2
7rr -and C0 POa2'
spectrum can be determined from the real time
function by using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) The Prandtl number is denoted N and the other
algorithm. The same FFT program can be used to symbols are explained in the Nomenclature.
compute the inverse Fourier transform to obtain
the response of the system. The transmission line From the above equations, the transfer func-
in this approach may be blocked, open, or connected tion H(jw) and the input admittance YI(jw) for the
to any load which is describable mathematically in open or blocked transmission line can be computed.
the frequency domain. As for the transmission line The angular frequency w and the number of frequency
itself, the formulation developed by Nichols [4] samples to be used depend on the frequency spectrum
and Brown [5] is quite complete and it can be used. of the input wave, P1(jw), which is discussed in
In this paper, the FFT method is first tested the next section. Once the frequency spectrum of
with a first order R-C network, and the calculated the input wave is obtained, the frequency spectra
impulse and step responses are compared with ana- of the output pressure and Input flow waves can be
lytical solutions. The developed program is then calculated; that is
used for input flow and output pressure predictions P2(jw) = H(jw) PF(jw) (7)
for the distributed air transmission line with
laminar flow. The predicted dynamics of a blocked
line and an open line subjected to an arbitrary QJ(jw) = Y (jw) P 1(jw) (8)
periodic excitation are compared with experimental The inverse Fourier transform of the spectra pro-
measurements. duces the dynamic pressure and flow time functions.
THE DISTRIBUTED TRANSMISSION LINE THE DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
For the open (indicated by subscript o) and For a periodic input function, the frequency
blocked (indicated by subscript co) transmission spectrum of the input wave can be computed from
lines, the pressure ratios at the end of the line the discrete FourIer transform of the wave [14].
to the input pressure (i.e., the transfer function)
are given respectively by [13]
2r = At1E
N
k0o P1 (kAte-J2wnk/N (9)

o P2(jj) 1-
PI(jwJ|0
(1) where At is the sampling time interval and N is the
total number of samples; NAt is thus the period of
P2(jw) 1 the input wave. In actual cornputations, the fast
H00 (jw) =
P W(j) cosh rFjw)L Fourier transform (FFT) subroutine based on the
00
Cooley-Tukey algorithm given in Brigham [143 is
used. Since P1(t) is a real ttme function, the
where 9 is the length of the line. Equation (1) frequency spectrum Pj(j27rn/NAt) is a complex func-
means that P2(t) is the atmospheric pressure. The tion in which the real part is even and the Imagi-
corresponding input admittances are nary part odd. The angular frequencies of the
spectrum are determ4ned from w = Zf,. where f =
(Jw) = Q1JQ )
Y. lojw=P1(jw) - coth nAf n = 1, 2,...,N-1. The frequency interval Af
r(jw)t
Z (jw) 3
is the reciprocal of the period of the Input wave,
0 i.e., Af = 1/NAt. To reduce the distortion on the
desired Fourier transform of the sampled function,
Yio ( jw) = RQ(W) tanh r(jw) t the sampling time interval must be at least
y (jPw jwT
-
71T1 At = 1/2fC' where fc is the highest frequency com-
00 ponent of the wave. It is a general practice to
The propagation constant r(jw) and the char-
select the number of samples according to N = 2m,
where m is an Integer.
acteristic impedance Zc(jw) of the line are defined
respectively as rCjJ) = /Z7 and Zc(JW) = 77TS.

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 The inverse Fourier transforms of the output A2
pressure and input flow spectra are obtained
through the forward discrete transforms of the
Yio(J) =8Apt + JO (19)

complex conjugates of the spectra (indicated by *). where A = fr2, the cross-sectional area of the
line. It is recognized that 8wrst/A2 Is Te-wt
P2(kAt) = Af E P2(j2trntf)eijn/
laminar resistance of the line. This result can
n=O
also be obtained from the analogy between zero
frequency and steady flow.
Q1C(kAt) =
N-1
Af nE Q 1(j2lTnAf)eJ2n/
-j2ink/N (11) The obvious way to determine the functional
behaviour of H(jw) and Yijw) at positive and neg-
ative frequencies is to use the fact that P2(t)
Therefore the FFT program for forward transform can and Q1(t) are real time functions. For a real time
be used for the computations. For the inverse function, the real part of its Fourier transform
transform it is only necessary to negate the imagi- is even, and the Imaginary part odd. Since the
nary parts before call ing the subroutine. (A final real part of P(jw) is also even and the imaginary
conjugation is not required since all our time part odd, it fol lows that the real parts of H(jw)
dornain sequences are real.) However, the values and Yi(jw) are even functions and the imaginary
of P2(j21rnAf) and Q1(j2rnAf) at zero and negative parts are odd functions. The actual mathematical
frequencies are required. These values cannot be proof based on the transmission line functions is
obtained by simply substituting w = 0 and w = -w given in the Appendix.
into the functions. Their evaluations are dis-
cussed next. From the above discussion and the proofs in
THE FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE the Appendix, it is deduced that the real parts of
FLUID TRANSMISSION LINE P?(jw) and Qj(jw) are even, and the imaginary parts
oad. Thus in the computations of P2(j2rnAf) and
In this section, the functional behaviours of Q1(j27rnAf) at negative frequencies, we simply
H(jw) and Y,(jw) for the blocked and open lines as "fold" the corresponding parts at positive frequen-
w is varied from -oo to +co are determined. By
cies and "'flip" the results. All of these can be
substituting Zjw) and Yjw) into the definitions done very easily in the computer program. The
of r(jw) and ZC(jw), and expanding the Bessel func- zero-frequency values are obtained by multiplying
tions, the following limiting values as the angular H(jO) and YI(jO) given above by the D-C value of
frequency approaches zero are obtained. the input spectrum. Note that the Fourier trans-
form of a unit impulse is unity. Thus the impulse
tim r(jw) = rjio) = O + JO (12) response is simply the inverse Fourier transform
of the transfer function multiplied by the strength
tim Z c(jw) = of the impulse. By selecting a half-period longer
c+0
Zc(jo) = co - joo (13) than the settling time of the system, the square-
wave input gives the step response of the system.
For the blocked I ine, the hyperbol ic functions The frequency spectrum of the square wave can be
in equations (2) and (4) can be expanded into in- obtained directly from the FFT program.
finite series as follows.
THE EXPERIMENT
2[1 + rt + (Ft)2 + FL +
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the air
H(j) = 2 3 (14) transmission line system used in the study. Pul-
1 + [1 + 2rt + C2 t) + 2t) + satile air is generated by sequentially closing
21 3! and opening two one-half-inch solenoid valves
located at the upstream of the line.. The on-off
[2rt + 2! + C2FL)
3! +] sequence is controlled by a relay switch, which
ico tJw)
V !..
t = in turn is controlled by an electronic square-wave
with adjustable period and duty cycle. Because
ZCE2+2rz+ 2) + 2t) + ..] of the valve dynamics and the inherent load sensi-
In the limit as w -+ O, tivity of the system, the pressure signal is quite
oscillatory. The transmission line is therefore
tim H (jw) = H (jO) = 1 + jO (16) considered as driven by an arbitrary periodic
pressure.
tim Y. (jw) = Y. (jO) = tim LA = 0 + jO (17) In the experiments, copper tubes of 0.500,
0.787 and 1.067 cm inside diameters and 3.658 m
Similarly, for the open line, long are used. The input pressure amplitude is set
by a low-pressure/high-flow regulator, and the D-C
tim Y. (jw) = tim = zt (18) pressure level can be adjusted by a gate valve con-
(0+0 0 + c w+*O nected to the exhaust solenoid valve. The pressure
To find the value of Yio(jw) at zero frequency, it level in the accumulator is maintained at 103 kPa
is necessary to substitute the series impedance gauge (15 psig) by a high pressure regulator. Re-
Z(jw) into equation (18) and to expand the Bessel luctance type pressure transducers (Validyne Model
function. The result is DPTL 15) and a hot-film type mass flowmeter

1O49

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 (Thermo-System Model 2233) are mounted at both
ends of the tube for pressure and flow monitorings. 1S
The data are recorded on a Gould four-pen recorder.
In this paper the input pressure Is manually digi- tii S.8
tized for use in the FFT program. In the continu- 9
ing work of fluid transmission line, the digitiza-
tion is accomplished by a micro-computer based cn
44
four-channel data acquisition system, which Is LH
m nc-t,;S,.
linked to a DEC 2020 computer where all the cal- 2 0.4
W
62
culations are executed. p
FaT resul|ts

O1 A.L
n ,
i i -QMMN
. . +.- . -- .- -

1 2 3 4 5 i 7 I
TIPME. SECo
Fig. 3 - Impulse response of a
1. 6t Val1"
2. pl wtr first order RC-network
3. StUnq Ta_
4. AguatraG.w5
5. sIlo d vlve
6. Slmoli vlve
7. Gat vlvle
ki. Flow Motor Trams6acer
9. Fli wter lSieatr
10. Pmeswe Trms&er
l. Prtswre lWicajtor
12. Trwiss1ioLiz
13 .Pressw Tres*er LLa
14. Ptsw.v hicatsr
15. 4 Cbn..l Chert *ecOe. 9
}i. Cotrol Circuit for Solewid Ya'-vs

i
cn
U)
ui
-i
Fig. 1 - Schematic diagram of the apparatus 2c
12
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figures 2 and 3 compare the analytical square-
wave and impulse responses of a first-order R-C
network with the results obtained from the FFT
computer program over one period, with RC = I TIME SECOU'
seoond and N = 32 samples. The first half-period Fig. 4 - Trapezoidal forced response of a
of the square-wave response can be interpreted as
the step response of the network. The comparison
first order RC-network
shows that the FFT data are In good agreement with Figure 5 compares typical FFT results with the
the analytical results. Improvement at small time measured input flow for an open 0.500-cm-diameter
near zero for the impulse response can be obtained tube. Based on the maximum flow, the Reynolds
by increasing N. The evaluation is extended to number for this test Is 1120. The input flow cal-
include a periodic trapezoidal forcing function culated from the FFT method with N = 256 samples
and the same good agreement is obtained as shown is in reasonably good agreement with the measured
in Figure 4. dynamic flow.

gi
n

TIAE, SECOn
Fig. 5 - Comparison of FFT results (indicated by
Flg. 2 - Square-wave response of a dots) with measured input flow for an
first order RC-network open line with d = 0.5 cm and
I = 3.658 cm.

t5O

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 A
Typical results for a blocked 0.500-cm-dia-
meter tube are presented in Figures 6 and 7. In
the test associated with Figure 7, a pinched elas-
tic tube was added between the inlet solenoid
valve and the flowmeter to act as a filter for the
input wave. As a result, the input pressure sig-
nals to the same blocked tube in the two tests
take on different appearances.

V Y- ..711; V ::.F

J_ I-1
A

II
A:

_T

7~~~~~~~~~~

J~~~
T

X4 4,
Tl
::

.,.LA__71i]'

A _ 1_
.1 i1E1:r :

_IIIT
'I :1

~~~~1
- Conparison of FFT results wlthL
Flg.
6
mesJeetJ rom bloke A nI
- 0.5 cmad1= .5
1--:1:E.1:
E I T .1:I

.1

0.5
1.
T: 1:I

__
A

T:1-_I

cm an
:

7-
:.1

A1: I;

TF

Z
1::I
I: :1: -

A 1 I J....:i~...
T
I

I i
.
I] X1 IA

J X

;I--TFA T1
1
.-

___ili}ei;i_wIl

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
r q
N13 IIi.1.

1 -T TT11 ^ 1 7 T I

3I658I
'I
I

ir A half

...
IL

_A]__ T___.
2.
highest frequency componenit in the input wave
is 200 Hz.) In comparison, the break frequen-
cies for the pressure transducers and flow-
meters are close to 1 kHz. The measured dy-
namic traces are therefore distorted by the
recorder at the high frequency range.
The hot-film flowmeters available on the mar-
ket are insensitive to the flow directions.
The present TSI mass flowmeter is of no excep-
tion. Positive and negative flows are there-
fore recorded as positive values on the chart.
In view of the distortion at high frequencies
and the insensitivity of the flowmeter to flow
directions, the FFT results can be said to compare
reasonably well with measurements, in particular
the pressure at the downstream end.
When the exhaust solenoid valve opens in the
second half of the period, the flow through the
flowmeter Is in the reversed direction. The
measured flow trace in this half period should
therefore be negative. The FFT predicted flow
compare favourably in this portion of the trace
(note the mirror image appearance). In the first
of the period, it Is expected for the input
flow to pulsate back and forth in the line. Thus
sone of the recorded peaks in the flow traces are
of negative values. In view of this, the predicted
flows also compare favourably with the measure-
ments. In general, the comparison is better for
Figure 7, because the elastic tube upstream acts as
a filter to attenuate the high-frequency compo-
nents, causing less distortion to the recorded
waves.

..

A
Typical square-wave and impulse responses of
the open and blocked lines from the FFT program
are shown in Figures 8 to 10 without experimental
values for comparison. The pressure response
shown in Figure 9 for the block load, however,
displays similar characteristics as the step re-
sponse presented In the paper by Katz [12]. For
t ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -
4 +t .t tt tt ti. 4- + ,. square-wave input, N=256 was used In the program.
The impulse response requires 2048 samples over
y 1 1 1 I I Ii t:51' 011 1 :E :¢ 1 -1:1 l: TE1 T rfJ1; : -1. :;lll]T ;r the period of 0.64 second to obtain the results
shown in Figure 10. In Figure 10, every 16th
sample point is plotted as a dot, corresponding
to a time interval of 5 milliseconds. The high
fl I 14.
: L 1 |i21 j :;11jJ[jiE i0:
t
t-t t * + * 4 4 + + + tt + + + -
frequency cut-off point is 1.6 KHz for the Impulse
input.
.1. A I
T
A I I. ..I
t
.1, T
I1- i'_
i Al" i,lar-A
4 A. A A 11-1.1 ;.%,. .1. A.I.T A A. .1 A-- A mr.

1 I r. . A1-
4 l - F 9 . H&4 P+4
14 k F`N'k i 'l; 1: L
.1 71 A

T,-T.T
Fig. 7 - Comparison of FFT results with T7:
v-i n-w Imm4d -p-o-c 11111follille
T: f.

measurements from a b l ocked I i ne -4 7.7.: 7, !1..

with modifified input wave, d=-0.5 cm &

In the analysis of the results for blocked J:., JL:j 91

load, the following two points are noted.

1. The frequency response of the available strip- 4
chart recorder is flat for signals up to 100
Hz, with a break frequency of 125 Hz. (The Pig. 8 - Square-wave response of an open lIne
with d = 0.5 cm and t = 3.658 m

A05C

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 In the simulation of fluid circuitry, the forcing
L l.t..
function is usually non-sinusoidal and the step
and Impulse functions are difficult to produce.
1;j For arbitrary inputs, the frequency spectrun can
be determined from digitized real time data by
the FFT program.
I...
.t FJl-.-:-!
4 The other advantage Is that the transmission
1. T
I T line can be connected to any load in this approach.
A.I.A. L Lt 1.
_t::f.l T: 1:: -1: I 4 :1
Y -rT 4: -1 41'.11 Although this has not been demonstrated In the
paper, it is easily seen from the loaded trans-
TA.:
NA; 1: 17: 1-J-14
1'. 7.
11.1. mission line equation given in reference [1] or
[13] that indeed any load can be utilized. Be-
I A:
IT'l -F.; cause of the characteristics of the real time
44
function, the following equations are always true.
f! U.
H(-jw) H* (jW)
T.- A -T:
....T..
.... .... X.1
Y (-jw) = Y(jw)
.A .- :u
.1 T:
L.'i
"T"A

Thus for the FFT method, the negative frequency

.4ij values are accessible. Further, the zero frequen-
age cy data can be obtained by simply using a very
small frequency value. However, the exact values
Fig. 9 - Square-wave response of a blocked can be obtained from the functions by letting u
line with d = 0.5 cm and t = 3.658 m to approach zero.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge the support
from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada.
REFERENCES
1. Goodson, R.E., and Leonard, R.G., "A Survey
of Modeling Techniques for Fluid Line Tran-
sients," ASME Journal of Basic Engineering,
Series D, Vol. 94, No. 2, June 1972, pp. 474-
482.
2. Rohmann, C.P., and Grogan, E.C., "On the
Dynamics of Pneumnatic Transmission Lines,"
Trans. ASME, Vol. 79, May 1957, pp. 853-867.
3. Iberall, A.S., "Attenuation of Oscillatory
Pressures in lnstrument Lines,l" Journal of
Research, National Bureau of Standards, Vol.
45, July 1950, Research Paper RP2115,
pp. 85-108.
4. Nichols, N.B., "The Linear Properties of
Pneumatic Transmission Lines," ISA Transac-
tions, Vol. 1, January 1962, pp. 5-14.
Fig. 10 - Impulse responses of a lI ne 5. Brown, F.T., "The Transient Response of Fluid
with d = 0.5 cm and £ = 3.658 m Lines," ASME Journal of Basic Engineering,
CONCLUS ION Series D, Vol. 84, No. 4, December 1962,
pp. 547-553.
This paper illustrates the use of the fast 6. Ohmi, M., Usui, T., Fukawa, M., and Hirasaki,
Fourier transform method for the dynamic study of S., "Pressure and Velocity Distributions in
distributed air transmission line. The method was Pulsating Laminar Pipe Flow,"-Bulletin of the
applied to the blocked and open lines of finite JSME, Vol. 19, No. 129, March 1976, pp. 298-
length for square-wave (step), impulse and arbi- 306.
trary inputs. The results show good agreement with
measurements. The calculation procedure In the 7. Krlshnaiyer, R., and Lechner, T.L., Jr., "An
method is relatively simple, and the computer pro- Experimental Evaluation of FludldIc Trans-
gram can be written in general to accept any input. mission Line Theory," Advances In Fluidics,
This is the major advantage of the method since

1052

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 ASME Publications, Edited by F. T. Brown, Also we can express
1967J, pp. 367-389. 2J [E(_j ) 3/2 r 0
8. Schuder, C.B., and Binder, R.C., "The Re- B (jw) = 1 - o
(A.4)
sponse of Pneumatic Transmission Lines to
Step Inputs," ASME Journal of Basic Engi-
(_j)3/2 r4 J0F(-j)3/2 r4 3
0 0
neering, Series D, Vol. 81, No. 4, December
1959, pp. 578-584. Introducing the minus sign into the angular fre-
quency terms, and noting that J1 Is an odd func-
9. Brown, F.T., and Nelson, S.E., "Step Response tion and J0 even, equation (A.4) becomes
of Liquid Lines With Frequency-Dependent
Effects of Viscosity," ASME Journal of Basic 2J [j3/2 rj;]
Engineering, Series D, Vol. 89, No. 2, June *
1965, pp. 504-510. B (jw) = 1 - B(-jw) (A.5)
j3/
rQ 0
10. Kantola, R., "Transient Response of Fluid 0 0
Lines Including Frequency Modulated Inputs,"
ASME Journal of Basic Engineering, Series D, Simi larly,
Vol. 93, No. 2, June 1971, pp. 274-282. *
D (jw) = D(-jw) (A.6)
11. Karam, J.T., Jr., and Leonard, R.G.,. "A
Simple Yet Theoretically Based Time Domain With w = -w, we can write equation (A.3) as
for Fluid Transmission Line Systems," ASME
Journal of Fluid Engineering, Series I, Jw) =-jw4FT 4B3Jw
rF- r(-S>-47CO wJ7
Vol. 95, No. 4, December 1973, pp. 498-504. (A.7)
12. Katz, S., "Transient Response of Terminated It follows from the above that
Pneumatic Transmission Lines by Frequency rC(-jw) = r (jw)
*
Response Conversion,," ASME Paper No. 75-WA/ (A.8)
Flcs-4, ASME Winter AnnuaI Meeting, Houston, Since r(jw) = a(w) + jS(w), the result given by
Texas, November 30 - December 4, 1975. equation (A.8) indicates that a(w) is an even
13. Kirchner, J.M., and Katz, S., Design Theory function and O(N) is an odd function. Similarly
of Fluidic Components, Academlc 7Press, 1975. H(jw) and Yi (jw) have even real parts and odd
imaginary parts with respect to w.
14. Brigham, E.0., The Fast Fourier Transform,
Prentice-Hall,
I 1974.
APPENDIX
In order to prove that the real parts of
H(jw) and Yi(jw) are even and the imagi nar parts
odd (i.e., H(-jw) = H (jw) and Yi(-jw) = Y5jw)),
it is convenient to first show that r(-jw) =
r*(jw). The asterisk * is used to Indicate the
complex conjugate. Letting
jw0
B(jW) - Z(jw (A.1 )
-t
jw)w)
D(jw) jwC (A. 2)

we can write

W)
r(jw) = jiw4LOCO w) (A.3)

K53

Authorized licensed use limited to: Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Tech Szczecinie. Downloaded on January 02,2021 at 17:58:44 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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open measuredt
ine wth d ..5
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Lii iii...,i.,.....,j=
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 i_,,m,. MMM..._tM*1Ht.........

~~~~T.... .... ......... l... ....... .. ...................

FiWg. 6 Comparilson of Fr T result with

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emen
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' W
it n t- + wih-W-
t mod f- f- iedt i
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DvilfW}r_>.;_ _Ew6yavF_=F -@HF-q
r....................
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 .k- -'. ..1-,,-.,,-,..,
4-- t ._ LXa 7T -

lime
TXn +tt1wiM\flth
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FigtW -10 impulsW e responses of 6 lihoke

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WI; with~~:
d,,,,r m and t 3 r _ 2=f
34658 m

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