Lund University

Division of Materials Engineering

Examination in Advanced Materials Technology

Tuesday, 10th January 2017, 1400 -1900 hrs

Hall MA: 9A-D

You are allowed to use physical / mathematical tables and a calculator

You are advised to write your answers in a concise, clear and well formulated manner.
Proper justification for your answers is vital for getting high marks.

You can write the answers in English.

Grades
Out of a maximum of 100 marks for this examination, 10 marks (max) will be given to your
lab. report and 20 marks (max) for your project work.

Grade 3 (pass): 50/100, Grade 4: 70/100 and Grade 5: 85/100

Results
The results will be reported in Ladok by 27th January 2017.
1. (a) Sketch a schematic (110) stereogram for a bcc single crystal and index 4
poles at right angles to (110). Use the enclosed polar net. (4p)
Index the following poles also and give all the indexing details: (i) (510),
(ii) (123), (iii) (364) (6p)
(b) Use the enclosed (001) stereogram to find the slip system which is activated
first when a single crystal of vanadium (bcc) is subjected to tensile loading in
the direction [113]? If the Critical Resolved Shear Stress for vanadium is
89 MPa, what should be the minimum tensile stress for slip to occur?
Explain how you arrived at all the answers. (2+2p)
(14p)

2. Three binary phase diagrams represent a ternary system in the diagram given
below. Binary systems AB and CB show eutectic reactions while the binary
system AC shows unlimited mutual solubility in the solid as well as molten states.
(a) Identify all the single and two-phase regions in AB, AC and CB. (3p)
(b) For the ternary system, sketch: a vertical section going through 50% solid
solution of A element in B and 100%C; and isothermal section at temperature
T1. Identify all the phase regions. What happens when the temperature is
decreased from T2 to T3 in a system having approximate composition 15%A
70%B 15%C? (3´3p)
(12p)

........next page
3. Explain the concepts and the connection between:
(a) Stereograms, direct and inverse pole figures (4p)
(b) Dislocation structure, grain size and strength (4p)
(c) Microstructure and creep (4p)
(d) Diffusion and surface hardening (4p)
(16p)

4. Describe the underlying principles and possibilities with:

(a) Various techniques in optical microscopy (4p)
(b) Corrosion protection (4p)
(c) Property control in light metals (4p)
(12p)

5. A metallic bar is required to withstand a stress of 50 MPa
at 700ºC. Preliminary

creep tests of the bar material carried out under similar conditions revealed a
secondary creep rate of 2,4´10-12 s-1, the Activation Energy for Creep
180 kJ×mol-1, and the numerical value of the stress exponent 5.
In practice, the metallic bar was exposed to a stress of 60 MPa at a temperature of
720ºC during 10% of the expected bar service time before it began operating in the
conditions it was designed for.
Define a criterion of safe bar service and calculate the real service time of the bar.
e! = A × s n × e-Q /( R×T ) where A, Q and R areconstants.
Given:
Q = Activation energy for Creep, R = Gas constant =8,314 J mol-1K -1
(8p)

6. If the engineering stress – strain curve is defined by the following exponent law:
s=80 + 400×e0.36, in MPa.
Calculate the ultimate tensile strength and uniform elongation of the material?
(8p)

7. Individual Lab. Report – SEM (10p)

8. Group Project Report (20p)

 *********

Formulae / Constants
Acceleration due to gravity (Sweden): 9.82 m s-2;
Gas Constant: R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
Avogadro constant: NA = 6.022×1023 mol-1
Boltzmann’s constant: (k) = 1.381×10-23 J K-1
Energy: 1 electronvolt (eV) = 1.6021 10-19 J
Temperature (K) = degrees Celsius + 273.15
Geometry:
For a triangle: area A = 0.5×[base x height].
For a sphere: surface area A = 4pr2; volume V = (4/3)pr3, where r is the radius.
For a cylinder: cross-sectional area ACS= (pd2)/4; circumferential area AC = p d L;
volume V = [(pd2)/4]×L, where d is the diameter and L is the length.
Angle between two planes of atoms (or two directions):
In a cubic crystal (h1k1l1) and (h2k2l2):
ℎ0 ℎ1 + 𝑘0 𝑘1 + 𝑙0 𝑙1
cos 𝜃 =
ℎ01 + 𝑘01 + 𝑙01 ℎ11 + 𝑘11 + 𝑙11
In a hexagonal crystal (h1k1i1l1) and (h2k2i2l2):
1 3 𝑎1
ℎ0 ℎ1 + 𝑘0 𝑘1 + ℎ0 𝑘1 + ℎ1 𝑘0 + 1 𝑙0 𝑙1
2 4𝑐
cos 𝜃 =
3 𝑎1 3 𝑎1
ℎ01 + 𝑘01 + ℎ0 𝑘0 + 1 𝑙01 ℎ11 + 𝑘11 + ℎ1 𝑘1 + 1 𝑙11
4𝑐 4𝑐

Weiss Zone Law:

Plane (hkl) belongs to zone [uvw] if hu + kv + lw = 0;
If planes (h1k1l1) and (h2k2l2) belong to zone [uvw],
u = k1l2 – k2l1; v = l1h2 – l2h1; w = h1k2 – h2k1;
If planes (h1k1l1) and (h2k2l2) belong to a zone, (h3k3l3) belongs to the same zone if
h3 = nh1 + mh2, k3 = nk1 + mk2, l3 = nl1 + ml2; where n and m are integers;
Bragg’s law: 2×d(hkl)×sin(q) = n×l; for cubic lattices, d(hkl) = a0/Ö (h2+ k2+ l2)
Poisson’s ratio: n = –etransverse/elongitudinal = (3K–2G)/(6K+2G) » 0.33 for most materials;
where K: bulk modulus, G: shear modulus; E: Young’s modulus E = 2G(1+n);
Strain: engineering e = (L–L0)/L0 = (A0-A)/A0; true e = ln(L/L0) = ln(A0/A) = ln(1+e);
where L0 and A0 are the initial length and cross-section area, respectively;
L and A are the final length and area, respectively; cold work [%] = e×100.
Stress: [Pa] (1 MPa = 1 N/mm2) engineering s = P/A0; true s = P / A = s(1+e);
where P is the load.
Ludwig relationship: s = k × e n (true stress – true strain relationship in the plastic region)
Schmid Law: tresolved = stensile·cosf·cosq;
Distance (shortest) between two dislocations = (dislocation density)-0.5
Energy in a dislocation (per unit length) = 0.5 G×b2 J m-1 where b is Burger’s vector.
ASTM-grain size number (n) is calculated from: N = no. of grains per sq.in. at 100x = 2n-1.
Hall-Petch equation: yield stress sY = R0 + K/d0.5 where R0 and K are material constants.
Fracture:
Theoretical Fracture Stress (theoretical cohesive strength) s = ( E g s / ao )0.5
where g s is the surface energy (J m-2), ao is the lattice parameter (m).
Griffith ' sconditions : s = min.stress for crack growthin a brittle material
0,5 0,5
æ 2Egs ö æ Egs ö
=ç ÷ » ç ÷ where the crack length is 2c
è pc ø è 2c ø
1?@A G.I
For thick plates (c << thickness), 𝜎 = ;
0BC D EF
G.I
1? @A J@K ?@K G.I
Griffith-Orowan equation for metals: 𝜎 = ≈ ,
EF 1F
where g p is plastic work which is required for crack growth.
F G.I
Crack growth velocity: 𝑉F = 𝑘v0 1 − O ,
F
where vl is the speed of sound in the longitudinal direction, c0 is half the critical (Griffith)
crack length, c is half the crack length at a given time and k is a dimensionless constant
Arrhenius equation: 𝑘 = 𝑘G 𝑒 BQ RS
;
Avrami (KJMA) relation for phase transformations: fraction converted f = 1 – exp(-c×tn),
where c and n are time-independent constants at a given temperature.
Specific heat:
at constant pressure: CP = dH/dT J mol-1 K-1
at constant volume: CV = dU/dT J mol-1 K-1
Diffusion constants: [m2s-1 ] D: Interdiffusivity; DA, DB: Intrinsic diffusivities;
In a binary system A-B, D = XB×DA + XA×DB
W YZ(@[ )
𝐷U = 𝐷U∗ 1 + where gB = activity coefficient for B in AB,
W YZ(\[ )
*
D is self-diffusivity of ‘B’ and XB = mole fraction for B
0 W^ \
Boltzman-Matano Analysis: 𝐷 = − 𝑥 𝑑𝑋;
1] W\ \O
where t: time, x: distance from the Matano surface, X: atom fraction.
erf(0) = 0; erf(¥) = 1; erf(-x) = –erf(x); erfc(x) = 1 – erf(x);
1 ^ B^ D W 2 −𝑥2
𝑒𝑟𝑓(𝑥) = G
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑒𝑟𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋
𝑒 ;
E W^
1 Z B0 e ^ Defg 1^ ^D ^l ^m
𝑒𝑟𝑓(𝑥) = ijG = 1− + − +⋯ ;
E Z! 1ZJ0 E k 0G n1
Fick’s I law flux per unit area = –D×(dC/dx);
Fick’s II law ¶C/¶t = D×(¶2C/¶x2)
General solution for a Semi-infinite system: C = A + B×erf [x/(2Ö(Dt))]
A and B are constants. Initial and boundary conditions are used for determining A and B.
Using CS (surface), C0 (initial), CX (at a given ‘x’):
(CS–CX)/(CS–C0) = erf[x/(2Ö(Dt))]
Solutions for Finite systems:
C - CS 8 ¥
1 é -(2n + 1) 2 × p 2 D × t ù
Slab : = 2
Ci - CS p
å
n = 0 (2n + 1)
2
× exp ê
4
× 2 ú
L û
ë
C - CS ¥
æ x n2 × D × t ö
4
Cylinder :
Ci - CS
=å x 2
× exp ç -
R2 ø
÷
n =1 n è
where x n = 2.405,5.520,8.654,11.792....; n = 1, 2,3, 4....
(x n are roots of the equation J 0 ( x ) = 0, where J 0 ( x )
is the Bessel function of zero order )
C - CS 6 ¥
1 æ n 2p 2 Dt ö
Sphere : = 2
Ci - CS p
å
n =1 n
2
× exp ç -
R2 ø
÷
è

Gibbs phase rule: no. of phases (P) + degrees of freedom (F) = components (C) + 2;
∆𝐺 G = ∆𝐻 G − 𝑇∆𝑆 G = −𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝐾 where K is the equilibrium constant;

∆𝐺 G = ∆𝐻 G − 𝑇∆𝑆 G = +𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 𝑝yD for oxidation reactions, for example:

2 Cu ( s) + O2 ( g ) = 2 CuO ( s) , where s: solid, g: gas
0 (%~)
Sievert’s law: 𝐻1 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝐻 % ;𝐾 = g/D
1 •€D
Norton’s Law: Secondary Creep Rate = constant × sn.
x2 n
h
Extended Simpson’s Rule: ò f ( x) × dx = × [ f 0 + 4( f1 + f 3 + .... f 2 n-1 ) + 2( f 2 + f 4 + ... f 2 n-2 ) + f 2 n ] ,
x0
3
where ‘h’ is the size of the interval between points on the x-axis, (max-min)/no. of intervals
(001) Stereogram for Cubic Crystals
Polar Stereographic Net