PAPER - V FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING, MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS.

A. Accounting Theory and Practice.

a. Definition of Accounting - Need for Accounting Art V/s Science-Scope of Accounting,

Relationship Accounting with other disciplines, History of Accounting Systems.

Accounting has rightly been termed as the language of the business. The basic function of
a language is to serve as a means of communication Accounting also serves this function. It
communicates the results of business operations to various parties who have some stake in the
business viz., the proprietor, creditors, investors, Government and other agencies.

Definitions of Accounting
Some prominent definitions of accounting to help us better understand the meaning of
basic accounting.
 According to the Committee of Terminology of American Institute of Certified
Public Account:” Accounting is the art of recording, classifying summarising in a
significant manner and in terms of money, transaction, and events which are, in
part at least of a financial character and interpreting the results thereof.”
 According to Bierman and Drebin:” Accounting may be defined as identifying,
measuring, recording and communicating of financial information.”
 Therefore accounting can be defined as” the process of recording, summarizing,
reporting and analyzing required financial information relating to the economic
events of an organization to the interested users for making decisions.”
NEED/SCOPE FOR ACCOUTING
1. To keep systematic records: Accounting is done to keep a systematic record of
financial transactions. In the absence of accounting there would have been terrific burden on
human memory which in most cases would have been impossible to bear.
2. To protect business properties : Accounting provides protection to business
properties from unjustified and unwarranted use. This is possible on account of accounting
supplying the following information to the manager or the proprietor
 3. To ascertain the operational profit or loss: Accounting helps in ascertaining the net
profit earned or loss suffered on account of carrying the business. This is done by keeping a
proper record of revenues and expense of a particular period. The Profit and Loss Account is
prepared at the end of a period and if the amount of revenue for the period is more than the
expenditure incurred in earning that revenue, there is said to be a profit.
4. To ascertain the financial position of the business: The Profit and Loss Account
gives the amount of profit or loss made by the business during a particular period. However, it is
not enough. The businessman must know about his financial position i.e. where he stands ?, what
he owes and what he owns? This objective is served by the Balance Sheet or Position Statement.
The Balance Sheet is a statement of assets and liabilities of the business on a particular date.
5. To facilitate rational decision making: Accounting these days has taken upon itself
the task of collection, analysis and reporting of information at the required points of time to the
required levels of authority in order to facilitate rational decision-making. The American
Accounting Association has also stressed this point while defining the term accounting when it
says that accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic
information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information.
6. Information System : Accounting functions as an information system for collecting
and communicating economic information about the business enterprise. This information helps
the management in taking appropriate decisions. This function, as stated, is gaining tremendous
importance these days.
Accounting Art V/s Science

Accounting is both – a science and an art. Science is an inquiry into the relationship of
cause and effect about occurrence or happening. Scientific knowledge is obtained by observation
and testing of fact. Science is based on well established laws or rules. In accounting too,
recording, classifying and summarizing of business transactions is done on the bases of clear and
rational rules. Considerably progress has been made in developing standardized basic accounting
principles and accounting practices. Accounting, therefore, may be termed as a science.

Accounting as an Art, is that part of knowledge which enables us to reach our goals and shows
the way to attain the given objectives in the best possible manner. Since accounting has to deal
with different kinds of organizations and varied situations, it has not yet been possible to develop
rigid rules applicable in all cases. To this extent, it is still an art. Accounting does tell us the
manner in which special objectives can be achieved. Accounting is an art of recording,
classifying and summarizing in terms of money events and financial character interpreting the
result thereof.