PIP STD - PNC00003 PDF

December 1998
Process Industry Practices

Piping
PIP PNC00003
Process Unit and Offsites Layout Guide
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these
technical requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and
engineering costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While
this Practice is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users,
individual applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take
precedence over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and
particular matters or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering
situations should not be made solely on information contained in these materials. The
use of trade names from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of
preference but rather recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the
same specifications are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All
practices or guidelines are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and
regulations including OSHA requirements. To the extent these practices or guidelines
should conflict with OSHA or other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or
regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate professional before applying or
acting on any material contained in or suggested by the Practice.
© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of

Texas at Austin, 3208 Red River Street, Suite 300, Austin, Texas 78705. PIP
member companies may copy this practice for their internal use.
Not printed with State funds.

December 1998
Process Industry Practices

Piping
PIP PNC00003
Table of Contents
1. Introduction.............................. 2 9. Equipment and Instrument

1.1 Purpose .........................................2 Access Requirements..............7
1.2 Scope.............................................2 9.1 Fired Heaters and Furnaces ......... 7
9.2 Towers and Drums ....................... 7
2. References ............................... 2 9.3 Heat Exchangers .......................... 7
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP) ...2 9.4 Pumps........................................... 7
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ......2 9.5 Compressors and Auxiliaries ........ 8
9.6 Reactor and Dryers....................... 8
3. Definitions ................................ 3 9.7 Instrumentation ............................. 8
9.8 Miscellaneous ............................... 8
4. General Requirements ............ 3
10. Cooling Towers ........................8
5. Accessways, Platforms,
Ladders..................................... 5 11. Storage Tanks ..........................9
6. Roads and Paving.................... 6 12. Notes on Overall Site Layout ..9
7. Piping........................................ 6 Tables:
Table 1 - Minimum Access Provisions ... 10
8. Buildings .................................. 7 Table 2 - Minimum Requirements.......... 11
Appendix:
Recommended Equipment Spacing
Charts
Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 11

PIP PNC00003 December 1998
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this Practice is to provide guidance for those involved in the layout
of process units and offsites.
This guide shall be used for the development of plans, electronic models, and
working drawings for process units and offsites.
The intent is for this Practice to be coordinated with the overall site and offsites
layout for geotechnical, grading, zoning, building codes, life safety, fire codes, and
owner’s insurer’s requirements.
1.2 Scope
This Practice provides requirements for the layout of plot areas, equipment, pipe
racks, piping, platforms, roads, and other miscellaneous items.
Layout includes equipment location, access and egress for personnel safety, access
for operations and maintenance, and provisions for operational housekeeping and
constructability.
Access and clearances for operation and maintenance on proprietary equipment or
parts of proprietary equipment shall be in accordance with the equipment
manufacturer’s standards.
This guide does not cover any requirements for owner safety and property protection
needs such as loss prevention, vapor cloud explosions, or environmental or flare/vent
stack requirements.
2. References
Applicable requirements in the latest edition (or the edition indicated) of the following
industry standards and references shall be considered an integral part of this Practice. Short
titles will be used herein when appropriate.
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

– PIP EVS003 - Specification for Noise Control (In Process)
– PIP PCCGN002 - General Instrument Installation Criteria (In Process)
– PIP STF05501 - Fixed Metal Ladders and Cages Details
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards
American Petroleum Institute (API)

– API RP500 - Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at
Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class 1 Division 1 and Division 2
– API RP505 - Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at
Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class 1 Zone 0, Zone 1, and Zone 2
Page 2 of 11 Process Industry Practices

December 1998 PIP PNC00003
– API RP752 - Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process

Plant Buildings
National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA)
– NFPA 30 - Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
– NFPA 70 - National Electrical Code
– NFPA 497 - Recommended Practice for Classification of Flammable
Liquids, Gases or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for
Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas
3. Definitions
Accessways: Travel ways that provide access to equipment or congested areas
Constructability: Optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning,

design/engineering, procurement, and field operations to achieve overall project objectives
Main operating levels: Areas which, during plant operation, require plant personnel to be
continuously present or to be scheduled for presence at least once every shift
Offsites: Equipment grouped outside a process unit battery limits (e.g., tanks,
loading/unloading facilities, cooling towers, flares, etc.)
Primary roads: Main traffic routes. These roads are subject to tanker and semi truck traffic.
Process Unit: A group of equipment performing a predetermined process operation as

defined by the enclosing battery limit lines. Battery limits are as shown on the plot plan.
Secondary roads: Roadways serving regular operating and maintenance traffic. These roads
are not subject to high traffic loads.
4. General Requirements
4.1 Prevailing weather and site conditions shall be considered in the development of
general plant arrangements.
4.2 Plant equipment shall be located far enough from public areas and thoroughfares to
minimize risk to or from the public. Obtain and apply applicable local zoning and
building regulations for specific setback, type of facilities permitted, and type of
construction allowed.
4.3 The Process Unit should be integrated within a common plant site such that
independent operating and shutdown requirements for maintenance of other Process
Units is not affected. Facilities shall be provided for the isolation of a Process Unit
when independent operation and shutdown is required for maintenance of that
Process Unit.
4.4 Plant and equipment layout shall ensure that a safe means of egress is provided for
personnel evacuation in the event of an emergency. Egress routes shall be continuous
(not necessarily in a straight line), unobstructed, clearly marked, and lighted.

4.5 Process lines, utility headers, power and instrumentation services shall be carried on
overhead pipe racks at elevations designated for each fluid service. North-south and
east-west piping shall be run at different elevations.
4.6 Fire and safety equipment shall be located to maximize accessibility and minimize
exposure to fires, explosions, or releases.
4.7 Equipment noise levels shall be considered during Process Unit location and layout
(see PIP EVS003).
4.8 Equipment that handles flammable liquids, such as light hydrocarbons, should be
located downwind (considering prevailing wind direction) of fired heaters, boilers,
and other equipment that may cause ignition.
4.9 Layout shall permit full utilization of plant mobile handling equipment for
construction, servicing, and maintenance from roads through or adjacent to the unit.
4.10 Permanent handling equipment shall be limited to specific items that cannot be
serviced manually or by plant mobile equipment.
4.11 Equipment that shares common service shall be grouped together where cost
effective.
4.12 All special process requirements (e.g., gravity flow, self-draining, critical Net
Positive Suction Head (NPSH), etc.) shall be addressed.
4.13 In general, electrical power distribution equipment should be located in an
unclassified area and should be located to minimize the length of power distribution
conductors. Consideration should be given to minimize exposure of electrical
equipment to damage from heat sources and chemical and particulate contamination.
Electrical equipment installation shall be in compliance with NFPA 70 and shall be
suitable for the area classification established in accordance with NFPA 497, API
RP500, or API RP505, and local codes (where applicable).
4.14 If at all possible, catch basins, floor drains, and other flammable fluid spill collection
points should not be located under fixed ladders, stairways, low platforms, or
flammable/heat-sensitive fluid storage equipment or close to egress points.
4.15 Spacing requirements shall be in accordance with the Equipment Spacing Charts
located in the Appendix.
4.16 The following information shall be considered when preparing offsite plot plans:
Prevailing wind direction
True North as related to Plant North
Location and elevation of railroads
Location and extent of fencing

Location of gates
Location of wells
Existing and original grade elevations
4.17 The following items shall be considered when developing overall site plans for
process plants:
Emergency response requirements
Legal boundaries
Adjacent land usage
Nearby public facilities
Public roads
Public utilities
Local regulations (e.g., noise)
Railroads
Waterways
Meteorology
Site data (e.g., contaminated soil, seismic, wetlands, etc.)
Topography
Future development
5. Accessways, Platforms, Ladders

5.1 Ladders, platforms, and handrails shall be designed in accordance with applicable
Federal Standards and Instructions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) and PIP STF05501.
5.2 Stairs shall serve as the primary access and egress to main operating levels in
structures, buildings, and furnaces.
5.3 Ladders should serve as the means of access to vessel platforms, air cooler
walkways, relief valves platforms, and all other areas not defined as main operating
levels.
5.4 Accessways shall be provided where plant personnel are likely to pass through while
carrying out routine duties.
5.5 Stairways shall have sufficient clearance to permit unobstructed passage for plant
personnel.
5.6 Platforms serving vertical and horizontal exchangers shall not interfere with removal
of the channel end or bundle.
5.7 Platforms around furnaces shall allow plant personnel unobstructed access at and
around piping manifolds, instruments, and furnace appurtenances.

5.8 The distance between the edge of equipment and the pipe rack shall be set so that
there is operator access to equipment and grade level instruments.
5.9 Stairs and ladders shall not obstruct access to instrumentation items.
5.10 Permanently installed stairs or other appropriate means of fixed access should be
considered for electrical equipment and instrumentation not installed at grade.
6. Roads and Paving

6.1 Primary roads shall have sufficient horizontal and vertical clearance to permit the
unobstructed travel of major vehicles.
6.2 Secondary roads shall permit maintenance vehicles to gain access to less accessible
equipment.
6.3 Accessways shall be provided as follows:
1. Under pipe racks as needed to permit crane access for routine maintenance and
removal of equipment
2. To reactors as needed to permit catalyst transfer vehicles to reach the area near
catalyst unloading nozzles
3. At compressors as needed to permit vehicles such as flatbed trucks to enter a
dropout area and remove components via mobile equipment or permanent
handling facilities
4. Around other equipment as required by owner
6.4 Paving should extend as follows:
1. To the outside edge of the supporting column piers of such equipment as
bottom oil-fired or combustible-liquid-containing furnaces and elevated
structures supporting coke drums, etc.
2. Around catalyst-containing vessels
3. Around groups of two or more pumps located outdoors
4. Around compressors and their related servicing equipment (e.g., lube oil
consoles)
5. Around equipment in dirty service that requires frequent turnaround
maintenance
6. Around equipment handling toxic liquid
6.5 Curbs required to retain spilled materials shall be at least 6 inches wide. Curb height
shall be specified to contain the required spill volume.
7. Piping
7.1 Where located at ground level, runs of lines shall not obstruct any maintenance,
operational accessways, or emergency egress/access. Where crossing of walkways is
unavoidable, the lines shall be provided with stiles.

7.2 Requirements for piping spacing around equipment shall be considered in the layout.
7.3 Additional insulation thickness shall be considered in the requirements for piping
spacing.
8. Buildings
Buildings shall be located in accordance with applicable zoning, building regulations, and
API RP752. Where possible, locate buildings upwind of process and flammable storage tank
areas (based on prevailing wind direction). All drainage shall be directed away from
buildings.
9. Equipment and Instrument Access Requirements

Note: See Tables 1 and 2
9.1 Fired Heaters and Furnaces

9.1.1 Space shall be provided for tube replacement.
9.1.2 Sufficient access and clearance shall be provided for removal of
sootblowers, air preheaters, burners, fans etc. and for operation of pressure
relief doors.
9.1.3 Heater stacks shall be extended or heaters shall be located so that stack gases
do not drift into tall structures and columns where maintenance or operating
personnel may be present.
9.2 Towers and Drums

Sufficient drop space (free of obstructions) shall be allowed for removal of
tower/drum internals and relief valves.
9.3 Heat Exchangers

9.3.1 Clearance for tube bundle removal and channel or bonnet removal shall be
provided.
9.3.2 Mobile access to air cooled exchangers for cooler removal/maintenance, fan
motor maintenance, and header box access shall be provided.
9.3.3 When possible, heat exchangers shall be located at grade and grouped.
Tubular heat exchangers should not be stacked higher than 12 feet to the top
unit centerline. If locating exchangers beneath other facilities cannot be
avoided, the channel shall be clear of overhead obstructions for removal
purposes. Access shall also be provided for exchanger cleaning and/or
disassembly.
9.4 Pumps
9.4.1 Access to pump auxiliaries such as seal pots, starter button stations, motor
conduit connections, etc. shall be provided.

9.4.2 Clearances for removal of pump, drivers, pump rods, impellers, and other
parts shall be provided.
9.4.3 Access around and between pumps shall be provided.
9.4.4 Vertical pumps shall have appropriate overhead clearances for removal of
drivers, shafts, impellers and other parts.
9.5 Compressors and Auxiliaries

9.5.1 Clearance shall be provided so that lube oil consoles, large castings, rotating
elements, and valves are readily accessible for maintenance.
9.5.2 Clearance and adequate laydown areas shall be provided for maintenance
activity equipment such as lifts for large compressor cylinders and pistons,
casing and impellers for centrifugal compressors, and rotors for large
motors.
9.5.3 All air compressor intakes shall be located to preclude intake of
contaminants.
9.5.4 Adequate space shall be provided for personnel on compressor decks and
around compressor auxiliaries.
9.5.5 Lay down areas on compressor decks shall be provided on elevated
structures.
9.6 Reactor and Dryers

Adequate space shall be provided for handling drums and/or tote bags at equipment
such as dryers, reactors, etc. that require frequent catalyst changes or raw material
charging.
9.7 Instrumentation
For specific requirements see PIP PCCGN002.
9.8 Miscellaneous
9.8.1 Equipment and instruments for which no permanent access is provided shall
be located so that temporary access can be provided.
9.8.2 Reserved space shall be provided for routine maintenance activities such as
filter cartridge removal, catalyst handling, tray removal, relief valve removal,
etc.
10. Cooling Towers

Cooling towers should be located downwind or crosswind (based on prevailing wind
direction) of buildings, Process Units, and electrical substations and equipment.

11. Storage Tanks
11.1 Tank spacing and location shall comply with NFPA 30.
11.2 Equipment such as pumps and exchangers should be located outside of diked storage
areas.
12. Notes on Overall Site Layout

Any future plot needs, as required by the customer, for process and supporting equipment
shall be considered early.

Table 1
Minimum Access Provisions
Minimum Access Required Type of Item to be Accessed

(see Note)
Platform - Items Located Over Elevated heat exchangers
Platform Elevated control valves (all sizes)
Manholes (higher than 12 ft. above grade)
Relief valves (NPS 4 inlet and larger on vertical vessel)
Process blinds (higher than 12 ft. above grade)
Furnace soot blowers
Furnace burners (when not accessible from grade)
Furnace observation doors and sample ports (higher than
12 ft. above grade)
Elevated cleanouts
Platform - Items Located at NPS 4 and larger gate and globe valves at vessels
Edge of Platform Battery limit valves in elevated pipe racks
Elevated motor operated valves
Relief valves (NPS 3 inlet and smaller on vertical vessels)
Relief valves (all sizes on horizontal vessels)
Level controllers (higher than 12 ft. above grade)
Sampling devices on vessels (higher than 12 ft. above
grade)
Permanent Ladder All sizes of check valves at vessels
NPS 3 and smaller gate and globe valves at vessels
Level controllers between 7-12 ft. above grade
Level gauges and valves
Furnace observation ports between 7-12 ft. above grade
Instruments requiring routine access
Handholes
Elevated electrical substations and equipment
Mobile Stair All servicing between 7-12 ft. above grade except as noted
in this table
No Permanent Access Block valves in pipe racks (except at battery limit)
Elevated orifices or meter runs
Nozzles on vessels (without process blinds or valves)
Check valves not at vessels
Temperature connections in piping
Pressure connections in piping
Silencers or exhaust heads
Metal temperature measuring points on vessels
Instrument connections on furnaces
Note: Orifices or meter runs requiring certified calibration, as defined by owner, shall have a service
platform installed unless they are located at grade.

Table 2
Minimum Requirements
Item Description Dimension

Roads Clearance over primary access roads where major maintenance 18'-0"
vehicles are expected to pass
Clearance over electrical transmission and distribution lines 22'-0"
Width of primary access roads 20'-0"
Clearance over secondary access roads and pump access roads 10'-0"
Width of secondary access roads and pump access roads 10'-0"
Railroads Clearance over through-railroads (from top of rail) 22'-0" (check local regulations)
Clearance over dead ends and sidings (from top of rail) 16'-0" (check local regulations)
Horizontal clearance from track centerline to obstructions 8'-6"
Clearance under electrical lines Check applicable regulations
Access Clearance height for projections over platforms, working areas, 7'-6” (6’-8” for bottom of valve
Walkways walkways handwheels)
Width of stairways (unobstructed width) 3'-0"
Width of landings (in direction of stairways) 3'-0"
Width of walkways 3'-0"
Maximum vertical rise of one flight of stairway 18'-0"
Maximum horizontal distance from any point on platform to an 75'-0"
emergency exit
Maximum length of dead-end platforms 20'-0"
Ladders Maximum vertical rise of ladders in a single run 30'-0"
Maximum allowable slope of ladders from vertical 15 degrees
Minimum toe clearance from centerline of rung to obstruction 7"
Platforms Maximum variance in platform elevations without an intermediate 1'-0"
step
Minimum unobstructed width of platforms 2'-6"
Occasional obstructions ( level glass, transmitter, etc.) 1’-6”
Minimum width of manhole platforms on vertical vessels 3'-6"
Minimum platform extension beyond centerline of manhole flange 2'-6"
on vertical vessels
Minimum width of platform from three sides of manhole on vessel 2'-6"
top head platforms
Minimum width of platforms at ends of horizontal tube furnaces 3'-6"
Operation Minimum clearance in front of channel end of horizontal Tube bundle length plus 5 ft.
and exchanger for tube removal or cleaning
Maintenance Minimum clearance around exchanger body flanges 1'-6"
Vertical exchangers Unobstructed vertical access

Appendix
Recommended Equipment Spacing Charts
Offsite Equipment Spacing*
Atmospheric, Low & Inter. Vapor Press. Storage

Bldg. High Occupancy (More than 15 persons)
Pressure Storage Vessels, 500,000 gal. or less

Property Lines (Other than roads & railroads)
Blowdown Facilities (Drums, Pumps, Stacks)
Bldg. Low Occupancy (15 persons or fewer)

This table does not account for
Electrical Control and Distribution Centers
Spheres and Spheroids (Over 500,000 gal.)

Natural Gas Metering Stations (Main Plt.)
vapor cloud explosions, customer safety and
Fixed Roof Crude Oil Tanks (No Floater)

property protection, environmental or flare
vent/stack dispersal requirements.
Highways, Roads & Public Areas
Loading and/or Unloading Racks

Electrical Overhead Pole Lines
Oil-Water Separators (API-CPI)
NFPA Class III Lliquid Storage

Railroads (Spurs-Center Line)
Numbers are in ft.
Electrical Main Substations
Railroads (Main Lines-R/W)

A - Engineering/safety decision must be made
Sewer Mains (Flammable)

Fire Stations, Fire Pumps
Pumps (NonFlammable)
Pumps (Flammable)
Plant Roads (Edge)

Pipeways (Major)
* includes control rooms
Buildings Utility
Cooling Tower
Process Units
Fired Boilers
Flare Stacks
Blowdown Facilities (Drums, Pumps, Stacks) A 100 200 100 100 50 50 100 50 200 200 100 50 20 50 25 200 50 100 25 15 200 200 200 200 NFPA 200 100
Fired Boilers A 200 100 A 100 50 100 25 100 100 200 100 20 50 5 100 25 200 50 15 100 200 300 200 NFPA 200 100
Bldg. High Occupancy (>15 persons)* A 20 150 100 100 50 0 50 100 200 200 100 50 0 150 40 200 50 50 100 200 300 200 NFPA A 200
Bldg. Low Occupancy (<=15 persons)* A 0 100 50 25 0 50 50 100 100 20 50 0 25 A 100 25 30 25 150 200 200 NFPA 200 100
Buildings Utility A 100 20 0 0 50 50 150 100 20 50 0 0 A 150 20 15 25 150 250 200 NFPA 200 50
Cooling Tower A 100 100 20 100 100 100 100 25 50 A 100 35 100 20 25 25 50 100 200 NFPA 200 50
Electrical Overhead Pole Lines A A A 25 20 50 25 0 5 5 25 A 50 20 4 25 25 25 25 min. 25 min. 25 min. 10
Electrical Main Substations A A 50 0 100 100 20 100 5 25 A 100 20 15 0 100 200 200 NFPA 200 100
Electrical Control and Distribution Centers A A 0 50 100 0 25 5 0 A 50 20 15 A 50 100 A NFPA A 50
Fire Stations, Fire Pumps A 50 200 100 20 100 0 50 50 200 20 40 25 200 300 250 200 250 200
Flare Stacks A
Highways, Roads & Public Areas A 100 100 0 100 5 A A 100 10 A A 200 300 200 NFPA 200 100
Loading and/or Unloading Racks A 100 20 100 5 200 A 100 10 20 100 100 100 200 NFPA 150 200
Natural Gas Metering Stations (Main Plt.) 10 10 50 10 25 25 100 10 15 25 100 100 A NFPA A 100
Pipeways (Major) A 5 0 0 A 20 A 3 25 25 50 10 NFPA 10 15
Pumps (Flammable) 3 3 100 15 10 10 10 100 25 25 A NFPA A A
Pumps (NonFlammable) 3 50 A 5 10 10 50 25 25 A NFPA A A
Railroads (Main Lines-R/W) N/A A 100 10 10 N/A 200 200 200 NFPA 200 100
Railroads (Spurs-Center Line) A 100 10 A A 100 100 A A A A
Oil-Water Separators (API-CPI) 25 10 15 100 200 200 200 100 200 200
Sewer Mains (Flammable) A A 10 25 50 A A A 20
Plant Roads (Edge) A A A A A A A 15
Property Lines (Other than roads & railroads) N/A A 200 A A A 100
Pressure Storage Vessels, 500,000 gal. or less A A A A A 200
Spheres and Spheroids (Over 500,000 gal.) A 100 100 100 200
Fixed Roof Crude Oil Tanks (No Floater) A A A 200
NFPA Class III Lliquid Storage A A A
Atmospheric, Low & Inter. Vapor Press. Storage A 150
Process Units 50

Recommended Equipment Spacing Charts
Process Unit Equipment Spacing
Snuffing Steam Operating Valve for Furnaces

Blowdown Facilities (Pumps, Drums, Stacks)
Reactors (Internally Lined & Externally Ins.)

Central Control Houses ( 2 or More Units)
This table does not account for
Compressors Gas (No Ignitiion Source)

vapor cloud explosions, customer safety and
Furnaces (Process Fired Equipment)

Electrical Control & Distribution Ctrs
Exch'rs Containing Flam/Comb Liq.

property protection, environmental or flare
Structures (Equipment & Process)

Control Houses (For Single Unit)
vent/stack dispersal requirements.
Electrical Switch Racks, Critical

Drums-Containing Flammables
Separator Unit(s) (Light Ends)
Water Spray Deluge Valves

Pipeways (Between Units)
Numbers are in ft.
Pumps (NonFlammable)
Pipeways (Within Units)
A - Engineering/Safety decision must be
made
Towers (Flammable)
Coolers, Air Fin-Fan
Pumps (Flammable)
Cooling Towers
Blowdown Facilities (Pumps, Drums, Stacks) A 50 100 100 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 20 5 50 25 50 50 50 50 50 50
Compressors Gas (No Ignitiion Source) 10 100 100 25 50 25 50 25 25 100 15 A 25 8 25 25 50 25 25 50
Control Houses (For Single Unit) A A 50 75 50 4 0 50 50 15 2 50 8 50 50 0 50 50 0
Central Control Houses (For 2 or More Units) A 100 100 100 4 4 50 100 15 15 75 8 100 75 0 50 75 0
Coolers, Air Fin-Fan A 50 8 50 15 8 50 A A 25 A 10 50 20 A 8 25
Cooling Towers A 50 50 15 50 100 25 3 50 A 50 50 50 50 50 15
Drums-Containing Flammables 5 50 15 5 25 5 3 5 3 10 20 20 3 8 25
Electrical Control & Distribution Centers 4 A 50 50 10 10 50 25 50 50 4 50 50 4
Electrical Switch Racks, Critical A 15 40 0 0 25 8 15 15 4 15 15 4
Exchangers Containing Flammable or Combustible Liquids A 50 3 3 5 3 10 25 20 3 8 15
Furnaces (Process Fired Equipment) 25 25 3 50 25 25 50 50 50 50 50
Pipeways (Between Units) A A 3 3 10 15 0 0 8 0
Pipeways (Within Units) A 0 0 5 A 0 0 5 0
Pumps (Flammable) 3 3 10 10 20 5 5 25
Pumps (NonFlammable) 3 8 3 3 3 5 3
Reactors (Internally Lined & Externally Ins.) 10 50 50 20 10 50
Separator Unit(s) (Light Ends) A 30 50 20 20
Snuffing Steam Operating Valve for Furnaces 0 15 25 0
Structures (Equipment & Process) 0 5 0
Towers (Flammable) 8 25
Water Spray Deluge Valves 0

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December 1998

Process Industry Practices

© Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of

Not printed with State funds.

Process Industry Practices

1. Introduction.............................. 2 9. Equipment and Instrument

6. Roads and Paving.................... 6 12. Notes on Overall Site Layout ..9

Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 11

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Petroleum Institute (API)

Page 2 of 11 Process Industry Practices

– API RP752 - Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process

Constructability: Optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning,

Process Unit: A group of equipment performing a predetermined process operation as

Process Industry Practices Page 3 of 11

Page 4 of 11 Process Industry Practices

5. Accessways, Platforms, Ladders

Process Industry Practices Page 5 of 11

6. Roads and Paving

Page 6 of 11 Process Industry Practices

9. Equipment and Instrument Access Requirements

9.1 Fired Heaters and Furnaces

9.2 Towers and Drums

9.3 Heat Exchangers

Process Industry Practices Page 7 of 11

9.5 Compressors and Auxiliaries

9.6 Reactor and Dryers

10. Cooling Towers

Page 8 of 11 Process Industry Practices

11. Storage Tanks

12. Notes on Overall Site Layout

Process Industry Practices Page 9 of 11

Minimum Access Required Type of Item to be Accessed

Page 10 of 11 Process Industry Practices

Item Description Dimension

Process Industry Practices Page 11 of 11

Atmospheric, Low & Inter. Vapor Press. Storage

Pressure Storage Vessels, 500,000 gal. or less

Bldg. Low Occupancy (15 persons or fewer)

Electrical Control and Distribution Centers

Spheres and Spheroids (Over 500,000 gal.)

Fixed Roof Crude Oil Tanks (No Floater)

Highways, Roads & Public Areas

Loading and/or Unloading Racks

Oil-Water Separators (API-CPI)

NFPA Class III Lliquid Storage

Electrical Main Substations

Railroads (Main Lines-R/W)

Sewer Mains (Flammable)

Plant Roads (Edge)

Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 2

Process Unit Equipment Spacing

Snuffing Steam Operating Valve for Furnaces

Reactors (Internally Lined & Externally Ins.)

Compressors Gas (No Ignitiion Source)

Furnaces (Process Fired Equipment)

Exch'rs Containing Flam/Comb Liq.

Structures (Equipment & Process)

Electrical Switch Racks, Critical

Separator Unit(s) (Light Ends)

Water Spray Deluge Valves

Page 2 of 2 Process Industry Practices