16 December 2020

Advanced Foundation Design

and Construction
CE 185002

Course Instructor
Dr. Kannan Iyer
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

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and Construction, KI 1
 16 December 2020

Other references:
10. Reinforced Concrete Vol. I by Dr. H. J. Shah
11. Foundation Design by Wayne C. Teng

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

Roads,
Railways,
Subways

Airports Bridges
and and
Seaports Tunnels

Critical
Infrastructure

Power
Hydraulic and
structures Communication
Systems
Major
Buildings,
Underground
systems

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

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Different structures requiring foundation

• Buildings
• Bridges
• Towers, stacks, vertical vessels
• Retaining walls, boundary walls
• Storage tanks
• Equipment (Static and dynamic)
• Offshore structures
• Industrial structures
• Pipelines
• Wind turbines
• Underground structures
• Railway infrastructure and Roadways
• Etc…. CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

(Modified from Atkinson (2006))

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CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

Flat Footing Stepped Footing Sloped Footing

Isolated Footing

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

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(Source: www.pdmsid.com)

Square Footing Rectangular Footing Circular Footing Octagonal Footing

Different Shapes of Isolated Footing

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

Flat and Stepped Continuous Wall Footing (Strip Footing)

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Non-eccentric Eccentric
Combined Footing Combined Footing

Combined Footing / Foundation

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

Trapezoidal Strap Footing

Combined Footing
Combined Footing / Foundation
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

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Raft / Mat Foundation

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

(Modified from www.understandconstruction.com)

Pile Foundation
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Note: Piled raft foundation can be

used for optimization of foundation
design where load sharing by raft
and piles takes place

Pile Group
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

(Source: www.google.com)

Caisson Foundation
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Natural Soil Deposits Compacted Soil Soft / Slurried Soil

• Field Investigation such as SPT, • Laboratory Investigation is • Special techniques for
CPT, Borehole drilling etc. mandatory for deciding collecting samples for
parameters for construction Laboratory Investigations
• Natural soil structure may
exhibit different soil density, • Field Investigation post • Additional measures for Field
different void ratio, presence construction is important Investigations
of cavities, swelling and
shrinkage with variation in • Control is possible on soil • Only some field tests are
water content, consolidation density, void ratio, swelling and possible
settlement, etc. shrinkage of soil, consolidation
• Collapse potential, corrosive settlement, etc. • Thixotropy and Quick
nature and other properties for • Collapse potential, corrosive Conditions
different challenging soils nature and other properties for
the borrow material • They can be natural or
artificially created

• Collapse potential, corrosive

nature and other properties for
different challenging soils

Geotechnical Inputs for Foundation Design and Construction

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

Some challenging soils encountered

Expansive soils
Corrosive soils
Dispersive soils
Soft and sensitive soils
Collapsible soils
Liquefaction prone soils
Organic soils
Frozen soils

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

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(Source: www.ntsafety.com)

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

Low-storey Buildings High Rise Buildings Ultra High Rise Buildings

Factors to be considered:
• Superstructure details
• Size and Type of Foundation
• Depth of Foundation and Depth of Geotechnical Investigation
• Extent and Method of Geotechnical Investigation
(Images Source: www.google.com)
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Expected Outcome from Geotechnical Investigation for Infrastructure Projects

Soil Conditions: Foundation Design Parameters:

Deriving general soil profile, variation, Estimate Foundation and Pile capacities and
summarize design soil parameters and settlements, soil and pile stiffness values
identify hazards for analysis, evaluate issues for special
(e.g. liquefaction, swelling / collapsible soil) foundations

Interpretation of Geotechnical
Investigation data, analysis and
recommendations

Other recommendations:
General Recommendations:
Pavement design, backfilling, excavation
Recommendations related to type and
slopes, earth pressure, soil corrosion
depth of foundation, factor of safety,
potential, future tests required,
construction issues, soil improvement, etc.
uncertainties, etc.
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction

(Source: www.google.com)

Note: Geosynthetic reinforcement can also be used to improve performance of pavement-subgrade system

Foundation structure for Railway Tracks

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction

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(Source: www.google.com)

Note:
- Additional structural fill of 500 mm with CBR > 8 may be required as per IRC 37 if soil subgrade has CBR < 5
- Geosynthetic reinforcement can also be used to improve performance of pavement-subgrade system

Foundation structure for Roadways

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

Factors affecting selection of foundation type

• Type of structure
• Soil strata and its properties
• Location of hard stratum / rock
• Loading conditions
• Environmental conditions
• Location and fluctuation of ground water table
• Adjacent structures
• Topography and terrain of the region
• Seismic conditions
• Construction practices and codal provisions
• Project specific requirements
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI
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Inputs required for foundation design

• Type of structure
• Soil strata and its properties
• Bearing capacity and settlement (total / differential) limits
• Design depth of foundation
• Factor of safety to be adopted for stability, serviceability and structural safety
• Loading conditions (Loads and load combinations-temporary and long term)
• Design ground water table
• Influence of adjacent structures
• Construction philosophy
• Project specific requirements (minimum depth of foundation, cover requirements,
grade of concrete, coating requirements, etc.)
• Codal provisions
• Behaviour of foundation (Rigid / flexible)
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction

Loads and Load Combinations (IS 875, IS 456, IS 1893)

• Dead load
• Live load
• Wind load
• Seismic load
• Ice load
• Water pressure
• Earth pressure
• Wave pressure
• Impact loads
• Blast loads
• Any other load as applicable
• Load combinations as per IS 875 – Part V, IS 456, IS 1893
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction

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Design Checks for Shallow Foundation

• Maximum bearing pressure < allowable pressure on soil / rock
• Minimum bearing pressure > 0
• If there is loss of contact (Uplift), it should be under prescribed limits
• Foundation safe against overturning
• Foundation safe against sliding
• If foundation near slopes, stability of slopes is ensured
• Effect of adjacent foundation on existing foundation and vice versa
• Total and differential settlement of foundation is within prescribed limits
• Foundation safe from erosion, scour and other effects
• Design of foundation for bending moment
• Check of foundation thickness for one-way and two-way shear (punching shear)
• Other reinforcement requirements for shrinkage and temperature stresses
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction

Design Checks for Pile Foundation

• Compression, tension and lateral load capacity of each pile/foundation sufficient
to carry super-structural loads transferred to that pile / foundation
• Group capacity of Pile group higher than overall loading to be resisted by the group
• Foundation settlement is within prescribed limits
• Pile to resist bending moment and shear forces transferred to it
• Pile to pile-cap connection to resist forces at their interface
• Any other considerations such as coating requirements, sulphate resistant cement,
negative skin friction, etc needs to be considered
• Constructability requirements needs to be considered in design
• Pile testing requirements needs to be considered

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI

CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction

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Overview for Foundation Design and Construction

• Site conditions and Geotechnical Information
• Project requirements (Site and regional specific information, client requirements)
• Details of structure supported (Geometry, column spacing, purpose of structure,
importance of structure, etc.)
• Loading information (location and intensity of loading, variation in loading for
nearby columns, types of load and their combinations)
• Surrounding conditions (adjacent structures, etc.)
• Construction philosophy (precast, Prestressed, modular construction, sequence of
construction, excavation philosophy, dewatering requirements, coating
requirements, etc.)
• Construction contractor competencies
• Uncertainties associated with design and construction
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction

List of Applicable IS codes (Latest version)

• IS 875 (Part I to V)
• IS 456
• IS 1893
• IS 2720 (All parts as applicable)
• IS 2911 (All parts)
• IS 2950
• IS 6403
• IS 1904
• IS 8009 (Part I and II)
• IS 13920
• IS 2974 (Parts I to V)
• Any other code as applicable for special foundations
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction, KI
CE 185002 Advanced Foundation Design and Construction

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