Tutorial 7

1. Neural central that controls respiratory medulla oblongata.

2. Define:

a. Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation is rapid and deep breathing. It is also called over

breathing, and it may leave you feeling breathless. (it occur when exercise
and pco2 increase in blood)

b. Hypoventilation

Hypoventilation is breathing that is too shallow or too slow to meet the

needs of the body. If a person hypo ventilates, the body's carbon dioxide
level rises.

Info: Ventilation is having the proper access to oxygen

for breathing purposes. Breathing is what sustains human’s likes inhaling
and exhaling air from our lungs.

3. Parts of the brain that control

a. Voluntary breathing

Cerebral cortex

b. Involuntary breathing

Medulla Oblongata and pons

Info: involuntary breathing during sleep. Voluntary breathing when the

person is awake.

4. Describe the effects of high PCO in the blood on ventilation.

2

Respiratory will be acidosis. Breathing becomes more deeply and more

rapidly. As a result, more CO2 is blown off. CO2 in the blood decreases
and pH increases back to normal.

Hypercapnia is excess carbon dioxide (CO2) build-up

in your body. The condition, also described as hypercapnea, hypercarbia,
or carbon dioxide retention, can cause effects such as headaches,
 dizziness, and fatigue, as well as serious complications such as seizures
or loss of consciousness.

5. Describe the effects of low PCO in the blood on ventilation.

2

Decreased CO2 production without increased ventilation, such as during

anesthesia, can also cause respiratory alkalosis. Decreased partial
pressure of carbon dioxide will decrease acidity.

6. Explain why oxygen is not a good index of breathing control.

Oxygen levels are not a good index for control of breathing because
oxygen levels do not change as rapidly due to oxygen reserves in
hemoglobin.

Oxygen radicals harm the fats, protein and DNA in your body. This
damages your eyes so you can't see properly, and your lungs, so you
can't breathe normally. So breathing pure oxygen is quite dangerous

7. List the stimulus and chemoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in

blood gases and pH.

Stimulus: high PCO2

Chemoreceptor: medullary chemoreceptors

Stimulus: low of pH
Chemoreceptor: aortic and carotid bodies (peripheral chemoreceptors)

Stimulus: low PO2

Chemoreceptor carotid body Chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and

aortic arch are sensitive to changes in arterial carbon dioxide, oxygen, and
pH. The carotid bodies are generally more important in mediating this
response and provide the principal mechanism by which mammal’s sense
lowered levels of oxygen

8. Define acclimatization.

Acclimatization is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a

change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature,
humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a
range of environmental conditions.
 9. Discuss the adjustments that must be made by a hiker to compensate at
lower atmospheric of P02.

There are 3 main adjustments that can be made according to the hiker
body itself.

Changes in ventilation- this is immediate adjustment. when ventilation

increase it will cause hyperventilation to lows PCO2 causing respiratory
alkalosis. it will compensate by kidneys increasing the urinary excretion of
bicarbonate.

Lower hemoglobin affinity for oxygen- a higher proportion of oxygen is

unloaded.

Increase hemoglobin production- it will produce erythropoietin that

stimulates bone marrow o produce more red blood cells and hemoglobin
then it can increase oxygen content of blood. During acclimatization over a
few days to weeks, the body produces more red blood cells to counteract
the lower oxygen saturation in blood in high altitudes.
Full adaptation to high altitude is achieved when the increase of red blood
cells reaches a plateau and stops.

10. Discuss Emphysema

Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people

with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. Over
time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture — creating larger
air spaces instead of many small ones.