Virus: The Non-Living

Entity
NUR ANIZA BT AHMAD MARNI (2018633878)

HUSNA BINTI KAHAR (2018679714)

FATIN AZFAREENA BINTI MOHD HARIS (2018684176)

 CONTENT

• Characteristics of virus
• Shape of virus
• Phages
• Lytic reproductive cycle
• Lysogenic reproductive cycle
• Animal virus
• Diseases cause by animal virus
• Plant virus
• Viroids and prions
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
VIRUS

 Viruses are not cellular and cannot independently perform metabolic

activity.
 Viruses contain either DNA or RNA, not both (like living organisms).
 Viruses can reproduce, but only within the environment of the living
cells they infect.
 They cannot synthesis proteins, because they lack of ribosomes.
 Viruses cannot generate or store energy (ATP).
 They also parasitize the cell for basic building materials.
 SHAPE OF VIRUS

The shape of virus can be Viral capsid are generally either

determined by the capsid. helical or polyhedral of
combination of both shapes.

Helical- long rods or threads. Polyhedral- spherical

e.g. tobacco mosaic virus e.g. adenovirus
 PHAGES
(BACTERIAL VIRUS)

The most common structure of phages consists of a long nucleic acid molecule
coiled within a polyhedral head. Phages exhibit two types of reproduction: lytic and
lysogenic cycle.
 LYTIC REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE

• The virus lyses (destroys) the host cell

• When the virus infects a host cell, it forces the host to use its metabolic
machinery to replicate viral particles
• Viruses that have only lytic cycle are known as virulent
• There are five steps in lytic cycle: Attachment, Penetration, Replication, Assembly,
and Release.
• Can refer to the diagram
 LYSOGENIC REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE

• In contrast with virulent virus, temperate virus do not always destroy their hosts
• In lysogenic cycle, the viral genome become integrated into the host bacterial
cell, referred to as prophage
• When the bacterial DNA replicates, the phropage also replicates
• There are four steps in this cycle: Attachment, Penetration, Integration,
Replication
• Can refer to the diagram
 ANIMAL VIRUS

• Hundred of different viruses infect human and other animals

• Most virus cannot survive outside a living host cell, so their survival depends on
being transmitted from animal to animal
• There are several ways for virus to penetrate animal cells:
• Membrane fusion: Viral envelope fuses with plasma membrane and release
virus into cytoplasm
• Endocytosis: The host’s plasma membrane invaginates to form a membrane-
bound vesicle that contain virus
 DISEASES CAUSE BY
ANIMAL VIRUS

Chicken pox Foot-and-mouth disease

People become infected These viruses can spread

after being in contact with from person-to-person
an infected child or adult through direct contact with
unwashed hands or surfaces
contaminated with feces
 PLANT VIRUS

• Plant cells cannot be penetrated by virus because of the thick cell wall
unless the cells are damaged.
• As insects e.g. aphids and leafhoppers feed on plant tissues, they
brings virus and spread it among plants.
• Once a plant cell is infected, the virus spreads through the plant body.
• Symptoms of viral infection include reduced plant size, spots, streaks,
or mottled patterns on leaves, flowers or fruits.
 VIROID AND PRIONS
• Viroid and prions are smaller than virus
VIROID
Have no protein
Replicate in host cell using cellular
enzymes.
Cause error in regulatory system that
control plant growth.
e.g: abnormal development and stunted
growth
PRIONS
Protein-like infectious pathogen
Protein-like infectious form of protein
particles that may increase in number by
converting related proteins to more
prions.
Cause degenerative brain diseases in
animals
THANK YOU