BRIEF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: INTRODUCTION International Finance Corporation @ WORLDBRNCCROUP Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Introduction ‘The Environmental, Healt, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with genera and industry-spectic examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIP)’. When one or more members of the World Bank Group are involved in a projec, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective polices and standards, These General EHS Guidelines are designed to be used together with the relevant Industry Sector EHS Guidelines which provide guidance to users on EHS issues in specific industry sectors. For complex projects, use of multiple industy-sector guidelines may be necessary. A complete list of industry-secor guidelines canbe found at ww. orgifcestfenvre ns iContentEnvronmentalGuidlines ‘The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generaly considered to be achievable in new facies by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application ofthe EHS Guidelines to existing facities may involve the estabishment of site-specific targets, wih an appropriate timetable for achieving them. The epplicabily of the EHS Guidelines should be tallored to the hazards and risks established foreach project onthe basis of the results ofan environmental assessment in which site-specific variables, such as host country contest, assimilatve capacity of the environment, and othe project factors, are taken into account. The applicability of spectfc technical recommendations should be * benad asthe execs of putes sil signs, tence ad fast at wou reasons expecta tom sled aa oxperened pessoa engaged inte sar yp fuer str he saree rr reorsaneo ga. Thecunsanes al stiles tn expand presley ed wen aang he ang of plin pevetn and conta cua arash @ roc mayne bal ted, agg alse ervonnu {ngracaon adenoma aml cpaly wells arya of Ianoa and cal easily. 2 For uch atest carat aut canst wth Parone lnc snares Sank ty Operatonal Pay 0 based on the professional opinion of qualfied and experienced persons. When host country regulations difer from the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projec are expected to achieve whichever is more stngent. less stingent levels or measures than those provided in these EHS Guidelines are appropriate, in view of specific project circumstances, a full and ‘detailed justification for any proposed alternatives is needed as part ofthe site-specific environmental assessment. This justification shauld demonstrate thatthe choice for ay alterate performance levels is protective of human heath and the environment, ‘The General EHS Guidelines are organized as follows: PS 1.1 Ar Emissions ang Ambient A Qually 1.2 Energy Conservation 13 Wastevaterana Ambient Water Qualty 14 Water Conservation 15 Hazardous Mateals Management 18 Waste Management AT Noise 4115 Contaminated Land 2. Occupational Health and Safety 2 General Facity Design and Operation 2.2 Communication and Training 2.3 Physical Hazards 2.4 ChemicalHazards 2.5 Biological Hazards 2.6 Radiological Hazards 2:7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 28 Special Hazard Enionments 2.9Mentaing MOE 44 Water Qualty and Avaabity 432 Stuctual Safely of Proc Inastrucure 83 Lie and Fre Safety (LFS) 34 Trafic Salty '35 Transport of Hazardous Matos 538 Disoate Provention ‘APRIL 30, 2007GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: INTRODUCTION VF E| environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines Hy WORDBAMCROUP General Approach to the Management of EHS Issues at the Facility or Project Level Effective management of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) issues entails the inclusion of EHS consideration into corporate- and faclitylevel business processes in an organized, hierarchical approach that includes the folowing steps: + ldontiying EHS projecthazards* and associated risks! as carly as possible inte facil development or project cycle, including the inorporaon of EHS consideration int the ste selection process, product design process, engineering planning process for capital requests, engineering work ‘orders, fcilty modification authorizations, or ayout and process change plans. ‘Involving EHS professionals, who have the experience, competence, and training necessary to assess and manage EHS impacts and risks, and carry out specialized ‘environmental management functions ining the preparation of projector actvty-specfc plans and procedures that incorporate the technical recommendations presented in this document that are relevant othe projet ‘© Understanding the lkethaod and magnitude of EHS risks, based on © Thenature ofthe project activites, such as whether the project will generate significant quantities of emissions or effluents, or involve hazardous materials or processes; ‘©The potential consequences to workers, communities, or the environment if hazards are not adequately managed, ‘which may depend on the proximity of project activities to 3 Defined as "essa huans and whet they vl” (Kate, lal, 1985} “ Dafned a ‘quntiave measures of hazard ansequences, usualy expressed as endtoral probable of expeenng nama, ty 1985) people orto the environmental resources on which they depend, Priorizing rsk management strategies with the objective of achieving an overall reduction of risk to human heath andthe environment, focusing onthe prevention of reversible and/or significant impacts Favoring strategies that eliminate the cause ofthe hazard at its source, for example, by selecting less hazardous materials ‘or processes that avoid the need for EHS controls, When impact avoidance isnot feasible, incorporating engineering and management controls to reduce or minimize the possibilty and magnitude of undesired consequences, for ‘example, withthe application of pollution convos to reduce the levels of emitted contaminants to workers or environments. Preparing workers and nearby commutes to respond to accidents, including providing technical and financial resources to effectively and safely control such events, and restoring workplace and community environments toa safe ‘and healthy condition Improving EHS performance through a combination of ongoing monitoring of facity performance and effective accountability, ‘PRIL3O, 2007BAI C| environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines {rsomationsl | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘Cerperation | AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY @ 1.0 Environmental 1.1. Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality ‘Apolicability and Approach ‘Ambient Air Quality General Approach Projects Located in Degraded Airsheds or Ecological Sensitive Areas Point Sources Stack Height. Small Combustion Facilies Emissions Guidelines Fugtive Sources Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Particulate Matter (PM), Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Mobile Sources -Land-based Groenhouse Gases (GHGs) Monitoring, 10 Monitoring of Small Combustion Plants Emissions... 14 Applicability and Approach This guidetine applies to faites or projects that generate ‘emissions to air at any stage of the project life-cycle. It complements the industy-specic emissions guidance presented in the Industry Sector Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines by providing information about commen techniques for emissions management that may be applied to a range of industry secors, This guideline provides an approach tothe management of significant sources of emissions, including specific guidance for assessment and monitoring of impacts tis aso intended to provide addionalinformation on approaches fo emissions managementin projects located in areas of por ai quality, where itmay be necessary fo establish project-specic emissions standards Emissions of ar pllutants can occur from a wide variety of activites during the construction, operation, and decommissioning phases of a project. These actives can be categorized based on the spatial characteristic of the source including point souroes, fugitive sources, and mobile sources and, further, by process, ‘such as combustion, materials storage, or other industry sector- specific processes. Where possible, facilities and projects should avoid, minimize, and control adverse impacts to human health, safely, and the ‘environment fram emissions to ar. Where ths is nat possible, the generation and release of emissions of any type should be managed through a combination of ‘+ Energy use efciency ‘+ Process modification ‘+ Selection of fuels o other materials, the processing of which may resultinlss pouting emissions ‘+ Application of emissions contol techniques ‘The selected prevention and control techniques may include one ‘or more methods of treatment depending on Rogulatory requirements ‘+ Signfcance ofthe source ‘+ Location of the emitngfaclity relative to other sources ‘+ Location of senstve rceptors * Existing ambient ar quality, and potential for degradation of the arshed from a proposed project ‘+ Techrical feasibility and cos effectiveness ofthe avalable coptons for prevention, contro, and release of emissions ‘PRL 30, 2007{stemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘Corporation | AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY @EVFC| environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines i WORLD BANK GROUP Ambient Air Quality ‘additonal, future sustainable development inthe same airshed. "2 General Approach A facily level, impacts shouldbe estimated trough qualtaive or quanitatve assessments bythe use of baseline air quay assessments and atmospheric dispersion models to assess potential ground level concentrations. Local atmosphere, ciate, + Emissions donot esultin pollutant concentration that each andar quality data shoul be appli when maodaing spoon, ‘0r exceed relevant ambient quality guidelines and slandards* protection against atmospheric downwash, wakes, or eddy effects by applying national legisiated standards, or in their absence, of the source, nearby" structures, and terrain features, The Projects with signfcant* sources of air emissions, and potential ‘or significant impacts to ambient air qualty, should prevent or minimize impacts by ensuring that: the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines"? (see Table 1.1.1), dispersion model applied should be internationally recognized, or ‘or other internationally recognized sources"*; comparable, Examples of acceptable emission estimation and + Enrissions donot contbut a sigifcant potion othe dispersion madeing aproaches fr pont nd fugtve sources are attainment of relevant ambient air qualty guidelines or standards. As a general rule, this Guideline suggests 25 Bel RRP aL Cue acs er eI aa percent othe aplate i qaly standards alow SS ie ng Er 50 (Interim target2) migosae 40 minute ‘500 (guideline) “Spat aceite sas ecrideitegent | RHBEONBGEO] | eat | SOG) eet aatatnatturcmemnnrerente "more ofthe folowing polltans win a given airshec: PNHO: 50 fons per year Particulate Metior Tyeer Po (interim target) ty); NOx 500 tpy; S02: 500 tpy, or as established through national legislation; Pie ‘50 (Interim target2) Ve ceCarenane conntianreaseiergzee he Soe ae Sponnine aan acreteos ome cra ats Sosa ‘eigeade) behest ite leer past ashow | sso ticin tet Unie Sates Eneronmetal Protection Agency. Prevention of Sgnticant 400 (Interim target2) daguenntir cate Behe rein eee ‘eth ae tc er {perma ‘Guidance Document for EPER implementation.” Particulate Matter ‘year ‘95 (Interim target) SicsanmcicwemsctteatnisinewAsnsoncoemex [Fate rea | Bim ei sere eaine ee” zs neta ‘tpiiwww.npi gov.aulhandbooks/pubsingiguide pdf tern tara ) 7 Wee Health Organization (WHO). Air Qualily Guidlines Global Update, 2005. guideline) at a ‘hae wy edi tee asa ah atic | 75 tren spina eer ul stom) no ay soso er gy od es ern a patel tip taal eaoe ee enisoppene eet : : ute Stivsingtrouderaay vekeeowserkerecay, [Om aca | Ten aT clinical, taxicolagical, and epiderriolagical evidence (such as those published by BKM (guideline) ‘he Vio Healy Orgatzston). 11 ii Wie Her perce (40) bei an 12ys Epa Preven of Sereart Detraton amen Ln plebbb or example Unie Sits National Abit A Quay Santas rordegates areas. (NAGS) hip ine govaiieihn ed elvan open Col Dace (Counc rece {998GOEC ct 2 Ap 198/Couel Drecve DOIZAEC of Feb 122002 ‘APRIL 30, 2007 7BAI C| environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Intemational Finance, ‘Corporation @ included in Annex 1.1.1. These approaches include screening ‘models for single source evaluations (SCREENS or AIRSCREEN), ‘as well as more complex and refined madels (AERMOD OR ADMS). Model selection is dependent on the complexty and geo- ‘morphology ofthe project site (e.g. mountainous terrain, urban or rural area). Projects Located in Degraded Airsheds or Ecologically Sensitive Areas Facilites or projects located within poor quality airsheds™, and within or next to areas established as ecologically sensitive (¢.. national parks), should ensure that ary increase in pluton loves is as smal as feasible, and amounts to ration ofthe applicable shrterm and annual average air quality guidelines or standards as estabishod inthe project-specific environmental assessment S.utable mitigation measures may also include the relocation of sigican sources of emissions ouside te ashe in question, use of leaner fuels or echnoogies, aplication of comprehensive poluton contol measures, offset acts at installations controled by the project sponsor or tha faites win the same airshed, and buy-down of emissions within the same airshed, ‘Specific provisions for minimizing emissions and their impacts in oor ar quality or ecologically sensive airsheds should be eslablshed on a pojectby-project or industry specific basis, Offset provisions outside the immediate control of he project, sponsor or buy-downs should be monitored and enforced by the local agency responsible for granting and monitoring emission permits, Such provisions shouldbe in place prior to final commissioning of the facility / project. Point Sources Point sources are discrete, stationary, identfible sources of “missions that release poltans tothe atmosphere. They are ‘ypicaly located in manufacturing or production plants, Within @ iven point source, there may be severaincvidval ‘emission points'that comprise the point source '5 Poin sources are characterized by the release of air pollutants typically associated wih the combustion of fssifuels, such 2s nitrogen oxides (NOs), sufur dioxide (S02), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM), as well as other air polutants| including certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metas that ay aso be associated wih a wide range of industial activ. Emissions from point sources should be avoided and controlled according to good international industry practice (GIP) applicable to the relevant industry sector, depending on ambient conditions, through the combined appicaton of process modifications and emissions controls, examples of which are provided in Annex 14.2. Adgitional recommendations regarding stack height and ‘emissions from small combustion facilities are provided below. Stack Height ‘The stack height fora point sources of emissions, whether ‘significant’ or not, should be designed according to GIIP (see ‘Annex 1.1.3) to avoid excessive ground level concentrations due {0 downmash, wakes, and ed effets, and to ensure reasonable = 40:05 cope eronmentl capac ofthe st) ‘ an l l l Natural Gas 42pm (Elect generation) =i 15H Na NA 100 ppm Mechanica ive) * Ne in WA WA 250m 15 {5 percont Suro wer pecontSuur (2g. 02 vn (Elect generat aa estan aural Gee Na peter item eset pom rr 8 signficart excess felcast Fuels other than Natural Gas 56 Sor ower (0.288) commercial “BIN < OH Na avalabl without signcant exces ful cast 745m 6 a 6 as NA NA 20 3 ral Sr TT aera 00 = 3 aia er Tay ever mm wm 3 Ties WAT ra ensons gale Fhe pero lvesWat Fase i TO eb pce ols aie wn aaa wea Wh Seyane TTT oso STAs HH WTS TOTS stngol erissn cote abe oda: MW ha pln HY bes, Sl alslodas bones. nae ames pose, 7: Mh cgay ply reat consi ol Mule uns Pa xo ‘ean canted been tom acorn sack exe NO ard PM i rts aa les. Galles vais apo les cpaing moe an Sb Ruse year wh an srl apt aan a ot trove spec ‘APRIL30, 2007RUFC | environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines {ptemationat | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘Cerperation | AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ] WORLDEANK GROUP Fugitive Sources Fugtve source er emissions refer to emisions thal are distributed spatial over a wide area and not conned ta spect discharge point. They orignal in operations were exhausts are not captured and passed hough a stack. Fugitive emssians have the polenta for much grater ground-evel impacts per nt han slatonary source emission, since they are clscharged and dispersed cose othe ground. Te omnes of fii emissions are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and patcalte mater (PM). Cer contanants (NO, $Orand CO} are mainly associate wih combustion processes as describes above Projets wih potently sgnifcntugive sources of ‘emissions should establish the need for ambient quality. assessment and monitoring practices. (Open burning of sold wastes, whether hazardous ornan- hazardous, isnot consdered good practice and should be avoided, a the generation of poling emissions frm his type of source cannot be controled effectively. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) The mest common sources offutve VOC emissions are asscisled with industrial activites that produce, sore, end use \VOC-contaningfauds or gases where the mater is under pressure, exposed toa lower vapor pressure, or placed fom an enclosed space. Typical souroes include equipment aks, open vals and mixing tans, storage tanks unit operations in wastowater teatment systems, and accidental releases Equipment leaks incude vas, fitings, and ebows which are subject to laks under pressure. The recommended prevention ‘and control techniques for VOC emissions associated with equpment leaks include ‘+ Equipment modifications, examples of which are presented in Annex 1.14; ‘+ Implementing a leak detection and repair (LDAR) program that canvosfugve emissions by regularly monitoring to detect leaks, and implementing repairs within a predefined time period "* For VOC emissions associated with handing of chemicals in open vals and mixing processes, the recommended prevention and contro techniques include: ‘+ Substtution of ess volatile substances, such as aqueous solvents; Collection of vapors through air extractors and subsequent treatment of gas stream by removing VOCs with control devices such as condensers or activated carbon absorption; '* Collection of vapors through air extractors and subsequent treatment with destructive control devices such as © Catalytic Incinerators: Used to reduce VOCs from process exhaust gases exling paint spray booths, ‘ovens, and other process operations ‘© Thermal Incinerators: Used to control VOC levels in a (98s stream by passing the stream through a combustion chamber where the VOCs are burned in ar at temperatures between 700" C to 1,300° C ‘© Enclosed Oxidizing Flares: Used to convert VOCs into C02 and H:0 by way of direct combustion ‘* Use ofloting roofs on storage tanks to reduce the ‘opportunity for volatilization by eliminating the headspace presentin conventional storage tanks. Particulate Matter (PM) ‘The mast common pollutant involved in fugltive emissions is dust ‘or particulate matter (PM). This s released during certain ‘operations, such as transport and open storage of sald materials, ‘and from exposed soll surfaces, including unpaved roads, 18 Formate norman, ee Leak Detecton an Rep Program (LDAR) a hip art ‘APRIL 30, 2007RUFC | environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines {ptemationat | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘Cerperation | AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ] WORLDEANK GROUP Recommended prevention and contol of these emissions sources include: Use of dust control methods, such as covers, water ‘suppression, o increased moisture content for open materials storage ples, or controls, including air extraction ‘and treatment through a baghouse or cyclone for material handling source, such as conveyors and bins ‘Use of water suppression for conrl of loose materials on paved or unpaved road surfaces. Oil an ol by-products is nota recommended method to contol road dust. Examples ‘of additional control options for unpaved roads include those ‘summarized in Annex 1.15, Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Several chemicals are lassfied as ozone depleting substances (008s) and are schedule for phase-out under ho Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. No new systems or processes shoud be installed using CFCS, halons, 4sdeticlorethane, carbon tetrachloride, methy| bromide or HFCs, HCFCs shoul only be considered a interim bridging ateratves as determined bythe host county commitments and regulations Mobile Sources — Land-based Similar o ether combustion pracesses, emissions from vehicles include CO, NOs, $02, PM and VOCs. Emissions from on-road and offroad vehicles should comply with national or regional 19 cxanpes nel: clotucecatons (CFO ales 1,-icomebane (rath lot) caren ache; hyerestomtureatbars C73} Fyarcbromatbreaors HEFCS| and meby brome, They are cure us inavarely of aplcators dung domes canara ae rocess teligraton (CFCs and HCFCs): domes commas ard ol ei ai tenaonng {CFOs an HCFCs) fr maniac foam pede (OFC} or Soler deaing sppeaons (CFCs, HCFCs, meyctsaem, ang carbon tntacions) a eros propelans CFCs) fre recon str ans ‘nd HEFCE} and as cop umigans (etiyareris). 2 pesioal oman avlele rough he Morel Pts Secetariat web te ava programs. Inthe absence of these, the fllowing approach should be considered: ‘© Regardless ofthe size or ype ofvohicle, let owners operators should implement the manufacturer recommended engine maintenance programs; ‘© Drivers should be instructed on the benefits of diving practices that reduce both the rik of accidents and ful consumption, including measured acceleraton and driving within safe speed ls; ‘+ Operators with fleets of 120 or more units of heavy duty Vehicles (buses and tucks), $40 or more ight duty Vehicles (cars and light ruck) within an arshed should conser adtonl ways to reduce potential impacts induding Replacing ole veicles wih newer, more fuel efcient ateratves ‘© Converting highusevehices to cleaner fuels, where feasible ‘© Instaling and maintaining emissions conl devices, such as catalytic converters ‘9 Implementing a regular vehicle maintenance and repair program Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) ‘Sectors that may have potentalysignicant emissions of ‘greenhouse gases (GHGs)? inclde energy, transport, heavy industry (e.g. cement production, ron / steel manufacturing, ‘aluminum smelting, petrochemical industies, petroleum refining fertiizer manufacturing), agriculture, forestry and waste management, GHGs may be generate from direct emissions 21 Th slated eet size restos are asumed a represent petri sigieart sures of erisson based oni eiles raven 100000 km |yrusng average enisson facor. 2 The sx graorhouse gases at frm prof te Koto Proto to the Unies Nalons Fremawatk Convnian on Chala Change include carbon xe (Ch rmathane (CH rizvs ox (N10): hyohvarearbons (HFCs); perMurcartons (PFCs) and sur hve (SF), ‘APRIL 30, 2007RUFC | environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines {ptemationat | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘Corporation AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ] WORLDEANK GROUP from facitis witin the physical project boundary and indirect ‘omissions associated with the offsite production of power used by the project. Recommendations for reduction and control of greenhouse gases Include: Carbon fnancing + Enhancement of energy efficiency (see section on “Energy Conservation’) + Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of ‘greenhouse gases; ‘© Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture and forestry ‘Promotion, development and increased use of renewable forms of energy, Carbon capture and storage technologies + Limitation and /or reduction of methane emissions through recovery and use in waste management, as well ain the production, transport and cstrbution of energy (coal, ol, and gas), Monitoring Emissions and air qualty monitoring programs provid information that canbe used to assess te effectiveness of emissions management stratogies. A systematic planing process is recommended fo ensure tha the data collected ae adequate for thor intended purposes (and to avoid collecting unnecassary daa). This process, sometimes refered to as a dala quay bjoctves process, dies the purpose of calling the data, the carbon farcng aa carton omislons redo satay may du the host goverment endrsed Clean Developmen Mecham or Jotnpemertatn of Ihe UnledNalene Framework Convention on Clale Change 2 Carbon dite capture ane storage (CCS) sa proces consis of he sepataton of CO; fom industrial and nergy tbls sources; anspor ia storage beatin, aang saan on th amaspher, rear a clgicalomatons, he ocean, ot mint aronats (ean of CO: wah ‘etal oes in sleae rine o protic ste carole) Este object iene esearch wotowde(rergovenmei Panel on Cale Change (Pct, Special Repo, Caron De Cape nd Strep (208) decisions tobe made based on the data andthe consequences of making an incorrect dec'son the time and geographic boundaries, andthe quality of data needed to make a corect decision The ar qualty monitoring program should consider the following elements: ‘+ Monitoring parameters: The monitoring parameters selected should reflect the pollutants of concem associated with Project processes. For combustion processes, indicator parameters typical incude the qual ofinuts, suchas the sulfur content of fuel ‘+ Baseline calculations: Before a project is developed, baseline air quality monitoring at and in the vicinity of te ste shouts be undertaken to assess background levels of key polutans, in order to differentiate between existing ambient conditions and projectelated impacts. ‘+ Monitoring type ard frequency: Data on emissions and ‘ambient air quay generated trough the mantrin program shouldbe representative ofthe emissions discharged by the project over ime. Examples of time-dependent variations in the manufacturing process include batch process manufacturing and seasonal process variations. Emissions from highly variable processes may need to be sampled more fraquent or through composite methods. Emissions monitoring frequency and duration may also range from continuous for some combustion process operating parameters or inputs (eg. the quay of fue) to ess requent, monthly, quarterly or year stack test, ‘+ Monitoring locations: Ambient air qualty monitoring may consists of offsite o fence line monitoring either by the project sponsor, the competent government agency, or by collaboration between both, The location of ambient air 2 See, for example, Unite Sates Enéronmertal ProlectonAgeny, Cldanoe on ‘yseatc Planning Using ibe Data Quay Objectives Prosss EPA CAG, EPA OBNU01Pabuay 208, ‘APRIL 30, 2007RUFC | environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Intemational Finance, ‘Serperation | AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ] WORLDEANK GROUP quality monitoring staions should be established based on the results of scientific methods and mathematical models to ‘estimate potential impact othe receiving arshed from an ‘emissions source taking into consideration such aspects as the locaton of potentially affected communities and prevaling wind directions, ‘© Sampling and analysis methods: Monitoring programs should apply national or international methods for sample collection ‘and analysis, such as those published by the Intemational Organization fr Standardization? the European Commitos for Standardization?” or the US. Environmental Protection ‘Agency? Sampling should be conducted by, or under, the supervision of trained individuals. Analysis should be ‘conducted by entities permitted or certified for this purpose. Sampling and analysis Quality Assurance /Qualty Control {QA/0C) plans shouldbe applied and documented to ensure that data qualty is adequate forthe intended data use (e.g, method detection limits are below levels of concem). . Monitoring reports should include QAVQC documentation, Monitoring of Small Combustion Plants Emissions ‘© Addtional recommended monitoring approaches for boilers: Boles with capactes between =3 Mit and < 20 Mth ‘© Annual Stack Emission Testing: SO2, NOx and PM. For {g2800Us fuel-red bol, only NO,, $02 can be calculated based on fuel quly cartfcation i no SO2 control equpmentis used. 2 anon catloqu of $0 standards ohn foto enone ea protectin, and safety i alate at FapsisocrpisaleniaalqueLstPage CataloqueLICS t=1981CS2+8ICS Sekscopals 2 pn ori catalogue of European Sardar arate at apn cen cleatwebiowen in. 2 The Natal Enironmotal Moods Idx pois a soacchatle tleaingtouse of US. mathads ard proces fr bot regulated nn regio montoigpuposes for vate sedmertarard sues, ands alee np: go. ‘© If Annual Stack Emission Testing demonstrates resulls consistently and significantly better than the required levels, frequency of Annual Stack Emission Testing can be reduced from annual to every two or three years. ‘© Emission Monitoring: None Boilers with capacities between =20 Mth and < 50 Mth ‘© Annual Stack Emission Testing: SOx, NOx and PM. For gaseous fueHired boilers, only NOs, SOz can be calculated based on fuel quality crtficaton{ifno SOz control equipmentis used) Emission Monitoring: SO Plants with Sz control equipment: Continous. NOy: Continuous monitoring of either NO, emissions or indicative NOs emissions using combustion parameters. PM: Continuous monitoring of either PM emissions, opacity, or indicative PM. ‘emissions using combustion parameters / visual ‘monitoring ‘Additonal recommended monitoring approaches for turbines: ‘© Annual Stack Emission Testing: NO. and $02 NOs only for gaseous fueled turbines), ‘© IfAnnual Stack Emission Testing results show constantly (3 consecutive years) and significantly (9, less than 75 percent beter than the required levels, frequency of Annual Stack Emission Testing can be reduced from annual to every two or three years Emission Monitoring: NOx: Continuous monitoring of either NO, emissions or indicative NOs emissions using ‘combustion parameters SOx: Continuous monitoring if ‘S0z control equipment is used, ‘Additonal recommended monitoring approaches for engine ‘© Annual Stack Emission Testing: NOx S02 and PM (NOs only for gaseous fuelfred diesel engines) ‘APRIL 30, 2007RUFC | environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Finance, ‘Serperation | AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ] WORLDEANK GROUP © If Annual Stack Emission Testing results show constantly (3 consecutive years) and significant (00. less than 75 percent) better than the required levels, ‘requency of Annual Stack Emission Testing can be Teduced from annual to every two or three years. © Emission Monitoring: NOx: Continuous monitoring of either NO, emissions or indicative NO, emissions using combustion parameters. $02: Continuous monitoring if '80- control equipments used. PM: Continuous ‘monitoring of either PM emissions or indicative PM emissions using operating parameters. ‘APRIL 30, 2007RUFC | environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines {ptemationat | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘orperation |” AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ] WORLDEANK GROUP ‘Annex 1.1.1 — Air Emissions Estimation and Dispersion Modeling Methods The folowing is a partial list of documents to aid in the estimation of air emissions from various processes and air dispersion models: ‘Australian Emission Estimation Technique Manuals hitp:iWwww.npigov.authandbooks! ‘Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook, UN / ECE / EMEP and the European Environment Agency hitp:iWwww aeat co ukinetcenfarqual TFEVunece him Emission factors and emission estimation methods, US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards hitp:twnw.epa,govtinichiat Guidelines on Air Quality Models (Revised), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2005 hitp:twww epa.goviscram00 quidance/quidelappw_05.pdf Frequently Asked Questions Air Quality Modeling and ‘Assessment Unit (AQMAU), UK Environment Agency hito:/iwaw environment agency. gov uklsubjacts/airqualty/296092/2version=18lang=_@ OECD Database on Use and Release of Industrial Chemicals hitp:iiwww ois ceed orgehsturchem nsf! ‘APRIL 30, 2007a 002 ‘og Thee vogezyns6g wogospe ampoule se uns soopard 08 585 214104 Hos eyo soeps 0g va pasnces agezayrseg enewoup 0 apesates2¢ue) swoon sep anti waa oo pagar sto 94 pe 588 ory a ou pep 5 eu NEI) vwor- oe | vertu wens ‘seit woureag aqua yen sous urn _ajevejsen 0 vojnpad eu su08 Jong ny oq ns 0 pga 224 voTenuou0 jag Uo wopuedep | uy pnpaiefge se Ue eco pu fo ss a sep sep 06 a) ‘Aveo vojeps wats egueg | — sro uojsnquen a hq paareod Aus, (0s) pxo1g snying UN oy =o suoyauouEo opr aperEUY "amps vo Bupiacap wafers psotsp anew aBonsio | v0N 88-08 29@005 1 (wNow cee suaecueouea no aRenatay sepued moj uecLe on | eLON 90-mL aunt adh gues uu ez uoenuroue nro enenouay “pnd | jo Bupuedep (33) -idooig efi uo wapuotep py soppec as srauerc se woypucsia |" ae, 68-15 ieSIDEE ‘un gz 0 seen ‘sero poppesoarayed | puevoroeaxe se ubrong ya P0964 wr gt.a07y0 sve ops go eyo nous 24 buproaso (ory | sessoond Guuepueu snoseunu pu sry oun ‘anreedus| usr 88-08 ‘vargougeg | yrs .eWaio uooops 9) Guyaynsyeng | ys) ounrsngv0> ago sean0s Ue ST Tar) one oeONIEE eS ‘stp ‘seiBojouysal jos}Uog pur VoHUaAdLA SUOISSIWY JY B24NOg JUlog BANENISNII|- Z'|'| XU ALIT¥ND UV LNAIWY GNV SNOISSIN UV ‘TINSWNOMIANS :S3NIT3GINO SHA 1VY3NaD woriesodio> reuopewoau seujjaping Ajejeg pue ‘yyfeaH ‘jeyUeWUOMAU, Iesh 002 ‘og Tee yates popes uoy and vo pasen 9. fa peeung aN) vobiaoyo Aygeene oy ua ‘se sauesaid aa oun sanpas seg 20 66 49s4e9 04 Busea.ou, 2m 0 euouue unalog sononu oS YONS suOSSIUS tons) | Aa sexyeodue 966d 0 Surnoe, 2 ed pul Bog ss uci os ‘eeu, coe | ores ww voranpegoxfeneo-uen exang | Femeeduey yd eeu eps 32a 0 wesasn yen eu seo eo eouesxd 24 Byzuru Se ons suonpuco 6anuo}x0N voto ounGe Gunpos ese euouue | one | 6-9 06-09 | (os) vornpay antiieg enpareg | Suneado 0 uogenypou 94 uo poseg > uogslu ag sanpnu os voiospe pue YON "uOS aye Susu x0N Buono SUH se passe oq eo senbane) “aso ungsnquea ave vey : svat} ON Buonpas wr omoayo ovo suoueos se only = aan “suse ZoN 9 9. to 109 HOUHeeiL O°TIA | oy poppe pue ON a, ZON Jo suBION ores | oro ore ‘young xON-WOT | srasou oof ofa page 7 SION 04819 20N s€ pavede: yn 05-04 vn Ler URRSHARH een ow ean Zon Fue ‘ON useneqajsodioo ese sees ose | os0e YN uopenoapey seo ani | ON OW iby au. -se8asnequoai fe fo uoienqucg pats ese st pnun (Orn) pn snoqu pue ON) apo usBon 1 642 pagou ay pur 20g od ceo | oro oe-a4 Su se-sseoxewoy | (ON) epvo au feweuepr0 2g uo spuodop posh un voqsngia pul a4 0 STaRa FRET bo osu) snes uato0 fo 5 fq suossue xo Supepenye ages ave sunpeaypausseu, | 989 10 ir29 ty vorsnauen yn peeDossy uoneaqpous uonsnqwoa pereey Eran) Ctr eer est rn Ru CeE AAITYND UV LNAIGWY ONY SNOISSIN UV “WINZWNOMIANS ‘S2NITZOIND SHI TY¥RNGO | sesonevtesit souoping Ayes pur inresH TewwouuouAus | astaIntemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘Cerperation | AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY @IFC | environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines @ ‘Annex 1.1.3 - Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) __ Annex 1.1.4- Examples of VOC Emissions Controls Stack Height (Based on United States 40 CFR, part 51.100 (i) ro HoH USL whore Se Coe Ho= GEP sack hgh measured fom he gound evel a levaton at the base of the stack Saabs een 08 = Height ea stu oe bas othe sack Coretta | a a L=Lesser dimension, height (h) or width (w), of nearby sd Dualmecharical seal Corer structures ‘maintained at a higher 100, “Neg tur ructures within/touchi fius pressure than the Nery Seucres'= Shute witntoucing ars ress CFB bales than 80m aga pw Caresaaiva - ~ Compressors. ‘with bartier fd 5 manana | 100 7 pesoutan te us q sega q Clesedsvent system | Variable” é Pressure Relief Devices Rastsdscesenay | 100 Vates Saabs anin 0 i — Wi ashe ‘0 ‘ operenietines BBG | tap | I: SonpingCzwacion | Catlcpsarlng | 100 Tas Ean ol sb a poe ona Torley snapnesoy aay pata eon oy = eee 29 _ Sealessequpantcan be a ago source of eissors ine exert of upon aro 30.» Adal efcony oa cdosad.ertsstom depen parentage of vapors Calledad and eiceny ofearel device to whch De vapors ae ied 31 Contolefeiongy of dosed vet-sysoms isaled ona press rt avon mayb lonerthan car cesad-et sso. ‘PRL 30, 2007 6BEVEFC | environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘Cerperation | AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY WORDEANCROUP ‘Annex 1.1.5 - Fugitive PM Emissions Controls Control Cee Pasi Chemical Stbizaton 0% -98% Hyoroscopic sas Biumensladhesives Sm 88% Surfactants 0% 68% ‘Wet Suppression Watering 12-96% Speed Reducton 0% 60% “Traffe Reducon Notquantfed Paving (Asphalt Cone) 88% 99% Covering wih Gravel Sag, or Road wn am Carpe” ‘Vacuum Sweeping 06-58% ‘Water Flushng/Broom Sweeping 096% 7 ‘PRL3O, 2007SRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Finance, ‘Corporation ENERGY CONSERVATION oy] WORLDEANK GROUP 1.2 Energy Conservation ‘Appeabilty and Approach 8 Energy Management Programs. 18 Energy Efficiency. 18 Process Heating 19 Heating Load Reduction 19 Heat Distriouton Systems, 19 Energy Conversion System Efficiency Impravements20 Process Coaling, 20 Load Reduction, 24 Energy Conversion 24 Retrigerant Compression Efficiency 23 Rettigeraton Systom Auxiliaries 23 Compressed Air Systems. 24 Load reduction 24 Distribution. 24 Applicability and Approach This guideline apples to facies or projets tha consume energy in process heating and cooling; process and auiary systems, such 28 motors, pumps, and fan; compressed ar systems and eating venation and air condoning systems (HVAC); and lighting systems. It complements the industry- specific emisions guidance preseted in he dusty Sector Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines by providing information abou common techriques fr energy conservation that may be applied to a range of industry sectors, Energy management at the facity level should be viewed inthe context of overall consumption paterns, including those associated with production processes and supporting ilies, as wall as overall impacts associated with emissions from power sources. The following section provides guidance on energy ‘management wit a focus on common utility systems often representing technical and financially feasible opportunites for improvement in energy conservation, However, operations should also evaluate energy conservation opportunites arising from manufacturing process modifications. Energy Management Programs Energy management programs should nude the following elements ‘+ dentiicaton, and regular measurement and reporting of principal energy flows within a facility at unit process level ‘+ Preparation of mass and energy balance; ‘* Definition and regular review of energy performance targets, which are adjusted to account for changes in major influencing factors on energy use ‘+ Regular comparison and monitaring of energy flows with performance targets to identify where action should be taken to reduce energy use ‘+ Regular review of targets, which may include comparison with benchmark data, to confirm thal targets are set at appropriate levels Energy Efficiency For any energyassng sytem, a systematic ana of energy offciency improvements and cost reduction opportunities shold include a hierarchical examination of opportunites to: ‘+ Demanditoad Side Management by reducing loads onthe energy systom ‘+ Supply Side Management by ‘0 Reducelosses in energy distribution Improve energy conversion efficiency ‘© Exploit energy purchasing opportunities ‘9 Use lower-arbon fuels PRIC3O, 2007 @Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Finance, ‘Corporation ENERGY CONSERVATION @EVEC| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Hy WORLDEANK GROUP Common opportunities in each ofthese areas are summarized below 22 Process Heating Process heating i vial lo many manufacturing processes, including heating for fluids, calcining, drying, heat treating, metal heating, meling, meting agglomeration, curing, and forming. In process heating systems, a system heat and mass balance will show how much ofthe system's energy input provides true Process heating, and quantfy fuel used to satisty energy losses caused by excessive parasitic loads, distibuton, or conversion losses, Examination of savings opportunities shouldbe directed by the results ofthe heat and mass balance, though the following techniques are often valuable and cost-effective Heating Load Reduction ‘© Ensure adequate insulation to reduce heat losses through fumaceoven ete. structure ‘+ Recover heat from hot process or exhaust steams to reduce system loads ‘* Inintermitenty-heated systems, consider use oflow thermal mass insulation to reduce energy required to heat the system structure to operating temperature ‘© Control process temperature and other parameters ‘accurately o avoid, for example, overheating or overdrying ‘+ Examine opportunites to use low weight andlor low thermal mass product carers, such as heated shapers, kin cars etc > Adtonaluideeeon energy oitery fatale tom sures such Natyal Resoros Canaca NRCAN loss ncn 2 clconmecalnancelastancelnow ballingsneco fat 20) te European Union EUROPA pou qu iecadsuslegiont6004 i, rd Und States Dope 129) (US DOE, i 07 nergy golcnsumeindusyrocass hin 58 us 00. nto i creer goutonsuneridusryoees in "> Review opportunities fo schedule workflow to imit the need for process reheating between slages ‘© Operate furnacesiovens at sight positive pressure, and ‘maintain air seals to reduce air ir-leakage into the heated system, thereby reducing the energy required to heat Unnecessary arto system operating temperature ‘* Reduce radiant heat losses by sealing structural openings and keep viewing ports closed when not in use '* Where possible, use the system for long runs close to or at operating capacity ‘+ Consider use of high emissivity coatings of high temperature insulation, and consequent reduction in process temperature ‘+ Near net weight and shape heat designs ‘+ Robust Quality assurance on input material ‘+ Robust Scheduled maintenance programs Heat Distribution Systems Heat distribution in process heating applications typically takes place through steam, hot water, or thermal fluid systems. Losses can be raduced through the flowing actions ‘= Promptly repair distribution systom leaks ‘+ Avoid steam leaks despite a perceived need to get steam through the turbine, Electricity purchase is usualy cheaper overall, especially when the cost to trea turbine-qualty boiler feed water is included, Ifthe heat-power ratio ofthe istibution process is less than that of power systems, ‘opportunites should be considered ta increase te ratio; for ‘example, by using low-pressure steam to drive absorption cooling systems rather than using electcally-diven vapor- compression systems. ‘+ Regulatly verify correct operation of steam traps in steam systems, and ensure that traps are not bypassed. Since PRIC3O, 2007SRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Finance, ‘Corporation ENERGY CONSERVATION oy] WORLDEANK GROUP ‘sleam traps typicalllast approximately 5 years, 20% should be replaced or repaired annually ‘© Insulate distribution system vessels, such as hot wells and de-aerators, in steam systems and thermal fd or hot ater storage tanks ‘= Insulate all steam, condensate, hot water and thermal fd lstributon pipework, down to and including 1" (25 mm) diameter pipe, in addition to insulating all hot valves and flanges ‘+ In steam systems, return condensate tothe boiler house {or reuse, since condensate is expensive boller-qualy water and valuable beyond its heat content alone ‘+ Use flash steam recovery systems to reduce losses due to ‘evaporation of high-pressure condensate ‘© Consider steam expansion through a back-pressure turbine rather than reducing valve stations ‘© Eliminate dstiution system losses by adopting pointot use heating systems Energy Conversion System Efficiency Improvements The following efficiency opportunities should be examined for process furnaces or evens, and ullty systems, such as boilers and fuid heaters: + Regularly maritor CO, oxygen or CO2 content of fue 9285 lo veil that combustion systems ae using the minimum practical excess air volumes + Consider combustion automation using oxygenetim controls + Minimize the numberof bollers or heaters used fo mest loads. tis typically more ecient to run one bol at 90% ‘of capacity than two at 45%. Minimize the numberof boilers kept at hot-standby ‘Use fiue dampers to eliminate ventilation losses from hot boilers held at standby "> Maintain clean heat ransfer surfaces; in steam bolas, ue gases should be ne more than 20 K above sleam temperature) ‘+ In steam boiler systems, use economizers to recover heat from flue gases to pre-heat bole feed water or combustion air ‘= Consider reverse osmosis or electrodialysis feed water treatment to minimize the requirement fr boiler lowdown ‘+ Adopt automatic (continuous) bole lowdown '* Recover heat from blowown systems through lash steam recovery or feedwater preheat ‘+ Do not supply excessive quantities of steam to the de- aerator ‘+ Wit fred heaters, consider opportunities to recover heat to combustion air through the use of recuperatve of regenerative burner systems ‘+ For systems operating for extended periods (> 6000 hoursiyear), cogeneration of electrical power, heal and for cooling can be cost effective © Oxy Fuel burners ‘© Oxygen enrichmentinjection ‘+ Use ofturbolatrs in boilers ‘+ Sizing design and use of mutiple boilers for aierentoad configurations ‘+ Fuel qualty contoifuel bending Proce: s Cooling: ‘The general methodology outlined above should be applied to process cooling systems. Commonly used and cost-effective measures to improve process cooling efiency are described below. PRIC3O, 2007 2SRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL oy] Fnance ‘Corporation | ENERGY CONSERVATION a Load Reduction © Planting ees as thermal shields around buldings + Ensure adequate insulation to reduce heat gains through cooling system structure and to bolow-ambient temperature ‘efigerant pies and vessels + Control process temperature accurately to avoid overcoating + Operate cooling tunnels at sight postive pressure and maintain air seals to reduce air inleakage into the cooled systom, thus reducing the energy required to coo tis unnecessary aro system operating temperature + Examine opportunities o pre-cool using heat recavery toa process stream requiring heating, or by using ahigher temperature cooing utility + Incold and cil stores, minimize heat gains to the cooled space by use of air curtans, entrance vestbules, or rapidly ‘openinglcosing doors. Where conveyors carry products ino chiled areas, minimize the area of transfer openings, {or example, by using strip curtains ‘© Quantify and minimize “incidental” cling loads, for ‘example, those due to evaporator fans, other machinery, defrost systems and lighting in cooled spaces, circulation fans in cooling tunnels, or secondary efigerant pumps (e.9. chiled water, brines, glycols) ‘= Do not use refrigeration for auxiary cooling duties, such as compressor cylinder head or ol cooling + Wile not thermal oad, ensure there is no gas bypass of the expansion vale since this imposes compressor lad while providing ite effective cooing + Inthe case of ar conditioning applications, energy cfciency techniques indude © Placing air intakes and air-conditioning units in cool, shaded locations ‘© Improving building insulation including seals, vents, windows, and doors Instaling ters andlor thermostats andor enthalpy based conta ystems > Islaling ventilation heat recovery systems™ Energy Conversion The efcieney of retgeratin service provaions normally discussed in tems of Cooficient of Perfomance (‘COP which isthe rat of cooing duty divided by input power. COP is raxiizedby effecive refigraion system design and increased retigrant comoresionefcency, a8 well as minimization ofthe temperature differance through which he systam works and of aura lads (those in adion to compressor power demand) used to operate the refrigeration system ‘System Design ‘= process temperatures are above ambient for al, or part, ofthe year, use of ambient cooling eystems, such as provided by cooling towers or dry ar coolers, may be appropriate, perhaps supplemented by refrigeration in summer conditons, ‘+ Most retigeration systems are electric-motor driven vapor Compression systems using posiive displacement or centrifugal compressors, The remainder of his guideline relates primarily to vapor-compression systems. However, when a cheap or free heat source is available (e.g. waste heat from an engine-driven generator—ow-pressure steam Hees ivomaton an HVAC energy efisony canbe foun at he Bish Columba Bling Carparaon (Woot 2072, feereustgs coninew_buléngspals\reartull statog 5 ida pf, NRCANS ErerGuie (hip:looe car accaleuipreniengishndax cnPireVew=NGTex=N) ans NRCAN' Enegy Sia Prgans (ttpitooe can gc eatnegystarenglsiconsuresheatng or ox-Nkpn Ivien-NAAC) an he US Energy Siar Program (nto: anergy goutnex cle gees downed quel) PRIC3O, 2007 aSRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines {stemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘corporation | ENERGY CONSERVATION oy] WORLDEANK GROUP that has passed through a back pressure turbine), absorption rerigeration may be appropriate ‘+ Exploithigh cooling temperature range: precaaling by ambient andlor ‘high temperature’ refrigeration before final cooling can reduce refrigeration capital and running costs, High cooling temperature range also provides an ‘opportunity for countercurrent (cascade) cooling, which reduces refrigerant flow needs, + Keep ‘hot’ and cold’ fids separate, for example, do not rmx water leaving the chiller with water returning from coalng circuits. + In low-temperature systems where high temperature differences are inevitable, consider two-stage or compound compression, or economized screw compressors, rather than singlestage compression, Minimizing Temperature Differences AA vapor-compressionrefigeration system raises the temperature ofthe refrigerant from somewhat below the lowest process temperature (the evaporating temperature) o provide process cooling, toa higher temperature (the condensing temperature}, somewhat above ambient, to facilitate heat ejection tothe ar or cooing water systems. Increasing ‘evaporating temperature typically increases compressor cooling capacity without greatly aflacting power consumption. Reducing condensing temperature increases evaporator cooing capacity and substantialy reduces compressor power consumption. Elevating Evaporating Temperature ‘+ Selecta large evaporator to permit relatively ow temperature diferences between process and evaporating temperatures. Ensure that energy use of auiiaies (¢9 ‘evaporator fans) does not outweigh compression savings. In ai-cooting eppicatons, a design temperature dflerence ‘of 6-10 K between leaving air temperature and evaporating Temperature is indicative ofan appropriately sized ‘evaporator. When cooling quis, 2K between leaving liquid and evaporating temperatures can be achieved, though a 4K citference is generally indicative ofa gonerousl-sized evaporator. Keep the evaporator clean. When cooling air, ensure correct defrost operation. Inliquid cooling, maitor reffigerant/orocess temperature diferences and compare with design expectations tobe alert to heat exchanger contamination by scale o il Ensure ol is regularly removed from the evaporator, and that ol addltions and removals balance. ‘Avoid the use of back-pressure valves. ‘Adjust expansion valves o minimize suction supetheat consistent with avoidance of iquid cary-over to compressors. Ensure thal an appropriate refrigerant charge volume is Present Reducing Condensing Temperature Consider whether to use ait-cooled or evaporation-based cooling (e.. evaporative or water cooled condensers and cooling towers). Aircooled evaporators usually have higher condensing temperatures, hence higher compressor energy use, and auxilary power consumption, especially in low humidity climates, Ifa wet system is used, ensure adequate treatment to prevent growth of legionella bacteria Whichever basic system is chosen, select a relatively large condenser to minimize differences between condensing andthe heat sink temperatures. Condensing temperatures ‘wth air cooled or evaporative condensers should not be ‘mare than 10K above design ambient condition, and a 4K ‘approach ina lquid-cooled condenser is possible, PRIC3O, 2007 ZzSRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Finance, ‘Corporation ENERGY CONSERVATION oy] WORLDEANK GROUP + Avaid accumulation ofnan-condensable gases inthe condenser system, Consider the instalation of reigerated non-condensable purgers,partculay for systems ‘operating below atmospheric pressure ‘+ Keep condensers clean and fee from scale, Monitor refigerantiambient temperature diferences and compare with design expectations tobe alert to heat exchanger contamination Avoid iquid backup, which restricts heat ansfer area in condenses. This can be caused by instalation errors such as concentric reducer in horizontal quid refigerant pipes, ‘o“up and over liquid lines leading from condensers. + Inmutiple condenser applications, retigerant liquid ines should be connected via drop-leg taps tothe main quid refigorat ine to ensure that hot gases flw to all condensers. ‘Avoid head pressure contol tothe extent possible. Head pressure control maintains condensing temperature at, or near, design levels. It therefore prevents reduction in compressor power consumption, which accompanies reduced condensing temperature, by restricting condenser capacity (usually by switching off the condenser, or cooing tower fans, or restitng cooing we conditions of less severe than design load or ambient temperature conditions. Head pressures otton kept higher flow) under than necessary tofaciitate hot gas defrost or adequate liquid egerant circulation. Use of electronic rather han thermostatic expansion vales, an liquid refrigerant ums can permit effective refgerant circulation at much reduced condensing temperatures. ‘© Sie condensers and cooling towers with adequate spacing 0 as to prevent recirculation of ht air into the tower. Refrigerant Compression Efficiency ‘+ Some eigerant compressors and chiles ae more effient than oer fered forthe same dy. Before purchase, deity the operating conditions under which the compressor or chile is Ikel to operate for substantial parts ofits annual ce. Chack operating efciency under these condos, and ask for esmates of annual runing cost, Note thatreigraton and HVAC systms rarely run for extended periods at design condtons, wich are deliberately exteme. Operational ficiency under the most commonly occuring oft design conditions is they to be mos important + Compressors bse efconey when unloaged. Avoid operation of multile compressors at patload condtons Note that package chiles can gan coeticient of performance (COP) when sighty unloaded, as loss of compressor efclency can be outeighed bythe beneis of reduced condensing and elevated evaporating temperature. However, its unikely tobe eneayefcint to operate a single compressorchille at ss than S0% of capacity. + Consider tumdown eficency when spectyng chiles Variable sped cont or maple compressor chiles can behighyefcint at part loads. + Use of thermal slorage systems (eg, ie storage) can ai the need for close load-reckng an, hance can avoid paraded compressor operation Refrigeration System Auxiliaries Many rerigration system aulires (e.g, evaporator fans and chilled water pumps) contribute to refrigeration system load, so reductions in ther energy use have a double benef. General energy saving techniques for pumps and fans, listed in the next ‘section of these guidelines, should be applied to refrigeration ausliares PRIC3O, 2007 wSRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines {stemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘corporation | ENERGY CONSERVATION oy] WORLDEANK GROUP ‘Additionally, auxiliary use can be reduced by avoidance of part- load operation and in plant selection (0.9, axa fan evaporative condensers generally use less energy than equivalent centrifugal fan towers) Under extreme oft design conditions, reduction in duty of cooling system fans and pumps can be worthwhile, usually when the lowest possible condensing pressure has been achioved. Compressed Air Systems Compressed aris the most commonly found tity service in industy, yetin many compressed ar systoms, the energy contained in compressed ar delivered the users ofan 10% or es of energy used in ar compression. Savings are often possible through the folowing techniques: Load reduction Examine each rue user of compressed ai to identty the sir volume needed andthe pressure at which this should be delivered Do not mix high volume low pressure and low volume high pressure loads. Decentraize low volume high-pressure applications or provide dedicated low-pressure utes, for ‘example, by using fans rather than compressed ai. Review ar use reduction opportunities, for example: ‘© Use ar amplifier nozzles rather than simple open-pipe compressed ar jets © Consider whether compressed airis needed a all © Where airjts are required intermittently (2.9. to propel product, consider operating the jet via a process> Receiving water use’ and assimilative capacity’”, taking other sources of discharges to 35 an example tha US EPA Natoral Recommended oer Qual Ciara apie pa govwaterscarcelotaraigeriea nl 38 Sxamplesofeceng water ses 3s maybe desig by local autores inde dking wate wih some bye f eae, reseaton,auzcuture iegatn, ganar agua ie camera, ard navigator. Expl el base gudeln vals or eating waters ince WorsHeabhOrgarzaon (WO) guielnes for receasonaluse Ubaputnnitoindwater santa, eatndwalge index) 3 The asset capacty the receing waterbody depends on rumerous {actors ince, bi not its to, el volun of alr, ow at, fshng rae of he waterbody andthe bading of elias fom erent sources the receiving water ito consideration, should also influence the acceptable pollton loadings and efluetcischarge qually. ‘Aditional considerations that shouldbe included inthe setting of project-specific performance levels for wastewater effluents include: Process wastewater treatment standards consistent with ‘applicable Industry Sector EHS Guidelines, Projects for hich there are no industry specific guidelines should reference the effluent qualty guidelines ofan industry sector with sultbly analogous processes and effluents; ‘* Compliance with national or local standards for sanitary wastewater discharges or, in their absence, the indicative guideline values applicable to sanitary wastewater sischarges shown in Table 1.3.1 below; ‘+ Temperature of wastewater pia to discharge does not result in an increase greater than 3°C of ambient temperature at the edge of a scientifically estabished mixing zone which takes into account ambient water quality, receiving water use and assimilative capacity among other considerations, Discharge to Sanitary Sewer Systems Discharges ofndustal wastewater, sanitary wastewater, wastewater om uly operations or tormater nto pubic or private wastewater treatment systems should ‘© Mest the pretreatment and monitoring requirements ofthe sewer treatment system into wich t discharges. ‘+ Notinterer,crecly or increcy, with the operation and maintenance ofthe colection and treatment systems, or ose a risk to worker heath and safety, or adversely impact ‘toaeaorragen, A seasonal presratve bso assessment of arbet wal ually ray be raged for sa win exalted sinc aac ard Imaeratcal mass eximate poten mpact othe eceirg wa fom an ‘van! source PRIC3O, 2007 wSRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines {stemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘Corporation | WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY @ characterstics of residuals from wastewater treatment ‘operations, ‘+ Be discharged into municipal or centralized wastewater ‘treatment systems that have adequate capacity to meet local regulatory requirements for treatment of wastewater ‘generated from the project. Pretreatment of wastewater to ‘meet regulatory requirements before discharge from the Project ste is required if the municipal or centralized wastewater treatment system receiving wastewater rom the project does not have adequate capacity to maintain regulatory compliance, Land Application of Treated Effluent The quality of reated process wastewater, wastwator om uty operation or strate ischargedon land, including wetonds shoud be established based on local regulatory requirements. Where land used as part ofthe treatment ystam andthe ultimate receptor is surface water, water quality guidelines for surface water cischarges specific the industry sector process should apply Potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface wate, in the context of protection, conservation andlngtrm sustainably of water and land esoures shouldbe assessed when and is use as part of any wastwator treatment system, Septic Systems ‘Septic systems are commonly used for treatment and disposal of domestic sarily sewage in area wth no sewerage callecton networks, Septic systems should only be used for treatment of seritary sewage, and unsuitable for industrial wastewater treatment, When sept ystoms aretha selected form of wastewater disposal and treatment, they should be: 38 aceiona gudaoe on water quay cons erations fr ln sppeations auallbie a Be WHO Guida rte Slo Use of Waxowatar, Exc and Grey Vole 2: Wastewater Use in Retire apse mwatarsanton_paahwasowateig.mogZienndes ml ‘+ Properly designed and installed in accordance with local regulations and guidance to prevent any hazard to public health or contamination of land, surface or groundwater. ‘+ Well maintained to allow effective operation ‘© Installed in areas with sufficient sol percolation forthe design wastewater loading rate ‘+ Installed in areas of stable sols that are nearly level, well drained, and permeable, wih enough separation between the rain field and the groundwater table o other receiving waters. Wastewater Management Wastewater management includes water conservation, wastewater tealment, stormwater management, and wastewater and water qualty monitoring Industrial Wastewater Industrial wastewater generated from industrial operations Includes process wastewater, wastewaler from uty operations, runoff from process and materials staging areas, and miscellaneous activities including wastewater from laboratories, ‘equipment maintenance shops, etc. The pollutants in an industrial wastewater may include acids or bases (exhibited as lw or high oH), soluble organic chemicals causing depletion of dissolved ‘oxygen, suspended solids, nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen}, heavy metals (e.g. cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc), cyanide, toxic organic chemicals, ily materials, and volatile materials, as well as from thermal characteristics of the discharge (e.g, elevated temperature). Transfer of polutants to another phase, such 2s ar, sol, or the sub-surface, should be minimized trough process and engineering controls Process Wastewater - — Examples of treatment approaches ‘ypicaly used in the treatment of industial wastewater are ‘summarized in Annex 1.3.1, While the choice of treatment PRIC3O, 2007 7SRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines {stemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘corporation | WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY @ technology is driven by wastewater characteristics, he actual performance ofthis technology depends largely onthe adequacy ofits design, equipment selection, as well as operation and maintenance ofits installed facilities. Adequate resources are required for proper operation and maintenance of a treatment facility, and performance is strongly dependent on the techrical ability and training ofits operational staff. One or more treatment technologies may be used to achieve the desired discharge quality and to maintain consstent compliance with regulatory requirements, The design and operation ofthe selected ‘wastewater treatment technologies should avoid uncontrolled alr ‘omissions of volate chemicals from wastewaters, Residuals from industrial wastewater treatment operations should be disposed in compliance with local regulatory requirements, inthe absence of ‘which disposal has to be consistent with protection of publicheath and safety, and conservation and long term sustainably of water and land resources, ‘Wastewater from Utilities Operations -Utlty operations such as cooling towers and demineralization systems may result in high rates of water consumption, as well as the potential release of high temperature water containing high dissolved soli, residues of biocides, residues of other cooling system antHouling agents, etc, Recommended water management strategies for uty operations include: ‘+ Adoption of water conservation opportunites for facity cooling systems as provided i the Water Conservation section below. ‘+ Use of heat recovery methods (also energy efficiency improvements) or other cooling methods to reduce the {temperature of heated water prior to discharge to ensure the discharge water temperature does not resutin an increase ‘greater than 3°C of ambient temperature a the edge ofa scientifically established mixing zone which takes into ‘count ambient water quality, receiving water use, potential receplors and assimilave capacity amang other considerations; ‘© Minimizing use of anfouling and corrosion inhibiting chemicals by ensuring appropriate depth of water intake and Use of screens, Least hazardous atteratives shouldbe used with regards to toxicity, biodegradabitt,bioavalabilty, and bioaccumulation potential Dose apolied should accord wth local regulatory requirements and manufacturer recommendations ‘+ Testing for residual biocides and other poltants of concern should be conducted to determine the need for dose adjustments or treatment of coaling water prior to discharge ‘Stormwater Management - Stormwater includes any surface runoff and flows resulting from precipitation, drainage or other sources, Typically stormwater runoff contains suspended sediments, metals, pelroleum hydrocarbons, Palycyelic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), colform, ete, Rapid runof, even of Lncontaminated stormwater, also degrades the quality ofthe receiving water by erading stream beds and banks. In order to reduce the need for sormvater treatment, the following principles should be applied: ‘+ Stormwater should be separated from process and sanitary wastewater streams inorder to reduce the volume of wastewater to be treated prior to discharge ‘+ Surface runoff rom process areas or potential sources of, contamination should be prevented ‘+ Whore this approach isnot practical, runoff ftom process and storage areas should be segregated from potentially less contaminated runoff ‘= Runoff from areas without potential sources of contamination should be minimized (e9, by minimizing the area of impermeable surfaces) andthe peak discharge rate should PRIC3O, 2007 BeIntemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Finance, @EVEC| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Hy ‘@rporation | WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY be reduced (e.g. by using vegetated swales and retention ponds); ‘+ Where stormwater treatment is deemed necessary to protect the quality of receiving water bodies, priority should be given ta managing and treating the fist fush of stormwater runoff \where the majority of potential contaminants tend to be present; ‘© When water quay criteria allow, stormwater should be managed as a resource, either for groundwater recharge or for meeting water needs at the facility; ‘© Oil water separators and grease traps shouldbe installed ‘and maintained as appropriate at refueling facies, workshops, parking areas, uel storage and containment areas, ‘© Sludge from stormwater catchments or collection and {treatment systems may contain elevated levels of pollutants ‘and should be disposed in compliance with lcal regulatory requirements, in the absence of which disposal has to be consistent with protection of public health and safely, and conservation and long term sustainably of water and land resources. Sanitary Wastewater ‘Sanitary wastewater from industrial facilities may include effluents from domestic sewage, food sevice, and laundry facies serving site employees. Miscellaneous wastewater from laboratories, medicalinfrmaries, water softening etc. may also be d'scharged to the sanitary wastewater treatment system, Recommended sanitary wastewater management strategies include: ‘+ Segregation of wastewater streams to ensure compatibility with selected treatment option (e.g. septic system which can only accept domestic sewage); ‘+ Segregation and pretreatment of oll and grease containing eluents (29. use of grease trap) prior to discharge into sewer systems; ‘+ If sewage from the industial facilis tobe discharged to surface water, treatment to meet national or local standards for sanitary wastewater discharges o, in their absence, the indicative guideline values applicable to sanitary wastewater discharges shown in Table 1.3.1 ‘+ sewage from the industalfacily is to be discharged to either aseptic system, or where land is used as part of the treatment system, treatment to meet applicable national or local standards for sanitary wastewater discharges is require. ‘+ Sludge rom sanitary wastewater treatment systems should be disposed in compliance with local regulatory requirements, inthe absence of which disposal has to be consistent with protection of public heath and safety, and conservation and ong term sustainability of water and land resources. PRIC3O, 2007 @SAIC environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Gu {stemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY ‘Corporation 3 ey wor. aaK GROUP Table 1.3.1 Indicative Values for Treated Ree Seer od con at 1% Total nitrogen nai a otal phosphorus nai z Oi and grease not 0 otal suspended solids nal @ Totalcolformbacteria__| WEN /to0m 400 Tote "Not appeable to cnalzed, muni, wastewater eaten systs hich af ince in EHS Gudelnes fo War ana Sanatn, MPN = Moet Probable Number Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Operations ‘Ar emissions from wastewater treatment operations may include hydrogen sulfd, methane, ozone (in the case of ezone {isinfocton), volatile organic compounds (0.9, chloroform generated from chlorination activities and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) tom industial wastewater), gaseous or Volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes (e.g, chlorine and ammonia), and bioaerosols. Odors from treatment faites can also be a nuisance to workers and he surounding community. Recommendations for the management of emissions ae presente in the Ar Emissions and Ambit Air Qualty section ofthis document and in the EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation, Residuals from Wastewater Treatment Operations Sludge from a waste treatment plant needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis fo establish whether it constitutes @ hazardous ‘ora non-hazardous waste and managed accordinaly as described in the Waste Management section ofthis dacument, Occupational Health and Safety Issues in Wastewater Treatment Operations Wastewater treatment facity operators may be exposed to hysica, chemical, and biological azards depending onthe design of the facilities and the types of wastewater effluents managed. Examples ofthese hazards include the potential for ‘trips and falls into tanks, confined space entries for maintenance: peratons, and inhalation of VOCs, biozeosols,ané methane, ‘contact with pathogens and vectors, and use of potentially hazardous chemicals, inluding chlorine, sodium and caleium hypochlorite, and ammonia. Detaled ecormendatons forthe ‘management of occupational health and safety issues are weserted inthe relevant secon ofthis document, Additonal guidance specifically applicable to wastewater treatment systems is provided inthe EHS Guidelines for Wate and Sanitation. Monitoring Awastewater and water quality monitoring program with adequate resources and management oversight should be developed and implemented to meet the objective) ofthe monitoring program. “The wastewater and ater quay monitoring progam should consider te folowing elements: ‘© Monitoring parameters: The parameters selected for ‘manitoring should be indicative of the pollutants of concer from the process, and should include parameters that are regulated under compliance requirements; ‘+ Monitoring type and frequency: Wastewater moritoring should take into consideration the discharge characteristics from the process over time. Monitoring of discharges from processes with batch manufacturing or seasonal process variations should take into consideration of time-dependent ‘PRL3O, 2007 3BEIFC| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Gu Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Finance, ‘Corporation | WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY variations in discharges and, therefore, is more complex than ‘monitoring of continuous discharges. Efuents from highly variable processes may need to be sampled more frequently ‘or through composite methods. Grab samples or, automated equipment permits, composite samples may offer ‘more insight on average concentrations of pollutants over a ‘24-hour period. Composite samplers may not be appropriate \where analytes of concem are shortlved (e.g, quickly degraded or volatile) ‘© Monitoring locations: The monitoring location should be selected withthe objective of providing representative monitoring data. Effluent sampling stations may be located at the final discharge, as well as at strategic upstream points prior to merging of diferent discharges. Process discharges should not be diluted prior or ater treatment with the ‘objective of meeting the discharge or ambient water quality standards. ‘= Data quaity: Monitoring programs should apply interationaly approved methods for sample collection, preservation and analysis. Sampling should be conducted by ‘or under the supervision o trained individuals, Analysis should be conducted by entities permite or certified for this purpose, Sampling and Analysis Quality Assurance/Qualty Control (@QA/QC) plans shouldbe prepared and, implemented, QA'QC documentation shouldbe included in monitoring reports. PRIC3O, 2007 aT@EVEC| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Finance jemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘@rporation | WASTEWATER AND AMBIENT WATER QUALITY ‘Annex 1.3.1 - Examples of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Approaches foe pH oom ‘AvalBase addition, Flow equalization Olland Grease TPH Dissolved Ai Floatation, ll water soparator, grease rap TSS -Settleable Seitng, Size ‘Sedimentaton basi, cla, conf, screens TSS -Non-Settleable Floatation, Fration- radonal and tangential Dissolved ar oatatin, Mulimedia iter, sand ter, abi te, ultafitaton, rotation Hi-BOD (>2 Kgl?) Biological - Anaerobic Suspended growth, atached growth, hybrid Lo=BOD (<2 Kgl) Biclogicl - Aerobie, Facultative ‘Suspended growth, atached growth, hybrid COD-Non-Biodegradable Oxidation, Adsorption, Size Excision (Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxdation, Activated Carbon, Membranes Motas - Particulate and Soluble ‘Ceagulatn, Recculon, Precipitation size excision Fash moc with setting, lation radon and tangential Inorganics /Nonsmetals Ceagilatn,Toaciaton, precipitation size exclusion, Oxidation, Adsorption Fish rik wit setng, vation - Wadivonal and angental, Chemical ‘axisaon, Thermal oxidation, Activated Carbon, Reverse Osmosis, Evaporation Organics - VOCs and SVOCs Biological - Aerobic, Anaerobic Facutatve, Adsorption, Oxidation Biological: Suspended growth, attached growth, hybrid; Chemical ‘xialon, Thermal oxidation, Actvated Carbon Emissions = Odors and voce. Caplare Ave or Passive Biological Assertion, Oxidation Bilgical: Atached grow, Chemical oxdabon, Thamal oudaton, Acivated Carbon Biologcal Nuriont Removal ‘AarbiciAnoxic Balog reabnent, cemcal Ryaroysis andar = Chemical, Physical, Adsorption | sipping, chlosnaton on exchange Bologal - Aerobie, Anawrobe cal oedaton Acivaled Caton Color Bidegial “Aerobie, Aras | pllgical Aerobie, Chemical oxdaton, Acvated Car Temperature Evaporative Cooling Surface Aerators, Fow Equalization 108, Concentvation, Sie Exclusion Evaporation, crystalization, Reverse Osmosis, Active ngredientslEmerging Contaminants Adsorption, Oxidation, Size Exclusion, Concentation Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxdation, Activated Carbon lon Exchange, Reverse Osmasis, Evaporation, Crystallzation ‘Aisarption Se EXC, Radionuclides Aomion Se lon Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Evaporation, Crystalizaton Pathogens Disinfection, Sieiizaton Chibi, Ozone, Prexde, UV, Thermal eT ‘Adsorption, Oxidation, Size ‘Chemical oxidation, Thermal oxidation, vated Carbon, Evaporation, Exclusion, Concentration exysalzation, Reverse Osos ‘APRIL3O, 2007 2Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Fnance ‘Corporation | WATER CONSERVATION @EVEC| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Hy WORLD BANKGROUP 1.4 Water Conservation ‘Applicabilty and Approach Water Monitoring and Management Process Water Reuse and Recycing. Building Facilty Operations Cooling Systems. Heating Systems, Applicability and Approach Water conservation programs should be implemented commensurate with the magnitude and cost of water use These programs should promote te continuous redutio water consumption and aciove savings in he water nin pumping, treatment and disposal costs. Water conservation ‘measures may include water monitoring/management techniques; process and coalingiheating water recycling, reuse, and other techniques; and saritary water conservation techniques, General recommendations include: Storm/Rainwater harvesting and use ‘+ Zero discharge design/se of treated waste water tobe included in project design processes ‘+ Use oflocalzed recirculation systems in planifaclty/shops (as opposed to centralized recirculation system), with provision only fr makeup water ‘+ Use of dry process technologies e.g ty quenching ‘Process water system pressure management ‘Project design to have measures for adequate water collection, spill control and leakage contol system 7 Water Monitoring and Management ‘The essonial elements of a water management program invalve + dentication, regular measurement, and recording of principal flows within a facity; + Definition and regular review of performance targets, which are adjusted to account for changes in major factors affecting water use (e.g. industral production rate); Regular comparison of water flows wth performance targels to identify where action should be taken to reduce water use, Water measurement (metering) should emphasize areas of greatest water use, Based on review of metering dala, ‘unaccounted use- indicating major leaks at industrial facies ‘could be identified Process Water Reuse and Re: yeling Opportunites for water savings in industal processes aro highly industry-specific. However, the following techniques have allboon used suecesstuly and should be considered in conjunction with the development ofthe metering system deserved above + Washing Machines: Many washing machines use large quantities of hot water. Use can increase as nozzles become enlarged due to repeated cleaning and fr wear. Monitor machine water use, compare with specification, and replace nozzles when water and heat use reaches levels warranting such work Water reuse: Common water reuse applications include countercurrent rinsing, for example in mutt-stage washing PRIC3O, 2007 cdIntemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Fnance ‘Corporation | WATER CONSERVATION @EVEC| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Hy WORLD BANKGROUP ‘and rinsing processes, or reusing waste water from one process for another with less exacting water requirements, For example, using bleaching rinse water {or textile washing, or botle-washer rinse water for bottle crate washing, or even washing the flor. More sophisticated reuse projects requiring treatment of water before reuse are also sometimes practical © Water etssprays: If processes use water jets or sprays (e.g. to keep conveyors clean or to cool product) review the accuracy ofthe spray patter to prevent unnecessary water loss ‘+ Flow control optimization: Industral processes sometimes require the use of tanks, which are refilled to control losses. tis oflen possible to reduce the rate of \ater supply to such tanks, and sometimes to reduce tank levels to reduce spillage. Ifthe process uses water coating sprays, it may be possible to reduce flow while maintaining cooling performance. Testing can determine the optimum balance © Ifhoses are used in cleaning, use flow contrls to restrict wasteful water Now ‘© Consider the use of high pressure, ow volume cleaning systems rather than using large volumes of water sprayed from hosepipes. ‘© Using flow timers and limit switches to contol water use ‘© Using ‘clean-up’ practices rather than hosing down Building Facility Operations ‘Consumption of building and sanitary water is typically less than that used in indutal processes. However, savings can readily be identified, as ouined below ‘= Compare daily water use per employee to existing benchmarks taking into consideration the primary use at the facil, whether sanitary or including other activities such as showering of catering Regularly maintain plumbing, and identify and repair leaks ‘Shut off water to unused areas Install self-closing taps, automatic shut-off valves, spray nezzes, pressure reducing valves, and water conserving fixtures (e.g. low flow shower heads, faucets, ols, Utnals; and spring loaded or sensored faucets) Operate dishwashers and laundries on full loads, and only when needed Install watersaving equipmentin lavatories, such as low- flow tilts Cooling Systems ‘Water conservation opportunities in cooing systems include: + Use of cased crcut cooling systems with cooing towers rather than once-through coding systems ‘+ Limiting condenser or cooling tower blowdown tothe minimum required to prevent unacceptable accumulation of dssoWed solids ‘+ Use of er cooing rather than evaporative cooling, although tis may increase electricity use inthe cooling system ‘+ Use of treated wastewater for cooing towers ‘+ Reusinglrecycling cooling tower blowdawn Heating Systems Heating systems based onthe cclation of low or medium pressure hat water (hich do not consume water) should be closed, If they do consume water, regular maintenance shoud be conducted to check for leaks, However, large quates of water may be used by steam systems, and this canbe reduced by the folowing measures: PRIC3O, 2007 uSRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Gu {ptemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘Corporation | WATER CONSERVATION WORLD BANKGROUP Repair of steam and condensate leaks, and repair of all falled steam traps ‘© Return of condensate tothe bolerhouse, and use of heat exchangers (with condensate retum) rather than direct steam injection where process permits * Flash steam recovery Minimizing boiler Blowdown consistent with ‘maintaining accoptably low dissolved solid in boiler water. Use of reverse osmosis boiler feed ater treatment substantially reduces the need for boiler lowdown + Minimizing deaerator heating PRIC3O, 2007 5SRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT @ WORLD BANKGROUP Applcabilty and Approach 36 General Hazardous Materials Management. 37 Hazard Assessment 37 Management Actions. 37 Release Prevention and Control Planning.......98 (Occupational Health and Safety 38 Process Knowledge and Documentation sesso d9 Preventive Measures, 39 Hazardous Materials Transfer. 39 veril Protection 39 Reaction, Fite, and Explosion Prevention ......40 Control Measures. 40 ‘Secondary Containment (Liquids) 40 ‘Storage Tank and Piping Leak Detection, At Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) at Management of Major Hazards, 42 Management Actions. 42 Preventive Measures, A3 Emergency Preparedness and RespOnSensnnnu A Community Involvement and Awareness. As Applicability and Approach These guidlines apply fo projets that use store, or handle any quantity ofhazardous material (Hazmat), dined as malarial that represent a risk to human health, property, or the environment duet thir physical or chemical characteris, Hazmats canbe classiid according tothe hazard as explosives; compressed gases, including txi or ammable gases; fammable ids; flammable skids; oxidizing substances; toxic materials; radioactive mato: and comesve substances. Guidance onthe transport of hazardous mateal is covered in Section 3 ofthis document, ‘When a hazardous materials no longer usable forits original purpose and is intended for disposal, but sil has hazardous properties, itis considered a hazardous waste (see Section 1.4). ‘This guidance is intended to be applied in conjunction with {radiional occupational health and safety and emergency preparedness programs which are included in Section 2.0 on ‘Occupational Health and Safely Management, and Secion 3.7 on Emergency Proparedness and Response. Guidance on the ‘Transport of Hazardous Materials is provided in Section 3.5. ‘This section is divided into two main subsection: General Hazardous Materials Management: Guidance applicable tal projects or faces that handle or store any quantity of hazardous materials ‘Management of Major Hazards: Additonal guidance for projects or {aclties that store or handle hazardous materials al, or above, threshold quantites®, and thus require special treatment to prevent accidents such as fre, explosion, leaks or spills, and to prepare and respond fo emergencies. ‘The overall objective of hazardous materials managements to avoid or, when avoidance is not feasible, minimize uncontroled releases of hazardous materials or accidents (including explosion ‘and fre) during their production, handling, storage and use. This objective can be achieved by 5 Fo sxamples,tweshll quarts sald be hose essed for gmergency ‘ann purposes such as povided nthe US Enwonmen Prtacton Aga. Frotecton of Enrenment (Tile Tresol quases ae provided inte US eronmenal roecton Agency ran of Eraronment(Te 40 CFR Pars 8.112 ana 365, PRIC3O, 2007 %SRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT @ WORLD BANKGROUP Establishing hazardous materials management prores based on hazard analysis of risky operations identfied through Social and Environmental Assessment; ‘+ Where practicable, avoiding or minimizing the use of hazardous materials. For example, non-hazardous materials, have been found to substitute asbestos in building materials, PCBS in electrical equipment, persistent organic polutants, (POPs) in pesticides formulations, and ozone depleting substances in refrigeration systems; ‘+ Preventing uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials to the environment or uncontrolled reactions that might result in fire oF explosion: ‘+ Using engineering conics (containment, automatic alarms, ‘and shutaff systems) commensurate with the nature of hazard; ‘+ Implementing management contol (procedures, inspections, communications, training, and drils to address residual isks that have not been prevented or controled through engineering measures, General Hazardous Materials Management Projects which manufacture, handle, use, or store hazardous materials should estabish management programs that are commensurate with the potential risks present. The main objectives of projects involving hazardous materials should be the protection of the workforce and the prevention and contrl of releases and accidents. These objectives should be addressed by integrating prevention and control measures, management actions, and procedures into day o-day business activites Potentially applicable elements of a management program include the folowing: Hazard Assessment The level of isk shouldbe established through an on-going assessment process based on: ‘+ The types and amounts of hazardous materials present inthe Project. This information should be recorded and should include a summary table with the following information: ‘2 Name and description (0.9, composition of a mixture) of the Hazmat ‘© Classification (e.g. code, class or cvision) ofthe Hazmat ‘© Intemationaly accepted regulatory reporting threshold ‘quantity or national equivalent® ofthe Hazmat © Quantity of Hazmat used per month © Characteristics) that make(s) the Hazmat hazardous (eg, lammabily, toxicity) ‘Analysis of potential spill and release scenarios using avaliable industry statistics on spils and accidents where availble ‘* Analysis of the potential for uncontrolled reactions such as fie and explosions + Analysis of potential consequences based on the physical geographical characteristics of the project sit, including aspects such as its distance to setlements, water resources, ‘and other environmentally sensitive areas, Hazard assessment should be performed by specialized professionals using intemationaly-accepted methodologies such ‘as Hazardous Operations Analysis (HAZOP), Failure Mode and Erfects Analysis (FMEA), and Hazard Identficaton (HAZID), Management Actions ‘The management actions tbe included in a Hazardous Materials Management Plan shouldbe commensurate wth the level of 4 Teosolé quant ae provte in tb US Enero Prtecton Agency. rection of Enorent ile 4 CFR Parts 5,112, and 385, PRIC3O, 2007 7SRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT @ WORLD BANKGROUP Potential risks associated withthe production, handling, storage, and use of hazardous materials Release Prevention and Control Planning Where ther is risk of a spill of uncontroled hazardous materials, facilities should prepare a spill control, prevention, and countermeasure plan as a specific component of their Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (described in more dealin Section 3.7). The plan shouldbe talloed tothe hazards associated withthe projec, and include: + Training of operators on release prevention, including dis specif to hazardous matarials as part of emergency preparedness response training + Impiemertaton of inspecton programs to maintain the mechanical integity and operably of pressure vessels, tanks, piping systems, aif and vent valve systems, containment infastructure, emergency shutdown systems, controls and pumps, and associated process equipment + Preparation of writen Standard Operating Procedures {SOPs for fling USTs, ASTS or other containers or ‘equipment as well as for transfer operations by personnel Itaned inthe safe transfer and fling ofthe hazardous atrial and in spill prevention and response + SOPS forthe management of secondary containment structures, pecially the remaval of any accumulated fig, such a rainfall to ensure that accidentally or wily defeated intent ofthe system isnot ‘+ Identfication of locations of hazardous materials and associated actives on an emergency pian ste map Documentation of availabilty of speci personal protective ‘equipment and training needed to respond o an emergency ‘Documentation of availabilty of spill response equipment sufficient to handle at leastntial stages ofa spill and a ist of external resources for equipment and personnel, if necessary, to supplement infernal resources ‘+ Description of response activites inthe event ofa spil, release, or other chemical emergency inducing: ‘2 Intemal and extemal notification procedures ‘© Specific responsibilities of individuals or groups ‘© Decision process for assessing severly of he release, and determining appropriate actions © Facility evacuation routes, ‘© Postevent acities such as clean-up and disposal, incident investigation, employee re-entry, and restoration of spill response equipment, Occupational Health and Safety ‘The Hazardous Materials Management Plan should address applicable, essential elements of occupational health and safety management as descrived in Section 2.0 on Occupational Health and Safety, including ‘+ dob safety analysis to identity spectc potential occupational hazards and industrial hygiene surveys, as appropriate, to ‘manitor and verily chemical exposure levels, and compare with applicable occupational exposure standards! * Hazard communication and taining programs to prepare workers to recognize and respond to workplace chemical hazards, Programs should include aspects ofhazard identification, safe operating and materials handing procedures, safe work practices, basic emergency procedures, and special hazards unique to their jobs. 4 ncn Threshold iit Vat TLV) occupational exposure guenes and Bologcal Exposures (Ble), Ameren Confrence of Governaria instal Hyparits ACG, hipstwaeghorgTLV US. Netra rts ‘er Occpateral Heath ard Say (NIOSH) np:inw ae goutiosshpa emis Exposure mits PELS, US, Oeupstonal Safty and eats ‘arinraton (OSHA), hig ota govipsostauohionads show document? tl=STANDARD ‘5p_j69982; eave Ocospataral Expose Lt Values, European Union, hipfewope ashe eu toned racial, nd oe sar sa.oxs. PRIC3O, 2007 %SRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT @ WORLD BANKGROUP Trirng shoud incorporate information rom Matera Safety Data Sheets"? (MSDSs) for hazardous materials being handled. MSDSs shoud be readily accessible to employees in their local language + Defnton and implementation of permitted maintenance actives, such as hat work or confined space entries + Provision of suitable personal protection equipment (PPE) (footwear, masks, protecvecoting and goggles in appropriate areas), emergency eyewash and shower stations, vetiaon systems, and sanitary faces + Moritorng and record-eeping activites, including aut procedures designed to very and record the eflectveness of prevention and control of exposure to occupational hazards, ‘and maintaining accident and incident investigation reports on fle fora period of atleast five years Process Knowledge and Documentation ‘The Hazardous Materials Management Pian should be incorporated into, and consistent with, the other elements of the facility ESIOHS MS and include: = Witton process safety parameters (i., hazards of the chemical substances, safely equipment specications, safe ‘operation ranges for temperature, pressure, and other applicable parameters, evaluation ofthe consequences of deviations ee.) ‘© Written operating procedures ‘= Compliance audit procedures “2yyspss are profuced by te manacur, but migtrotbe pesared or choral lsmesates that ae rot darted coramarc, lathe eases, ployer sl aed provide wert wth equivalent nforaon Preventive Measures Hazardous Materials Transfer Uncontroled releases of hazardous materials may result from ‘small cumulative evens, or from more significant equipment, failure associated with events such as manual or mechanical transfer between storage systems or process equipment Recommended practices o prevent hazardous material releases ‘rom processes include ‘+ Use of dedicated fitings, pipes, and hoses specifi to ‘materials in tanks (0.9, all acids use one type of connection, all caustics use another) and maintaining procedures to Prevent addltion of hazardous materials to incorect tanks Use of transfer equipment thats compatible and suitable for the characteristics of the materials transferred and designed to ensure safe transfer ‘* Regular inspection, maintenance and repair of tings, pipes and hoses ‘+ Provision of secondary containment, crip trays or other overflow and drip containment measures, for hazardous ‘materials containers at connection points or other possible overflow points, Overfill Protection Overflls of vessels and tanks should be prevented as they are ‘among the most comman causes ofspils resulting in soil and \water contamination, and amang the easiest to prevent. Recommended overill protection measures include’ ‘+ Prepare written procedures fr transfer operations that includes a checklist of measures to fllow during filing ‘operations and the use of filing operators trained in these procedures ‘+ Installation of gauges on tanks to measure volume inside ‘+ Use ofdripless hose connections for vehicle tank and fixed connections with storage tanks PRIC3O, 2007 wGENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL @EVEC| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Hy HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT WORLD BANKGROUP + Provision of automat fl shut valves on storage tanks to proventoverfiing + Use ofa catch basin around the fil pipe to collect sis + Use of piping comertions with automatic ver protection (oat valve) ‘Pumping less volume than availabe capacity into the tank or ‘vessel by ordering less material han its avalabe capacty + Provision of overfl or over pressure vents that alow controlled release toa capture point Reaction, Fire, and Explosion Prevention Reactive lammable, and explosive materials should also be ‘managed to avoid uncontrolled reactions or conditons resulting in fire or explosion, Recommended prevention practices include: + Storage of incompatible materials acids, bases, fammables, ‘oxidizers, reactive chemicals) in separate areas, and with containment facies separating material storage areas + Provsion of material specifi storage for extemely hazardous or reactive materials + Use offiame arresting devices on vents from flammable storage containers + Provision of grounding andlghning protection fr tank farms, transfer stations, and other equipment that handles, flammable materials + Selection of mattas of constuction compatible with products stored fora parts of storage and delivery systems, ‘and avoiding rouse of tanks fr different products without checking material compatilty + Storage ofhazardous materials in an area ofthe facity separated from the main production works, Where proximity is unavoidable, physical separation should be proved using structures designed to prevent fre, explosion, sil, and other ‘emergency sitatons from affecting facility operations ‘+ Prohibition ofall sources o ignition from areas near flammable storage tanks Control Measures Secondary Containment (Liquids) Actcal aspect or controling accidental releases of quid hazardous mataials during storage and tansfris the provision of secondary containment, lis not necessary fr secondary cantainmant mathods to meet long tor matoal compatbity as, with primary slorage and ping, but ther design and constuction should hed released materials efectely unl they can be detected and safely recovered. Appropriate secondary containment structures consis ofberms, kes, or walls capable of containing the larger of 110 percent of the largest tank or 25% percent othe combined tank volumes in areas wth aboveground tanks wth total storage vlume equal or grate than 1,000 fers and willbe made of imperious, cheically resistant mate ‘Secondary containment desig should also consider means to prevent contact between incompatible materials in the event ofa release, (Other secondary containment measures thal should be applied depending on site-specific conditions include: ‘+ Transfer of hazardous materials from vehicle tanks to storage in areas with surfaces sufcienty impervious to avoid oss to the environment and sloped toa collection ora containment structure not connected to municipal wastewaterstormwater collection system \Where itis not practical to provide permanent, dedicated containment structures for transfer operations, one or more alematve forms of spill containment should be provided, suchas portable drain covers (wich can be deployed forthe uration of the operations), aulomatic shutoff valves on storm water basins, or shut off valves in drainage or sewer facilties, combined with oi-water separators PRIC3O, 2007 aSRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT @ WORLD BANKGROUP ‘© Storage of drummed hazardous materials wih a total volume ‘equal or greater than 1,000 iter in areas wit impervious ‘surfaces that are sloped or bermed to contain a minimum of 25 percent ofthe total storage volume ‘= Provision of secondary containment for components (tanks, pipes) ofthe hazardous material storage system, tothe extent feasible ‘+ Conducting periodic (e.g. daly or weekiy) reconciliation of tank contents, and inspection of visible portons of tanks and piping for leaks, ‘+ Use of double-walled, composite or specially coated storage ‘and piping systems particulary inthe use of underground storage tanks (USTs) and underground piping. If double walled systems are used, they should provide a means of detecting leaks between the two walls Storage Tank and Piping Leak Detection Leak detection may be used incarnation with secondary containment, particularly in high-risk locations“, Leak detection is especially mporatin situations where secondary contalnmentis not feasible or practicable, such as in long pipe runs. Acceptable leak detection methods include: ‘+ Use of aulomatic pressure loss detectors on pressurized or long distance piping ‘© Use of approved or cerifed integrity testing methods on piping or tank systems, at regular intervals ‘© Considering the use of SCADA if financially feasible 9 ghisloctons ar places where he reas of product tom he srage syst col eutin he caramnaton of nen waar ou in waar esau potato ates os doigaod by lol aubrtes, “4 Sypenisory Conto and Data Acuin Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) ‘though there are many environmental an safety advantages of underground storage of hazardous materials, including reduced risk of fire or explosion, and lower vapor lasses into the atmosphere, leaks of hazardous materials can go undetected for long perodsof ime wih potental or sol and groundwater ‘contamination. Examples of techniques to manage these risks incude ‘+ Avoiding use of USTS for storage of highly soluble organic materials ‘+ Assessing local sol corosion potential, andinstaling and maintaining cathodic protection (or equivalent rst protection) forstee! tanks ‘+ Fornewinstalaton, insaling impermeable liners or structures (e.g, conorete vaults) under and around tanks and lines that direct any leaked product to monitoring ports a he lowest point ofthe ine or stucture ‘+ Monitoring the surface above any tank for indications of soil movement ‘+ Reconciling tank contents by measuring the volume instore with the expected volume, given the stored quantty at last stocking, and deliveries to and withdrawals fromthe store ‘+ Testing integty by volumetric, vacuum, acousti, tracers, or other means on all tanks at regular intervals * Considering the monitoring groundwater of quality down raient of locations whore muliple USTs are in use ‘+ Evaluating the risk of exsting UST in newly acquired facites to determine if upgrades are required for USTs that wil be continued o be used, including replacement with new systems or permanent closure of abandoned USTs. Ensuring that new USTs are sted away fom wells, 4 ada tas onto management of USTSIs provietntha Cuialnes or Real Petoeun Sistas, PRIC3O, 2007 aSRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Finance, ‘Corporation HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT @ WORLD BANKGROUP reservoir and other source water protection areas and floodplains, and maintained so as to prevent corrasian, Management of Major Hazards In ation tothe application ofthe above-referenced guidance on prevention and control of releases of hazardous materials, projects involving production, handling, and storage of hazardous materials a or above threshold limits® should prepare @ Hazardous Materials Risk Management Plan, i the context ofits overall ES/OHS MS, containing al ofthe elements presented below.” The objective of tis guidance is the prevention and contol of catastrophic releases of oxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive chemicals that may resutin toxic, ir, or explosion hazards.® Management Actions + Management of Change: These procedures shoul adress: ‘©The echnical bess for changes in processes and operations © The impact of changes on heath and safety © Madicatono operating procedures Authorization requirements © Employees affected © Training needs ‘+ Compliance Audit: A complance audits a way to evaluate compliance withthe prevention program requirements for ‘each process, A compliance aueit covering each element of 8 Testo quantiles souk be hose estab sot fr germany bring urposos such provided ne US Envronmeria PrtctonAgeney.Pretecton 8 Enonmerd (Tl 0 CFR Pars 30-389 and 700 1 78), 7 Feta ineraton and uianc, lose rele t eratonal Finance Crp (FC) Hazardous Maal isk Marapamen Vanval Wego, ., Deoorbe 2000, “8 Tye sppoach othe management of major hazards gel bases onan spose Process Sally Manogonen eloped by he Arca Isl of CramzalErgiees. the prevention measures (see below) should be conducted at least every three years and should include: ‘© Preparation ofa report of the findings ‘2 Determination and documentation of the appropriate response to each finding ‘© Documentation that any deficiency has been corrected Incident Investigation: Incidents can provide valuable information about site hazards and he steps needed to prevent accidental releases. An incident investigation mechanism should incude procedures fo: ‘© Initaton ofthe investigation promptly ‘© Summarizing the investigation na report ‘9 Addressing the report findings and recommendations ‘© Areviow of the report with staff and contractors Employee Participation: A written plan of action should describe an active employee participation program forthe prevention of accidents. Contractors: There should be a mechanism for contractor control which should include a requirement forthem to develop hazard materials management procedures that meet the requirements ofthe hazardous materials management plan, Their procedures should be consistent with those of the contracting company and the contractor workforce should Undergo the same training, Addtonaly, procedures should require that contractors are: ‘© Provided with safety performance procedures and safety and hazard information Observe safety practices 2 Actrosponsibly ‘© Have access to appropriate training forthe employees ‘2 Ensure that ther employees know process hazards and applicable emergency actions PRIC3O, 2007 aIntemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘rporation | HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT. @EVEC| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Hy WORLD BANKGROUP ‘© Prepare and submit raining records for their employees. to the contracting company ‘© Inform their employees about the hazards presented by their work ‘© Assess trends of repeated similar incidents ‘© Develop and implement procedures to manage repeated similar incidents «Training, Project employees shouldbe provided taining on Hazmat management. The training program should include: © Alist of employees tobe trained © Speci training objectives ‘© Mechanisms to achiove the objectives (i.e, hands-on workshops, videos, ec) ©The means to determine whether the training program is effective © Training procedures for new hires and relresher courses, {or existing employees Preventive Measures ‘The purpose of preventive measures isto ensure that safety- related aspects ofthe process and equipment are considered, limits tobe placed on the operations are wll known, and accepted standards and codes are adopted, where they apply. + Process Safely information: Procedures should be prepared for each hazardous materals and include: © Compilation of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) © Identcation of maximum intended inventories and safe Upperlower parameters ‘© Documentation of equipment specications and of codes and standards used to design, bull and operate the process ‘© Operating Procedures: SOPs should be prepared for each step ofall processes or operations within the project (ea inital startup, normal operatons, temporary operations, ‘emergency shutdown, emergency operations, normal shutdown, and startup following a normal or emergency shutdown or major change). These SOPs should include special considerations for Mazmats used inthe process or ‘operations (e.g, temperature control to prevent emissions of «Volatile hazardous chemical; diversion of gaseous discharges of hazardous pollutants from the process toa temporary storage tank in case of emergency) Other procedures to be developed include impacts of deviations, steps to avold deviations, prevention of chemical ‘exposure, exposure control measures, and equipment inspections. ‘Mechanica Integrity of process equipment, piping and instrumentation: Inspection and maintenance procedures should be developed and documented to ensure mechanical integrity of equipment, piping, and instrumentation and prevent uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials from the project. These procedures should be included as part of the project SOPs. The specie process components of major interest include pressure vessels and storage tanks, piping systems, lef and vent systems and devices, emergency shutdown systems, controls, and pumps. Recommended aspects ofthe inspection and maintenance program include: ‘© Developing inspection and maintenance procedures. ‘© Establishing a quality assurance plan for equipment, maintenance materials, and spare parts ‘© Conducting employee training on the inspection and maintenance procedures ‘© Conducting equipment, piping, and instrumentation inspections and maintenance Identifying and corectng dentiied deficiencies PRIC3O, 2007 BSRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines {stemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘corporation | HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT @ WORLD BANKGROUP ‘© Evaluating te inspection and maintenance resus and, if necessary, updating the inspection and maintenance procedures © Reporting the results to management ‘+ Hot Work Permit: Hot work operations ~ such as brazing, {orch-cuttng, grinding, soldering, and welding - are associated with potential heath, safety, and property hazards resulting from the fumes, gases, sparks, and hot metal and radiant energy produced during hot work. Hot work permit is required for any operation involving open flames or producing heal andlor sparks. The section of SOPs on hot work should include the responsibilty for hot work permitting, personal protection equipment (PPE), hot work procedures, personnel training, and recordkeeping ‘+ Pro-Start Review: Procedures should be prepared to carry ‘outpre-star reviews when a modification i significant ‘enough to requie a change in safety information under the management of change procedure. The procedures shoul: © Confim thatthe new or modified construction andlor equipment meet design specications © Ensure that procedures for safty, operation, maintenance, and emergency are adequate Include a process hazard assessment, and resolve or implement recommendations for new process © Ensure that raining forall atfected employees is being conducted Emergency Preparedness and Response ‘When handling hazardous materials, procedures and practices shoud be developed alonng fr quick and efcient responses to accidents that cold result in human jury oF damage to he environment. An Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan, incorporated into and consistent with, the facility's overall ESIOHS MS, should be prepared to cover the folowing:* Planning Coordination: Procedures should be prepared for ‘© Informing the public and emergency response agencies Documenting fist aid and emergency medical treatment ‘© Taking emergency response actions Reviewing and updating the emergency response plan to reflect changes, and ensuring that employees are informed of such changes + Emergency Equipment: Procedures should be prepared for Using, inspecting, testing, and maintaining the emergency response equipment. © Training: Employees and contractors shouldbe trained on ‘emergency response procedures. Community Involvement and Awareness When hazardous materls aon use above threshold quantts, ‘the management plan should include a system for community awareness, nlfcaton and involvement that shouldbe commensurate wth he potential sks dented forthe project during the hazard assessment studies. This shoul include mechanisms for sharing the results of hazard and risk assessment studies na timely understandable and culturally serve manner with potentially affected communities that provides a means for publ feedback, Communtyivelvement aces shou neue: ‘+ Avalabilly of general information tothe potentially affected community on the nature and extent of project operations, ‘andthe prevention and control measures in place to ensure ‘no effects to human health 4 Foca conprenersveLetment of he development of smargeney response ‘lan in cennen wh commune fra varaneae and Prepaedhatt fer Energonoe al Loca eel APELL) Gules avalaale tpt cnet ompcapliublealonehancoocks ml PRIC3O, 2007 aSAIC, environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Gu {stemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL ‘corporation | HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT @ WORLD BANKGROUP ‘+The potential for off-site effects to human heath or the ‘environment folowing an accident at planned or existing hazardous installations ‘+ Specific and timely information on appropriate behavior and safely measures tobe adopted in the event of an accident including practic drils in locations with higher risks ‘+ Access to information necessary o understand the nature of the possible effect ofan accident and an opportunity to contibute effectively, as appropriate, to decisions concerning hazardous instalations and the development of community ‘emergency preparedness plan. PRIC3O, 2007 6SAIC) environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Intemational | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL Finance, ‘Corporation | WASTE MANAGEMENT @ 1.6 Waste Management ‘Applicabilty and Approach 46 General Waste Management, aT Waste Management Planning aT Waste Prevention aT Recycling and Reuse. 48 ‘Treatment and Disposal AB Hazardous Waste Management 48 Waste Storage AB ‘Transportation 49 ‘Treatment and Disposal Ag Commercial or Government Waste Contractor...49 ‘Small Quantties of Hazardous Waste 50 Monitoring, Applicability and Approach These guidelines apply to projects that generate, store, or handle any quantity of waste across a range of industry sectors tis not intended to apply to projects or actos where the primary business isthe collection, transportation, treatment, or disposal of wastes. Spectic guidance for thes Lypes of fies is presented inthe Environmental Heath and Safety (EHS) Guidlines for Waste Management Facies Awasteis any sold, iquid, or contained gaseous material thats boing discarded by disposal, recyling, burning or incineration I can be byproduct of a manufacturing process oran obsolete commercial product that can no longer be Used for intended purpose and requires disposal Sold (non-hazardous) wastes generally include any garbage, refuse. Examples of such waste include domestic trash and garbage; inert constuction / demolition materials; refuse, such as metal scrap and empty containers (except those Previously used to contain hazardous materials which should, in principle, be managed as a hazardous waste); and residual waste fom industrial operations, such as boler slag, Calete RBCs— im s Issa nec teoa" FIGURE 1.8.2: Inter Relationship of Risk Factors ‘and Management Options, 69 For sxample, US Oocipaional Salty ard Heath Agency (OSHA) found at 40 CFR "970.120, "pu osha.gooshawenowadp.show_ document able STAN DARDSHp a7 PRIC3O, 2007 EyGENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY @EVEC| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines ) WORDBANCCROUP 2.0 Occupational Health and Safety ‘Applicability and Approach. 60 2.4 General Faclty Design and Operation. 6 Integrity of Workplace Structures, 6 Severe Weather and Facility Shutdown, 61 Workspace and Exit, 61 Fire Precautions 62 Lavatores and Showers. 62 Potable Weler Supply 62 Clan Eating Area, 62 Lighting 62 Sale Access 62 First Aid. 63 ‘Air Supply. 63 Work Environment Temperature, 63 2.2. Communication and Training 63 OHS Training 63 Visitor Orientation, 63 New Task Employee and Contractor Training.....63 Basic OHS Training 64 Area Signage. 64 Labeling of Equipment 64 Communicate Hazard Codes 64 2.3 Physical Hazards 64 Rotating and Maving Equipment. 65 Noise 65 Vibration 65 Electrical 66 Eye Hazares. 87 Welding / Hot Work 87 Industrial Vehicle Driving and Site Traffe. 87 Working Environment Temperature 68 Ergonomics, Repetitive Motion, Manual Handling 68 Working at Heights 68 Mumination 69 24 Chemical Hazards 69 Ar Quality 70 Fire and Explosions 70 Corresve, oxidizing, and reactive chemical......71 Asbestos Containing Materials (ACM 1 2.5 Biological Hazards, 1 26 Racialogical Hazards. 3 2,7 Personal Protective Equpment (PPE) 3 28 Special Hazard Environments, 4 Confined Space. 4 Lone and Isolated Workers 15 2.9 Monitoring. 15 ‘Accidents and Diseases monitoring, 8 Applicability and Approach Employers and supervsors are oblgedtoimplement all reasonable precautions lo protec the heath and safely of workers This section rovdes guidance and examples of reasonable precaution to implement in managing principal sks to occupational heath and safety. Although the focusis placed on the operational phase of projects, much ofthe guidance also apples to constuction and decommissioning acves. ‘Companies should hire contactors that have the techrical ‘capability to manage the occupational health and safety issues of their employees, extending the application ofthe hazard rranagement actives trough formal procurement agreements Preventive and protective measures should be introduced according tothe folowing order of priory ‘+ Eliminating the hazard by removing the activity from the work process, Examples include subsitution with less hazardous chemicals, using diferent manufacturing processes, etc; ‘© Controing the hazard atts source through use of enginoering catrols. Examples include local exhaust ventlaton, isolation rooms, machine guarding, acoustic insulating, ete; “+ Misiizing the hazard through design of safe work systems and administrative or instiulonal control measures Examples include ob rotation, traning safe wok procedures, lock-out and tag-out, workplace meniterng, iting exposure or work duration tc, ‘+ Providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in conjunction with Vaining, use, and maintenance ofthe PPE. ‘The application of prevention and contol measures to ‘occupational hazards should be based on comprehensive job ‘RPRL3O, 2007 a@EVFC| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Gu Intemationst | GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Finance, ‘Corporation es | WORLD EARCOROUP safety orjb hazard analyses. The resus ofthese analyses shouldbe priortized as part ofan action plan based onthe tikalhood and severity ofthe consequence of exposure to the identified hazards. An example ofa quale risk ranking or analysis matx to help identity priortes is described in Table 2a4 2.1 General Facility Design and Operation Integrity of Workplace Structures Permanent and recurrent places of work should be designed and equipped to protect OHS: ‘+ Surfaces, structures and installations should be easy to clean ‘and maintain, and not allow for accumulation of hazardous ‘compounds, ‘+ Buildings should be structurally safe, provide aporopriate protection against the climate, and have acceptable light and noise conditions ‘© Fite resistant, noise-absorbing materials should, tothe extent feasible, be used for cladding on cellings and wal. ‘© Floors shouldbe level, even, and non-skid ‘© Heavy oscillating, rotating or aterating equipment should be located in dedicated buildings or structurally isolated sections. Severe Weather and Facility Shutdown ‘+ Work place structures should be designed and constructed to Withstand the expected elements forthe region and have an ‘area designated for safe refuge, it appropiate + Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) shouldbe dovloped {or projector process shutdown, including an evacuation plan. Dil to practice the procedure and plan should also be undertaken annually Aree Cac Scenarios Based on Likelihood and Consequence ay on Insignificant Minor Moderate Major trophic foe q ree ‘A.Anot ee L w]e lele ce L " H fel e c a L wf] a fele D.vnikey | tlw lele ce L L M K K Legend exiame rk imedte action rquited H- high risk; senior management attention needed moderate risk management respon shout be speci L:low risk; manage by routine procedures Workspace and Exit ‘+ The space provided for each worker, and in taal, should be adequate for safe execution ofall actives, including transport and interim slorage of materials and products. ‘+ Passages to emergency exis should be unobstructed at all times, Exits shouldbe clearly marked tobe visible in total darkness. The number and capacity of emergency exis shouldbe sufficont for safe and orderly evacuation ofthe greatest numberof people present at anytime, and there should be a minimum two exits from any work area ‘RPRL3O, 2007 oTSRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY co) WORDBANCCROUP ‘+ Facities also should be designed and bul taking into account the needs of disabled persons. Fire Precautions ‘The workplace should be designed to prevent the start of fires through the implementation of fire codes applicable to industrial settings. Other essential measures include: ‘© Equipping facilites with fire detectors, alarm systems, and fire-fighting equipment. The equipment should be maintained in good working order and be readily accessible, It should be adequate forthe dimensions and use of the premises, ‘equipmentinstalled, physical and chemical properties of substances present, and the maximum number of people present ‘+ Provision of manual irefghting equipment that is easily accessible and simple to use ‘© Fire and emergency alarm systems that are both audible and visible ‘The IFC Life and Fire Safety Guideline should apply to buildings accessible to the public (See Section 3.3} Lavatories and Showers + Adequate lavatory facilis (oles and washing areas) ‘should be provided forthe numberof people expected to ork inthe facility and allowances made for segregated facies, or fr indicating whether the tollet facility is “In Use" facant, Tole facilites should also be provided with adequate supplies of hot and cold running water, soap, and hand drying devices, or ‘© Where workers may be exposed to substances poisonous by ingestion and skin contamination may occur, facies for showering and changing into and out of street and work clothes shouldbe provided, Potable Water Supply + Adequate supolis of potable drinking water should be provided froma fountain with an upward jet or wh a sanitary rmeans of colecing the water forthe purposes of drkng + Water suppled to areas of food preparation o forthe purpose of personal hygiene washing or bathing) should mea drinking water qualty standards Clean Eating Area ‘+ Where there is potential for exposure to substances, poisonous by ingestion, suitable arrangements are to be ‘made for provision of clean eating areas where workers are ‘ot exposed tothe hazardous or noxious substances Lighting ‘+ Workplaces should, tothe degre feasible receive natural light and be supplemented wth suficent afl lamination topromete workers’ safely and heath and enable safe equipment operation. Supplemental ‘task lighting’ may be required where speci visual acuity requirements should be mt. * Emergency lighting of adequate intensity should be installed ad automaticaly activated upon flue ofthe principal arial ight source to ensure safe shutdonn, evacuation, tc Safe Access ‘+ Passageways for pedestrians and vehicles within and outside buildings should be segregated and provide for easy, sf and appropriate access ‘+ Equipment and instalations requiring servicing, inspection, andfor cleaning should have unobstructed, unesticted, and ready access ‘+ Hand, knee and foo alin shouldbe installed on stars, fixed ladders, platforms, permanent and interim floor ‘openings, loading bays, rams, ele ‘RPRL3O, 2007 @SRIF C| environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY co) WORDBANCCROUP ‘+ Openings should be sealed by gates or removable chains ‘= Covers should, i feasible, be installed to protect against faling items ‘© Measures to prevent unauthorized access to dangerous ‘areas should be in place First Aid ‘© The employer should ensure that qualified firstid can be Provided at all imes. Appropriately equipped frstaid stations shouldbe easily accessible throughout the place of work ‘+ Eye-wash stations andior emergency showers should be provided close to all workstations where immediate fushing ith water is the recommended first-aid response ‘= Where the scale of work or te type of activity being carried ‘ut so requires, dedicated and appropriately equipped fist- aid room(s) should be provided, Fist aid staions and rooms should be equipped with gloves, gowns, and masks for protection against direct contact with blood and other body fluids ‘+ Remote sites should have wien emergency procedures in place for dealing with cases of trauma or serous ilness upto the point at which patient care can be transferred to an appropriate mecicalfacity Air Supply + Sufciont res ar shouldbe supplied frindoor and confined work spaces, Factors tobe considered in ventlaton design include physical acy, substances in us, and process ‘elated emissions. Ar dstibuton systems should be ‘osigned so as not to expose workers to draughts + Mechanical vention systems shouldbe maintained in good \working order, Pontsoure exhaust systems reaued for maintaining a safe ambient environment should have local indicators of cores functioning, + Re-creulaton of contaminated airis not acceptable, Aine fitrs should be kept clean and fre of dust and rcroorgarisms. Heating, ventilation and air condioning (HVAC) and industial evaporative cooling systems should be equipped, maintained and operated so as to prevent growth and spreading of disease agents (e.g, Legionnelia pneumophila) or breeding of vectors (eg. mosquitoes and flies) of public heath concern Work Environment Temperature The temperature in wor, restroom and other welfare facilties should, during service hours, be maintained at a level appropriate forthe purpose ofthe facility. 2.2 Communication and Training OHS Training Provisions should be made to provide OHS orientation traning to all new employees to ensure they are apprised of the basi site rules of work at/on the site and of personal protection and preventing injury to fellow employoes, Training should consist of basic hazard awareness, site- specific hazards, safe work practices, and emergency Procedures for fre, evacuation, and natural cisaster, as ‘appropriate, Any site-

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