1. Defining the term “life”. Substrate (chemical basis) of life.

2. Properties and characteristics of life-forms. Exchange of the matter and energy.

Heredity, variability, evolution. Reproduction, Ontogeny, Phylogeny. Irritability.
Homeostasis. Discrete and Integral Properties of Life-forms.
3. Levels of biological organization. Molecular genetic level. The cellular level.
Tissue level. Organism level. Population-specific level. Biosphere-biogeocenotic
level.
4. The subject of Biology. Biology: The Scientific Study of Life. The importance
of Biology for Medicine.
5. The position of humans within the system of animal world. Humans as
vertebrates. Humans as the mammals. Humans as primates.
6. Humans as biological and social creatures. Rudiments and atavisms. The
features unique to humans. The Second Signaling System.
7. Cell is the elementary unit of life. The works of Robert Hooke, Van
Leeuwenhoek, Purkyně, Robert Brown, Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow,
8. Modern state of the cell theory.
9. The main forms of cellular organization. The features of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
10. The structure, properties and functions of an elementary membrane.
“Sandwich” model. “Fluid mosaic” model.
11. The flows of molecules in a cell.
12. The mechanisms of membrane transport.
13. Anabolic system of a cell.
14. Ribosomes structure and assembly of ribosomal subunits. Nucleolar organizing
regions. Ribosomes and EPR.
15. Endoplasmic reticulum (EPR). Granular (rough)EPR, Smooth EPR, their
structure and functions.
16. Golgi apparatus, structure and functions. The EPR and Golgi apparatus. The
mechanism of secretion.
17. The flows of energy in a cell. Catabolic system of cells: mitochondria,
lysosomes, peroxisomes and glyoxysomes, their functions and structure.
18. Mitochondrial diseases.
19. The stages of energy exchange. Catabolism and mitochondria. The Krebs
cycle, cell respiration, oxidative phosphorylation.
20. The structure and functions of cell nucleus. Nuclear envelope and pores.
Nucleolus.
21. Chromatin. Euchromatin. Heterochromatin. Nucleosomes.
22. Chromosomes: structure of metaphase chromosome. The rules of
chromosomes.
23. Chromosome classification. Karyotype. Ideograms. Denver and Paris
classifications.
24. Cell and mitotic cycle. Characteristics of periods of the cell cycle. The content
of genetic material.
25. The main types of cell division. Amitosis. Endomitosis and Polyteny.
26. The triggers of mitosis. Regulation of Mitotic Cycle. Centrosomes and
Centrioles.
27. Mitosis: cytological and cytogenetic characteristics. The phases of mitosis,
events and the content of genetic material during the phases.
28. Meiosis: cytological and cytogenetic characteristics, the role. The divisions,
phases and subphases of mitosis, events and the content of genetic material during
the phases and subphases.
29. Heredity and variation as the basic properties of life. Inheritance and
Heritability.
30. The evolution of the concept of "gene". The role of Charles Darwin, Gregor
Mendel, Hugo de Vries, William Bateson, Wilhelm Johannsen and Thomas
Morgan in the development of genetics.
31. The substance of heredity. Koltsov’s hypothesis. Evidence of the role of DNA
in the transfer of genetic information. Griffith’s experiments. The experiments of
Avery, MacLeod and McCarthy. The Lederberg-Zinder transduction experiment.
Fraenkel-Conrat experiments. “One gene - one enzyme” theory.
32. Structure and functions of nucleic acids. The discovery of nucleic acids. DNA
structure. The role of Watson, Crick and Wilkins. Chargaff's rules. DNA functions
and properties.
33. RNA structure, types and functions.
34. The genetic code and its properties. Codon.
35. The properties and classification of genes. Structural and functional genes. Field
of action and time of action. Muton. Recon.
36. DNA replication. Replicon. Replication fork. Enzymes and proteins important
for replication. Leading and lagging strands. Okazaki fragments.
37. Transcription as the first step in the biosynthesis of protein in the cell. Phases.
Template and coding strands of DNA. Transcription initiation. Promoter, sigma
factor, RNA polymerase.
38. Translation. The structure of tRNA molecule. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
Polysomes, The initiation, elongation and termination of transcripton. The role of
rRNA.
39. The levels of packaging of the genetic material.
40. The levels of structural and functional organization of the hereditary material.
41. The regulation of transcription in prokaryotes. Operon model by Jacob and
Monod.
42. The regulation of transcription in eukaryotes. Exons and Introns. mRNA
processing. Georgiev’s model of transcripton.