ESD - Electrical Systems Design Data Handbook - M.K. Giridharan

Electrical SAS hs Design Sa ee oe = St n= . So- 2 oe “<3 Sa * ee 2S : 2 po “ : gk a wee aS t SS 5 BSF I ON < ew ae < pS 2S aS. a i $s : (oo f ‘ oo we aS & 4 Te} AS ] Se M.K. Giridharan aPreface Acknowledgements 1. SI Units and Quantities 2. Alpha Numeric Notation, Graphical Symbols and Colours LIGHTING DESIGN 3. Lighting Design Procedures 4, Recommended Levels of Illumination for Domestic Buildings 5. _ Recommended Levels of Illumination for Recreational/Assembly Buildings 6. Recommended Levels of Illumination for School/College Buildings 7. Recommended Levels of Illumination for Office Buildings 8. Recommended Levels of Illumination for Hospital Buildings TYPICAL LAMP DATA 9, Incandescent Lamps 10. Fluorescent Lamps 11. Compact Fluorescent Lamps 12, Mercury Vapour Lamps 13. Metal Halide Lamps 14, High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps 15. Pulse Start Metal Halide Lamps 16. Comparison of Light Sources 17. Percentage Effective Ceiling or Floor Reflectances 18. _ Flexible House Wiring Single Core Cables 19. Comparative Properties of PVC Wiring Cables, 20. Recommended Ratings of Light and Socket Points 21. Recommended Number of Points in Dwelling Units 22. Details of Socket Outlets Required for Domestic Buildings eer Ia aexii Contents 23. Different Types of MCB Distribution Boards 24. Maximum Permissible Number of 1.1 kV Grade Cables in Metallic Conduits 25. Performance Data of Typical Exhaust Fans 26. Performance Data for Ceiling Fans TRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS 27. Sizes of Cables, Earthing and Protection of Standby Generators 28. Sizes of Cables and Earthing Conductors of Motors 29. Typical Impedance Values of 11 KV/433 V Distribution Transformers 30. Maximum Rating of a Motor that can be Connected to a Transformer 31. Cables on Secondary Side of Transformer 32. Percentage De-rating Required for Transformer Supplying Electronic (Non-linear) Loads 33. Recommended Sizes of Aluminium Busbars for Bus Trunking 34, Fuse Ratings on the Primary Side of Transformers 35. Overloading Capacities of Oil Immersed Transformers 36. Overloading Capacities of Dry Type Transformers 37. Absolute Temperature Withstand Capacity of Different Insulation Classes 38A. Current Rating of Aluminium Busbar Sections 38B. Correction Factors for Busbar Design 39. De-rating Factors for Proximity-Effect 40. Clearances for Open and Enclosed Indoor Air-insulated Busbar and Connections 41. Clearances for Open Outdoor Busbars not Exceeding 15 kV 42. Protective Measures on Transformers 43. Inrush Time Constants for Oil Filled Transformers 44. Inrush Time Constants for Cast Resin Transformers 45. Short Circuit Currents 46. Fault Level Computation and Earthing Design CONDUCTORS AND CABLES 47. Properties of ACSR Conductors 7 19 19 20 20 21 22 23 2 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 28 28 28 29 30 30 30 32 35cena eee Contents xiii 17 48. Properties of All Aluminium Conductors 36 19 49. Regulation Constants for 11 kV Overhead Lines 37 19 50. Regulation Constants for 415 V Overhead Lines 38 ey 51. Cable Selection Criteria 39 52. Voltage Drops of Cables ao 53. Short Circuit Rating of Cables 40 2) 54. Properties of | Core XLPE Aluminium Cables 41 a 55. Properties of 2 Core XLPE Aluminium Cables 42 eB 56. Properties of 3 Core XLPE Aluminium Cables 43 23 57. Properties of 3.5 Core XLPE Aluminium Cables 44 i 58. Properties of 4 Core XLPE Aluminium Cables 45 x 59. Properties of | Core PVC Aluminium Cables 46 on 60. Properties of 2 Core PVC Aluminium Cables 47 25 61. Properties of 3 Core PVC Aluminium Cables 48 25 62. Properties of 3.5 Core PVC Aluminium Cables 49 25 63. Properties of 4 Core PVC Aluminium Cables 50 26 64. Properties of 2, 3 and 4 Core Copper Cables 51 06 65. Properties of 1.5 mm? Solid Copper Conductor Cables 52 = 66. Properties of 2.5 mm? Solid Copper Conductor Cables 3 28 67. Properties of 11 kV Cables 54 5 68. Method of Laying the Cables and Conductors 54 28 69. Different Methods of Cable Installations 35 7" 70. Maximum Operating Temperatures of Insulating Materials 55 30 71. De-rating Factor k, for Cables 56 0 72. De-rating’Factor k, for Cables 56 30 73. De-rating Factor k, for Cables 57 32 74. De-rating Factor k, for Cables 57 75. De-rating Factor k, for Buried Cables 58 76. De-rating Factor k, for Cables 58 2 77. Current Carrying Capacities of Buried Cables 58xiv 78. aes Contents MOTORS 99. Current Carrying Capacities of Unburied Cables Properties of Submersible Flat Cables 80. Performance Data of 3-Phase Squirrel Cage Motors 81. Performance Data of 3-Phase Slip-ring Induction Motors 82. Performance Data of Energy Efficient Motors (Kirloskar) 83. Performance Data of Energy Efficient Motors (8 pole) 84, Performance Data of Energy Efficient Motors (6 pole) 85. Performance Data of Energy Efficient Motors (4 pole) 86. Duty Types of Motors 87. De-rating Factors for Motors for Ambient Temperature 88. De-rating Factors for Motors for Altitude 89. Permissible Temperature Limits for Motors 90. Capacitor Rating for Direct Connection to Induction Motors 91. Standard Types of Mounting of Motors 92. Protection Classification of Motors 93. Cooling Classification of Motors 94. Voltage Flicker Curve 95. Induction Motor Quick Selection Chart 96. Selection of Motor Capacity for Intermittent Loading SWITCHGEARS 97. Basic Functions of Switchgears 98. Utilisation Categories of Load Break Switches Typical Specifications for Load Break Switches ‘Typical Specifications for Change-over Switches Utilisation Categories of Automatic Transfer Switches Time-current Characteristics of Fuses ” Fusing and Non-fusing Zones of Medium Voltage Fuses Typical Specifications for Type gG Fuses 59 62 66 68 70 a B 15 ke 3 5 16 16 7 8 79 19 80 80 81 81 81 82 83 83 84 84Contents 105. Fuselet Through Energy vs Current Rating 106. Tripping Current Ranges of O/L and S/C Protective Devices 107. Re-rating Factors for Domestic Circuit Breakers 108. Re-rating Factors for Industrial Circuit Breakers 109. Typical Data of Moulded Case Circuit Breakers 110. Typical Data of Air Circuit Breakers SYSTEMEARTHING IL. Types of System Earthing 112. Influence of Networks and Loads on the Selection of Earthing System 113. Effect of Altemating Current on Human Body 113A. Effect of Altemating Current on Human Body POWER QUALITY 114, Power Factor 115. Power Quality Issues 116. Relation between THD, and PF 117. Harmonie Current Spectrum of 3-phase Variable Speed Drives 118. Current Distortion Limits for Distribution Systems up to 69 kV 119, Recommended Levels of Voltage Distortion Levels 120. Detuned Harmonic Filter Design 121. Important Indian Standard Specifications 122. National/International Organizations for Standardization xv 85 85 86 86 87 88 90 92 92 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 oF 96 99Electrical Systems Design ‘Table 1: SI UNITS AND QUANTITIES 1 [ Quantity ‘Quantity symbol Unit symbol Velocity » m/s Mass m kg Density p kg/m’ Force F N Work W I Energy E i Power P W. Efficiency 4 1 Electric charge Q c Electrical potential U v Electrical current strength i A Electrical resistance R Q Length 1 m | Height i m | Radius r m Diameter d m | Area A m | Time t s (Time constant t 5 Electric conductance G Ss Specific resistance 2 Om [Hlectrie field strength E Vim | Plectric current density J ‘Alm? Electric capacitance iC F ‘Dielectric constant é F/m Electric field constant fo F/im Dielectric coefficient iS 1 Magnetic flux @ Wo | Magnetic flux density B i ‘ Magnetomotive force e A |_| Magnetic field strength H Alm | Magnetic field constant Mo Him IE Permeability x A/ém | Permeability coefficient “Hes 1 | Number of tums N 1 | Thesmodynamic temperature T K Thermodynamic coefficient @ WK (Hes 2 J {| Specific heat ¢ ihkg.K2 Electrical Systems Design Table 2: ALPHANUMERIC NOTATION, GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS AND COLOURS (National Electrical Code 1985) Designation of Conductor Alphanumeric Notation Graphical Symbol Colour Supply system AC Phase | Phase 2 Phase 3 Neutral Li 2 13 N Apparatus AC Phase | Phase 2 Phase 3 ‘Neutral, ‘Supply system DC Positive Negative Mid Conductor Supply system 1 Phase Neutral Red, Black Protective earth Green & Yellow Earth Clean earth Chassis or frame Equipotential terminalme ch Electrical Systems Design 3 | Table 3: LIGHTING DESIGN PROCEDURES | The best option available for lighting design is the use of standard lighting software. If no such | facility is available, any one of the following techniques can be used for the design. | © Short hand method © Long hand method © Simplified method Short hand method | In this method it is assumed that the average maintained quantity of lumens arriving on the work plane will be half the quantity of the total new lamp lumens. This method assumes “normal” sized rooms, “normal” surface reflectance and “normal” dirt conditions. A normal sized room is the one in which the mounting height (distance from the luminaire bottom to the work plane) is less than half the smallest room dimension. It is also assumed that conventional fixtures are used. A high bay fixture is used when the mounting height is over 6 m. Otherwise low bay fixtures are recommended. The total number of fixtures (luminaires) to be used is then calculated as follows. Step-1 Obtain the required level of illumination in lux. Step-2 Choose a particular lamp and obtain the lamp lumens from the lamp data. Step-3 Delivered maintained lamp lumen (DMLL) _ = 0.5 Rated lamp lumens. Room area xLi eee neti (one) DMLL =] Select the nearest round figure. Step-S Area per fixture A Roomy ‘Number of fixtures Step-6 Spacing between fixtures. = {Area per fixture ‘ Spacing should not be more than the mounting height (MH) for high bay fixtures and 1.5 times the mounting height for low bay fixtures. Check for conformity. If the spacing is too large, go back to step-2 and start again with a lower lamp rating. ow Long hand method This is a more accurate and effective method of estimating the number of light fixtures (luminaires) and their spacing, because it takes into account the differences in Photometric performance caused by room geometry and system lumen depreciation. The core idea of this method is the determination of Coefficient of Utilization (CU) on the concept that the area to be —]|__ lighted has three cavities or spaces that have effective reflectances with respect to each other and the work plane. The given space to be lighted is divided into three cavities that are shown below. The space between the ceiling and the bottom of the luminaire is known as Ceiling Cavity (CC) |" and the distance is he, or the height of ceiling cavity. The space between the work plane and the bottom of luminaire is Room Cavity (RC) and the distance is hy. or the height of room cavity. The4 Electrical Systems Design space between the work plane and the floor is Floor Cavity (FC) and the height is he, or the height of floor eavity. The room cavities are shown in figure below. The cavity ratios represent the geometric properties of the ceiling, room and floor cavities and can be found using the formula: Cavity ratio = 25-24% (berimeter) ‘Area where, h=h,, for Ceiling Cavity Ratio (CCR) = he, for Room Cavity Ratio (RCR) = hy, for Floor Cavity Ratio (FCR) A hee 1 Ceiling cavity Fixture Room eavity Work plane Floor cavity Details of room cavities Study the site plan and elevation of the installation, Determine the lighting needs in consultation with standards and the end user. Select the light sources and luminaire, appropriate to the installation geometry, nature of visual task and energy criteria. Calculate the ceiling, room and floor cavity ratios and using Table 17 find out the effective ceiling and floor cavity reflectances. Use the given chart for coefficient of utilization, the effective ceiling and floor reflectances and RCR; find out the value of effective coefficient of utilization.ht es in he Nor Electrical Systems Design 5 Step-5 Select the light loss factor (LLF), this factor was previously referred to as maintenance factor (MF). Generally, accepted values are AIC rooms, clean rooms, ete. 0.8 Industrial environment 07 Dusty areas 0.6 Step-6 Use the formula to arrive at the quantity of luminaires (fixtures) NanbErot Lum Area x Illumination umber of Luminaires | = CUxLLFx Lumen output of luminaire Step-7 Arrange the luminaires symmetrically giving due considerations to spacing criterion to achieve uniformity of illumination, Room area Number of fixtures Therefore, fixture spacing = fArea per fixture Spacing should not be more than the mounting height (MH) for high bay fixtures and 1.5 times the mounting height for low bay fixtures. Check for conformity. If the spacing is too large, go back to step-2 and start again with a lower lamp rating. Area per luminaire (fixture) Simplified design procedure A simplified design procedure for lighting design by jumen method for a simple interior is given below (Assumption: C.0.U. chart based on room index is available) Step-1 Study the site plan and elevation of the installation. Determine the lighting needs in consultation with standards and the end user. Step-2 Sclect the light sources and luminaire, appropriate to the installation geometry, nature of visual task and energy criteria. Step-3 _Caleulate the room index (RI) using the formula: Length x Breadth Room Index (RI) = snd (Length+ Breadth) x Mounting height © Step-4 Based on this, coefficient of utilization value can be obtained from the C.0.U, table for the selected luminaire. These values are generally based on the RI and room surface reflectances which are generally 70% for light coloured, 50% for average and 30% for dark walls and 50%, 30% and 10% for corresponding ceilings. Step-5 Select the light loss factor (LLF), this factor was previously referred to as maintenance factor (MF). Generally, accepted values are:6 Electrical Systems Design ‘A/C rooms, clean rooms, etc. 08 Industrial environment 07 Dusty areas 0.6 ‘Use the formula to arrive at the quantity of luminaires: Area x Illumination CUxLLFx Lumen output of luminaire Number of luminaires = ‘Arrange the luminaires symmetrically giving due considerations to spacing criterion to achieve uniformity of illumination. Room area Number of fixtures {Area per fixture If this spacing is too wide, repeat the process with a fixture with lower wattage of lamps ‘Normally, spacing should not be more than the mounting height for high bay fixtures and 1.5 times the mounting height for low bay fixtures. ‘Area per luminaire (fixture) Therefore, fixture spacing Arrangement of fixtures Fixtures shall be arranged from the middle of the room to the outside. A square array is the best option but rectangular array also will work satisfactorily as long as the spacing to mounting height ratio is not violated. With an odd quantity of fixture rows or columns, there will be a fixture line on the centre line. With even quantities of rows or columns, the locations are half the spacing off the centre line. The closest fixture to a wall should be one half the spacing or less. Table 4: RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION FOR DOMESTIC’ BUILDINGS (National Electrical Code 1985) Location Illumination level-lux Entrances, Hallways 100 Living room 300 Dining room 150 Bedroom General 300 Dressing, bed heads i 200 Kitchen 200 Kitchen sink 300 Bathroom, 100 Sewing 700) Workshop 200 Stairs 100 Garage 70 Stud) 300———K Electrical Systems Design 7 Table 5: RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION FOR RECREATIONAL/ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS (National Electrical Code 1985) No. ‘Location ‘Tlumination level-lux z Assembly and Concert Halls Foyers, auditoria 100-150, Platforms 450 on Corridors 70. Stairs 100 Zr Cinema Halls Foyers 150) ‘Auditoria 50. Corridors 70. Stairs 100 sr Theatres a Foyers 150) 15 ‘Auditoria 5 HONEST Corridors i 70 Stairs 100 est Table 6: RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION FOR ght SCHOOL/COLLEGE BUILDINGS ine off (National Electrical Code 1985) No. Location Tilumination level-lux if Assembly halls fa General 150 2 When used for examinations 300 Platforms 300 2. Classes and lecture rooms Desktop 300 Blackboard 200-300 | 3. Libraries = Shelves 70-150 Reading rooms 150-300 Reading tables 300-700 _ Cataloguing/stack rooms, etc. 150-300 hie *| 4. General 2m Office 300 =| | StafFrooms 150 — Corridors 70 =| Stairs 1008 — Electrical Systems Design Table 7: RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS (National Electrical Code 1985) Location Tilumination level-lux Entrance hall/reception 150 Conference rooms/executive offices 300 General office space 300_ Business machine operation 450 ‘Drawing office | 450 (Corridors 70 Stairs 100 Lift landings 150 nf [eofro|-]4 pom |n] [eo] |= 1% Table 8: RECOMMENDED LEVELS OF ILLUMINATION FOR HOSPITAL BUILDINGS (National Electrical Code 1985) Location [__ Mlumination level-lux Reception & waiting 150 General wards 100 Bed side 150 Toilets 70 Stairs 100 Operation theatre General 300 Operating tables special Laboratories 300 Radiology 100 Causality & OP 150 Dispensaries 300 Laundry 200 Dry cleaning 200 Ironing, mending 300 General office z 450 Kitchen 200 TYPICAL LAMP DATA Table 9: INCANDESCENT LAMPS Rating—Watts Life-hours Initial Lumens: 60 1000 870 100 750 1750. 150-PAR 2000 1740 200 2000 2300 500 2000 6500Electrical Systems Design 9 Ss Table 10; FLUORESCENT LAMPS Rating—Watts Life-hours Initial Lumens: 18 7000 1120 20 7000 1020 36. 7000 2800 | 40 7000 2700 l 2% 40 7000 4000 ee Table 11: COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS a] Rating—Watts Life-hours Initial Lumens 5 10000 220 Z 10000 380 in 10000 257560 13, 10000 680 —7 15 10000 810 = 18 10000 1050 =| 23 10000 1500 = 26 10000 1800 | 32 10000 2400 ase Table 12: MERCURY VAPOUR LAMPS ad Rating-Watts Life-hours Initial Lumens aI 100) 18000 3700 | 175 24000 8600 al 250 24000, 12100 =I 400 24000 = 22500 et 1000 24000 57000 =| Table 13: METAL HALIDE LAMPS. Rating—Watts Life-hours Initial Lumens 50, 15000 3400 70 15000 5600 100. 15000 9000 150 10000 13500 175 10000 15000 =a 250 10000 20500 =H 400 20000, 36000, =| -1000 12000 110000eee SSSSSSSSoooaoaoaoaoaE EEE 10 Electrical Systems Design Table 14: HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM VAPOUR LAMPS Rating—Watts Life-hours Initial Lumens 35 16000 2250 30 24000 4000 70 24000 5800 100 24000 9500 150. 24000 16000 250 24000 27500 400 24000 47500 1000, 24000 140000 Table 15: PULSE START METAL HALIDE LAMPS Rating—Watts Life-hours Initial Lumens 50, 15000 3400 70 15000 5600 100 15000 9000 150 15000 15000 175 15000 17500 200 15000 21000 250 15000 26300 320 20000 34000 400 20000 44000 450 20000 50000any Electrical Systems Design aes 1 ae re s-0t or oesar | yomsuy ‘onaqur-oum 1825308 | poo8 poof fia, | pod pood poos sood | poo# Aran pos jndyno vauny pourEyUIEA, aay ood pos poo8 poo8 ney | poof Azan | pood Aron yonu0o 14a Jo cane, poof ney amy | poof zon | pod Aiea | _aey__| poo’ Aron, pos Aannugeadaooe sn0j0 pood 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| (NEC-1985) Description Socket outlets 6A 164 Bedrooms 23 1 Living rooms 23 2 Kitchen I a Dining room 2 1 Garage i 1 For refrigerator 1 For air-conditioner I Verandah 1 for every 10m Bathrooms 1 1Electrical Systems Design 17 Table 23: DIFFERENT TYPES OF MCB DISTRIBUTION BOARDS (Source: M/s Legrand India) Type description No.of | Protection class | Number phases of ways Consumer units conforming to IS- | Single phase 1P20& 4 8623, Universal mounting with IP 42 with metal 8 100 A copper busbar, neutral bar, or acrylic door 12 earth bus, cable ties and removable gland plates at top and bottom. Provision for double pole RCD/MCB/Isolator as _ incoming and single pole MCB as outgoing Regular DBs conforming to IS | Single phase 8623 with 100A busbars, neutral and earth busbars. Flush mounting DBs conforming | Single phase to IS-8623 and with reversible pan assembly for top and bottom cable entry, Masking sheet for protection against entry of concrete, and with provision for double pole RCCB/MCB/Isolator as incoming and MCBs as outgoing | Consumer units conforming to IS- | Three phase 1P20& 8623, Universal mounting with IP 42 with metal 100 A copper busbar, neutral bar, or acrylic door earth bus, cable ties and removable gland plates at top and bottom. Provision for four pole RCCB as incoming and three single pole MCBs as outgoing ETPN DBs conforming to IS-8623, | Three phase 1P20& universal mounting, with 100A TP 42 with metal copper busbars, neutral and earth or acrylic door bars, cable ties, top and bottom removable gland plates with knock outs and suitable for fixing four pole RCD/MCB/Isolator as incoming and single pole MCB as outgoing.18 Electrical Systems Design Per phase isolation DBs conforming | Three phase 1P20& to IS-8623, universal mounting, with IP 42 with metal 100A. copper busbars, neutral and or acrylic door earth bars, cable ties, top and bottom removable gland plates with knock outs and suitable for fixing four pole RCD/MCBiIsolator as incoming, 3 double pole RCD/MCB/Isolator as sub incomer and single pole MCB as out going with separate neutral bars. (The advantage of per phase isolation DBs are that only the phase where there is an earth Teakage fault is isolated and the other two phases are in operation, avoiding total darkness.) Phase selector DBs as per IS 8623, | Three phase 1P20& universal mounting with 100 A IP 42 with metal copper busbar, neutral and earth bar, door top and bottom removable gland plates with provision for 3 Nos. 63A. selector switches, 3 Nos. piano type indicating lamp switch, four pole RCD/MCB/Isolator as incoming and SP MCBsas outgoing. Seven segment DBs as per IS | Three phase 1P20& 8623, with 100 A copper busbar, IP 42 with metal : neutral and earth bar, top and door 44124 bottom removable gland plates , 18 with provision for pole RCD 4+12+- /MCBilsolator as incoming, DP 24 RCDs/MCBs/isolator as sub 4+12+ incomer and SP MCBs as 36 outgoing. (These DBs provide phase segregation and separation between incomer and outgoing) VIPN DBs as per IS 8623, | Three phase 1P20& 4 8+12 universal mounting with 200 A IP 42 with metal 8 8424 copper busbars, earth and neutral or acrylic door 12 8 +36 bars, cable ties, top and bottom removable gland plates, and with provision for four pole RCD or RCBO/MCB/Isolator as incoming and SP/TP MCBs as outgoing. (The advantage of this DB is that both single and three phase outgoings can be taken from this DB) rt 8412 8418 8424 8+ 36 Boon 6+12 6+18 6+24 6+36 Boas 4412+ 12 BoonTable 24: MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE NUMBER OF 1.1 KV GRADE CABLES IN METALLIC CONDUITS (NEC-1985) Electrical Systems Design 19 Size of Size of conduits (mm) | cable a, 20 B 2 40 50 i Z B 20 aE 1.5 6 10 14 25: 5 6 10 14 4. 3 6 10 u < 2 5 9 u 10 4 7 9 16 2 4 5 1271003) ees 3 2 6 ba | ‘Table 25: PERFORMANCE DATA OF TYPICAL EXHAUST FANS 5 Fan | Fan speed | Power input | Sound level Air displacement sweep | (RPM) cw) (aB) (Free air flow condition) (mm) CMH 230 1370 40 9 760 300 920 45 4% 1270 + 300 1420 2 FQ 1920 380 920 7 Q 2460 380 1420 150 NI 4000 + et 50 720 90 Q 3400 450 920 132 FQ Ba0 1420 370 EN 6800 720 240 FQ 7900 520 300 NI 10430 * Not recommended to be used with louvre shutters Cubic metre per hour CMH te FQ NI FN Quiet (50-55 dB) Fairly quiet (55-60 dB) Normal industrial noise (60-65 dB) Fairly noisy (Above 65 dB)20 Electrical Systems Design ‘Table 26: PERFORMANCE DATA FOR CEILING FANS (Source: Crompton Greaves) ‘Type Sweep Speed Power ‘Air delivery mm rpm Ww m/min High speed 600 900 64 120 900 390 60 155 1050 370 66 195 1200 350 70. 230 1400 290 76 270 High breeze 1200 310 70 230 1400 215 4 270 Cool breeze 1050 420 69 160 1200 380 80 220) 1400 290 85 270 Power saver 1200 330 50 220 Table 27: SIZES OF CABLES, EARTHING AND PROTECTION OF STANDBY GENERATORS (Source: KSEI Handbook) Generator Fullload | Cablesize | Earth capacity | currentrating | AYFY | conductor | Protection Panel kVA Amps ane size instruments mm2/SWG 83/10 | MCB/MCCB 8.3/10 MCB/MCCB 83/10 MCB/MCCB 8.3/10 MCB/MCCB 83/10 | MCB/MCCB 83/10 | MCBMCCB 18.6/6 MCB/MCCB 18.6/6 MCB/MCCB 18.6/6 MCB/MCCB 2727/4 | MCB/MCCB 2727/4 | MCB/MCCB 27.27/4 | MCB/MCCB 27.2714 MCCB 25x3 MCCBElectrical Systems Design 21 100 140 120 253 125 175 150, 253 MCCB+ 160 224 185 25x3 Stand by low 180. 252 300 253 Set carth fault 200 280 2% 120 25x3 Relay using. 225 315 2x 225 25 x3 CT in neutral 250 350 2% 185 253 earthing 320 448 2x 300 253 conductor 400 560 2%-400 253 3x 400 500 700 een. 253 ACB with A, V.E, 625 875 253 Overload and | kWh, PP, Busbar 750 1050 Trunkin 25 *3 EVF release Kva For capacities of 1000 kVA and above, ACB with thermal O/L, voltage controlled O/C relay, over voltage, under voltage, negative Sequence, low set stand by earth fault relays and REE/ Differential relay with fuel shut-off facilities, Over speed protection shall also be provided for the engine, Table 28: SIZES OF CABLES AND EARTHING CONDUCTORS OF MOTORS Cable Earth Conductor size size AYFY Copper Al Approx Motor rating | full load current Backup fuse rating kW Ampere | DOL | Assisted 2 mm? SWG | mm 18 6 - 3.251 10 25 3.5 10 : 3.251 10 25 5.0 16 : 3.251 10 25 I 25 - 3.251 10 25 11.0 32 25 3.251 10 25 14.0 32 25 3.251 10 25 18.0 50 35 3.251 10 25 21.0 50 35 3.251 25 28.0 63 50 3.251 25 36.0 80. 63 3.251 25 40.0 63 4.877 35 47.0 100 4.877 35 55.0 4877 35 66.0 4.877 3522 Electrical Systems Design 45.0 | 60 | 800 | 200 120 [70 5.893 4 50 35.0 | 75 | 950 | 200 120 95 5.893 4 50 39.0 | 80 | 105.0 | 250 200 150_| 6.910 2 70 675 | 90 | 1180 | 250 200 185 6.910 2 70 75.0 | 100 | 135.0 | 250 200 185 | 6.910 2 70 90.0 | 125 | 165.0 | 320 250 240 | 6.910 2 95 110.0 | 150 | 200.0 | 350 320 400 | 7.620 | 10r0 | 120 131.0 | 175 | 230.0 | 400 320 [2150] 7.620 | 10r0 | 120 150.0 | 200 | 270.0 | soo 350. [2185] 7.620 | 10rd | 120 185.0 | 250 | 3250.0 | 600 500 |2x240| 25%3 185 For motors of rating 185 kW and above, breaker shall be provided and the following protection shall also be incorporated. (@) Thermal O/L (6) Short circuit (c) Earth fault (d)__ Negative sequence (©) Under voltage () Locked rotor Table 29: TYPICAL IMPEDANCE VALUES OF 11 KV/433 V DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS Rated Oil immersed transformers Cast resin transformers ee Impedance | R Xe Z | Impedance | R ne Z VA) | voltage | (ma) | (ma) | (mo) | voltage | (ma) | (ma) | (mm (%) (A) ‘ 100 4 379 | 595 | 706 6 370 | 991 | 1058 160 4 162 | 41.0 | 441 6 186 | 635 | 662 200 4 119 | 332 | 353 6 141 | 51.0 | 529 250 4 92 | 267 | 282 6 10.7 | 41.0 | 423 315 4 62-—-j| 215-1224 6 30 | 326 | 336 400 4 31 | 169 | 176 6 61 | 258 | 265 500 4 3.8 136 | 141 6 46 20.7 | 212 | 630 4 29 | 129 | 132 6 35 | 164 | 168 300 6 29 | 108 | i12 6 26 | 13.0 | 132 | 1000 6 | 23 | 103 | 106 6 19 | 104 | 106 1250 6 18 83 85 6 iE 83 85 1600 6 14 | 65 | 66 6 i 65 | 66 | 2000 6 ii 5958, 6 9 | Spal easElectrical Systems Design 23 Table 30: MAXIMUM RATING OF A MOTOR THAT CAN BE CONNECTED TO A TRANSFORMER Starting current of | ‘Method of starting motors in multiples of | full load current Motor rating permissible in HP | DOL 710 QS-Dy7.0 -ATS with 80% tap 5.5 (2S-D)/5.5 _ATS with 40% tap, Star Delta 25 (2S-Dy/2.5 Soft starter 2.0 (28-Dy2.0 | Slip ring 2.0 (28-Dy/2.0 Where, $ is the rating of transformer in kVA and D the maximum demand excluding the motor in question. When the number of starts/hour is more than 6 or loading cycle is more than 6, maximum rating shall be limited to 2% of the fault level. Table 31: CABLES ON SECONDARY SIDE OF TRANSFORMER (11 kV/433 V) (Source: KSEI Handbook) Capacity of | Primary | Secondary ‘Minimum size of | Minimum size of AYFY transformer | current | current (A) neutral earthing cable (A) conductor (mm x mm) (mm) aS) 84 25%3 30 5.25 133.3 25 x3 95(2 x 50) 8.40 2133 25%3 185(2 x 95) 10.49 266.6 25%3 300(2 x 120) 13.12 333 25%3 (2 * 185) 16.53, 420 31x3 or25 x4 (2 x 300) or (3 x 185) 21.80 533 38%3 (3 x 300) or (2 x 400) 26.20 666.5 25%6 (3 * 400) or (4 x 240) 33 340 31%6 (4x 400) 39.36 1000 504 Busbar trunking 52.50 1333 210 mm’ Busbar trunking 65.60 1667 290 mm’ 83.98 2133 380 mm’ 105.00 2666 450 mm’ Above sizes are recommended assuming following de-rating factors: Enclosure effect — 0.75, Temperature effect — 0.88, and Impurity effect — 0.94, Busbar trunking shall be designed for nominal minimum fault current of 25 kA or 50 kA depending on the actual fault level. 50 kA short circuit current rating is recommended for all short circuit currents above 25 kA. Maximum distance between bus supports shall be 50 cm with ceniral stiffeners and bolting for phase busbar. S.M.C finger type 9 mm thick single supports are recommended for 25 kA rating and double supports or 20 mm thick single supports or 20 mm thick single supports are recommended for 50 kA rating. Ventilation louvres shall be provided as an anti-condensate measure for the enclosure.24 Electrical Systems Design 10 = oa = 0 zt oS at » d= o- a = 50 Be + oot 5 Ay 30 — sa 20 Sal = —# % 10 — Electronic 0 load 20 40 0 80 100 ° Fig. 32. PERCENTAGE DE-RATING REQUIRED FOR A TRANSFORMER SUPPLYING ELECTRONIC (NON-LINEAR) LOADS Table 33: RECOMMENDED SIZES OF ALUMINIUM BUSBARS FOR BUS. TRUNKING Transformer Current Bus size-Phase | Bus size-Neutral | Enclosure size rating (kVA) (A) (mm) (mm) (om) | 750 1200 1*127%12.7 | 1127x635 600 x 250 or or 2% 101.6 6.35 | 1x 101.6635 1000 1600 2% 152.4% 635 | 1x 152.4% 635 600 = 300 or or 2% 1279.53 1x 127 9.53 1250 2000 2% 1524%12.7 | 1x 152.4% 12.7 800 x 400 or or. 4% 127 x 6.35 2% 127x 6.35 1600 2500 2% 203.2% 12.7 | 1% 203.2 x 12.7 800 = 500 or or. 4% 152.4% 6.35 | 2x 152.4x635 2000 3000 4x 152.4% 9.53 | 2152.49.53 800 x 600Electrical Systems Design 25 Table 34: FUSE RATINGS ON THE PRIMARY SIDE OF TRANSFORMERS (11 kV/433 V) Capacity of | Primary Secondary HT fuse rating-A transformer | current current (A) (A) 33 84 10 16 5.25 133.3, 16 25 8.40 2133 16 40 10.49 266.6 25 40 13.12 333 32 40 16.53 420 40 63 21.80 533 40 63 26.20 666.5 50 100 33 840 63 39.36 1000 15 52.50 1333 100 65.60 1667 100 83.98 2133 160 105.00 2666 160 Minimum Maximum: Table 35: OVERLOADING CAPACITIES OF OIL IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS Previous Overloading duration continuous Joading as a % : of the rating 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 50 3 hrs 1.5 hrs 60 min 30 min 15 min 15 2 hrs 1.0 br 30 min 15 min 8 min Thr 30 min 15 min 8 min 4min Table 36: OVERLOADING CAPACITIES OF DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS Previous Overloading duration continuous leading as a % of the rating 10% 30% 60 min 20 min 15 min 10 min26 Electrical Systems Design ‘Table 37: ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE WITHSTAND CAPACITIY OF DIFFERENT INSULATION CLASSES. Absolute temperatur Insulation class Winding temperature rise in | withstand capacity in “ *Cas per IS 2026-part-2 as per IS 1271. 50 105 65 120 70 130 90 155 115 180 Table 38A: CURRENT RATING OF ALUMINIUM BUSBAR SECTIONS Indal D50S-WP Rectangular Busbar: Current Ratings (Source: KSEI handbook} Sizemm | Indal ] Ref. Ge 1 Bar 2Bars | 3Bars | 4 Bars Ampere (AC) 25.4%6.35_| F204 705__|__970 1100 38.1%6.35 | FI3 102) meeal ais 1535, 50.86.35 | FIS 1290 1705 1940 63.5x6:35_|_F74 1510 | 2000 2260 76.2x6.35_ | F33 140 | _2310_| 2620 101.6%6.35_| F36 2140 | 2800 3200 127.0%6.35_| F249 2510 3240 3700 152.4%6.35 | 271 2860 3680 4240 50.89.53 | FI6 1500 |__19707 | 2260 76.29.53 | F182 2050 2660 3030 101.6x9.53 | F96 2480 | 3150 3560 127.0953 | F113 2930 3660 | 4200 152.4x9.53_ | F272 3340 4080 4680 203.2%9.53 | F273 4150 4900 5740 76.2%12.7_ | F34 2240 2830 3240 101.6x12.7 | F66 sles 720" 3360 3900 127.0%12.7 | F144 3120 3900 4550 152.4x12.7 | F67 3500 4400 5100 203.2%12.7 | F54 4450 5300 6150 254.0%12.7 | _F69 5000 6000 6850Electrical Systems Design 27 Table 38B: CORRECTION FACTORS FOR BUSBAR DESIGN (Source: KESI Handbook) ‘Temperature Rise De-rating factor 1. Bar temperature rise 40°C over ambient 35°C 0.88 2. Bar temperature rise 30°C over ambient 35°C 0.75 Cross-sectional Area of Enclosure Busbar/Total Cross-sectional De-rating Factor ° Area of Enclosure 1. Outdoors <1% 0.95 5% 0.90 10% 0.85 2. Indoors where the <1% 0.85 enclosure itself is in a well- 5% 0.75 ventilated room 10% 0.65 3. Indoors where the <1% 0.65 enclosure itself is poorly 5% 0.60 ventilated and the room 10% 0.50 temperature is high 1S:733-1967 (Wrought Indal-Alloy Rating Factor © Aluminium and Aluminium alloys for General engineering purpose — Bars, Rods and sections) symbol | EIEM™”? CISM 1.03 | FICM 28M 1.02 MEIS-WP B26SWP 0.83 | IIE9-wP SOSWP - 0.94 | 1E30-WP BS1SWP 0.92 I | NES M 548M 0.77 NE6 M AS6SM 0.72 \NE20 WP 6swP. 0.88 | Where busbar “intended for use at high altitudes is tested near sea level, the limits of | temperature rise should be reduced by 1% for cach 300 m in excess of 1000 m above sea level at Lwhich the busbar is to be installed, ALTITUDE © These factors apply only to non-magnetic enclosures in which negligible heat is induced by the current in the busbar. ©° To be applied to the ratings for Indal DS0S-WP in Table 38A, the factors are approximate. °° Electrical-purity aluminium, material EIEM, IS: 5082-1969 (Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium alloys for electrical purpose-Bars and sections.28 Electrical Systems Design Table 39: DE-RATING FACTORS FOR PROXIMITY-EFFECT Phase Spacing De-rating Factor 3-channel width 0.82 4-channel width 0.89 5-channel width 0.95 6-channel width 0.99 Table 40: CLEARANCES FOR OPEN AND ENCLOSED INDOOR AIR-INSULATED BUSBAR AND CONNECTIONS, (ELECTRICALLY NON-EXPOSED) Minimum Clearance to Earth in| Minimum Clearance between phases Rated Voltage kV Air (mm) | in Air (mm) Open’ i] Enclosed Open. Enclosed (Up to and including) 0.415 19 16 25 19 0.6 25 19 31 19 33 51 51 51 51 6.6 64 64 89 89 11 76 76 127 127 15 102 102 165 165 22 140 140. 241 241 33 222 222 356 356 Table 41: CLEARANCES FOR OPEN OUTDOOR BUSBAR AND BUSBAR CONNECTIONS NOT EXCEEDING 15kV FOR ELECTRICALLY EXPOSED OR NON-EXPOSED INSTALLATIONS Rated Voltage (kV) Minimum Clearance to Earth | Minimum Clearance in Air in Air (mm) between Phases (mm) Not exceeding 66 140 178 u 178 29 15 216 267 The clearances quoted in tables should be regarded as the minimum values which should be used in any circumstances, Busbar for use in systems with special requirements or conditions requires special consideration and reference should always be made to the details included in B.S. 159: 1957 (Busbars and Busbar Connections), from which the values have been taken.Table 42: PROTECTIVE MEASURES ON TRANSFORMERS (11 kV/433 V) (Source: KSEI Handbook) Electrical Sysiems Design 29 | Rating Method of | Primary control and protection Secondary control and installation protection | MCCB having isolation duty | Up to and and E/F release and standby including | Outdoor | Air break switch, lightning arrestor, | low set E/F relay using CT at 400 kVA D.O. Fuse neutral earthing conductor or | ACB with proper current | setting facility with 3 O/C | and 1E/F release. | MCCB having isolation duty Up to and 11_kV, AB switch-fuse unit or | and E/F release and standby "including Indoor | VCB/GCB with 2 O/C andIE/F | low set B/F relay using CT at 400 kVA relays preferably with DC trip neutral earthing conductor or ACB with proper current setting facility with 3 O/C and 1E/F release. Above 400 ‘ACB drawout type with 3 KVA and AB switch, lightning arrestor, D.O. | O/C & 1 BJF release and up to and| Outdoor | Fuse standby low set E/F relay including using CT at neutral earthing 630 kVA conductor Above 400 ACB drawout type with 3 KVA and 11 KV, ABSF unit or VCB/GCB | O/C & 1 E/F release and up to and| Indoor | with 2 O/C and 1E/F relays with | standby low set E/F relay including DC trip using CT at neutral earthing 1630 kVA conductor Above 630 ‘ACB drawout type with 3 KVA and 11 kV, ABSF unit or VCB/GCB | O/C & 1 E/F release and below 1000| Indoor | with 2 O/C and 1E/F relays | standby low set E/F relay KVA preferably with DC trip using CT at neutral earthing conductor Above VCBIGCB with 2 O/C relays with | ACB drawout type with 3 1000 kVA high set elements, one instantaneous | O/C & 1 E/F release, 2 O/C and up to| Indoor | B/F relay, Buchholz relay, oil and | and 1 E/F relay, standby and winding temperature high alarm and | low set E/F protection using including trip. For dry type transformers, | CT at neutral earthing con- 2000 kVA Buchholz relay, oil temperature | ductor, REF protection relay relay and trip are irrelevant. with primary trip. If breaker is having microprocessor based programmable releases having different time settings, separate O/C and E/F relay need not be provided. But low setting E/F relay and REF relay are to be provided.Electrical Systems Design ‘Table 43: INRUSH TIME CONSTANTS FOR OIL FILLED TRANSFORMERS Transformer rating kVA Swe Tinrsh 50 0.10 100 0.15 160 0.2 250 0.22 400 0.25 630 0.30. 1000 0.35) 1600 0.40 2000 0.45 ‘Table 44: INRUSH TIME CONSTANTS FOR CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS Transformer rating kVA Ser Tinrush 200 10.5 0.15 250 10.5 0.18 315 10 0.20 400-500 10 0.25 630 10 0.26 800-1000 10 0.30 1250 10 035 1600 10, 0.40 2000 95 0.40 (Source: ABBLid) * where Sp = rated capacity of the transformer-kVA it inrush current in primary winding-A I, = primary rated current-A Table 45: SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS ‘The Bureau of Indian Standard specification IS-13234-92 and IEC standard 60909-1988 gives very useful information for the calculation of the peak current. Initial symmetrical short circuit current And, Peak short circuit currentElectrical Systems Design 31. to line system voltage System impedance up to the fault point “k” ‘oltage factor for low voltage (240/415) = 1.05 for other low voltages «1 for voltages above I kV up to 230 kV (=) k = 1.02 + 0,98e ** The value of *k’ can also be evaluated using the figure shown below. b) 20) T x Graph showing the relation between — and k ‘The breaking current or the rms value of the alternating current flowing through the first phase at the instant of contact separation, during the opening of the cireuit breaker in the event of a short cireuit is given by 2 where, the value of jt depends on the minimum operating delay of the circuit breaker and i the ratio oft ‘The value of can be obtained from the figure shown below. 19; se renee-enase raunts Som __ Factor p for determining the breaking current (IS-13234)32 Electrical Systems Design The initial symmetrical short circuit current ‘Tis the current that is to be considered while selecting the size of the cable, breaking capacity of the circuit breaker and designing the qiuviing system, The peak short circuit current “y’ isto be used in deciding the making capacity of the breakers as well as the dynamic forces due to the short circuit currents on the busbars, Table 46: FAULT LEVEL COMPUTATION AND EARTHING DESIGN Basic equations: # Source P Base MVA Per unit sourc: impedanc 5 er Za Short circuit MVA : Wry Source impedance in ohms Zo == Sie where, c Voltage factor 1 for 230/415 V 1.05 for all other low voltages 1.1 for voltages from 1 kV to 230 kV owing Ung Nominal source voltage-line to line (rms) at Q Sig = Initial symmetric short cireuit apparent power at Q Transmission line Line i Per unit line impedance Zig.) eee : Base impedance 2 Base impedance Z . ie Base MVA d Line inductance (sym. spacing) L = ( St mio” Him je where, d= spacing between conductors in metres and r= radius of conductor in metres. Inductive reactance of the overhead line = 0.024 o where, n= number of conductors per phase d= spacing of overhead line in metres r= mean radius of the conductor = 114. 1000 n= area of cross-section of the conductor in mm?Electrical Systems Design 33 Transformer Sa = Rated apparent power of transformers-VA Ur Rated voltage of transformer on HV or MV side-V_ Uke Percentage impedance (impedance voltage) of the transformer uy Up 100 S, Por Full load loss of transformer-W P, Rr Resistance of the transformer = —t 30, Zr Transformer impedance- Q= i Reactance of the transformer = ./(Z —R} I = Full load current of the transformer on HV or MY side-A Soil Soil resistivity p = 2xDR ohm-m where, D = Spacing of the spikes in metre and R = Reading of the earth tester in ohms. Earth electrodes Permissible current density of the earth electrode 1y = where, t= Duration of fault in seconds (3 sec) Earth electrode resistance values for different electrodes: Plate electrode 1009 20 2al d 100p ,, 42 Jay it Pipe electrode Strip or conductor electrode where, area of plate electrode (both sides) -m* length of the electrode -m diameter of the electrode—m width of the strip or twice the diameter of the circular conductor-m Supply voltage of the system-U, Fault level on the nearest substation-Sig Length of the transmission line from the substation to the consumers transformer Spacing of the conductors of the O/H transmission line-d. 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TCCL OLUL Toronpuo,) URE gEp = GueTEAMbs) Tuseds royonpuoD A SIp: oBey0a oseyd 0) aseyg Ut VAM 00T Yad (NOLLWINDAA %) LNV.LSNOO NOLLYINDAA SANIT GVAHUGAO A Sib YO SINVISNOD NOILV IND 205 14eL.Electrical Systems Design 39 ‘Table 51: CABLE SELECTION CRITERIA ‘The following points shall be taken into consideration before selecting the cable for a particular seplication: The power and voltage rating for which the cables are being used Conditions of installation at the site Current carrying capacity of the cables Voltage drop in the cables Short circuit capacity of the cables Availability of the selected size of the cable Table 52: VOLTAGE DROPS OF CABLES (in mV per ampere per metre) Single-phase circuits Three-phase circuits Abaminium Motor loads Motor loads Lighting Lighting Normal | Starting Normal | Starting running (PF=1) | running (PF=1) (PF=0.8) | (PF=0.35) (PF=0.8) 9.1 41 11.2 8 5. 95 61 29 TS i} Y 62 a7 iy 45 3.2 I 3.6 2.36 115 28 2.05 . 24 15 0.75 18 13 15 0.6 10 el 0.47 0.75 037 . 0.56 0.30 0.42 0.26 0.34 0.24 0.29 0.22 0.25 0.20 0.2140 Electrical Systems Design ‘Table 53: SHORT CIRCUIT RATING OF CABLES (FOR ONE SECOND DURATION) (kA) ‘Area of Aluminium’ Copper conductor PVC HRPVG PVC HRPVC (om i 0.1126 0.097 0.169 0.153 25 0.1878 0.162 0.283 0.255 4 0.3004 0.259 0.452 0.406 6 0.4507 0.389 0.679 0.612 10 0.7512 0.648 1.132 1.020 16 1.2000 1.087 1.810 1.632 25 1.8700 1.620 2.830 2.550 a 2.6200 2.270 3.960 3.570 50 3.7500 3.243 5.660 5.100 70 5.2500 4.540 7.920 7.140 95 7.1300 6.150 10.750 9.690 120 9.0000 7.784 13.580 13.340 150 11.260 9.730 16.980 15.300 185 13.890 12.00 20.940 18.870 240 18.020 15.56 27.160 24.480 300 22.530 19.46 33.960 30.600 400 30.040 25.94 45,280 40.800 500 37.560 32.43 56,600 51.000 630 47.320 4086 | 71.310 64.250= & POL ee8 9401 OccT PIE ss BEOE 0001 8 609 OSL 6P6 L901 eLpe 0s 8t6e 008 2 $9 999 £28 76 68LE Ltr lee 069 © [coos [es] soz] 980 T9ce | 60 DBRT ws a Ore gis 909 699 6981 SLE TST 00r 3 RE 8sh sts 695 StL Tee OBLL 00 3 we | Lor | Lee | ser sort” | Tor S86 oe aR t6e Lye TLE LOF 666 ele L6L s8r esc_| Soe | ice | ave os Sst 999 0st Tee £Le OLE £08 9th ote BES Oct We Se 8S L19 ole try S6 661 061 807 ‘18h v6 £9E OL ofl wr 6FT £91 L8E Sel ult os ott 6E1 cr of ee 6st et 46 T 66 801 OLE Srl ssl One Ce ee ee ieeesn rer 65 69 es 09 9LT T 901 sdury | sdury | sdury | sdury way cy Ua wur iar | Sa | FPO | HID nowy] wonINsuT TWoReNSU € z € z 2.00 18 vq | cyan | jo | pm | wa aatxjo | vary ‘pane Up Ty OT] eourssisoy | aqSieq | qeseag | mpygo | ssouyomy | wereaq | qrereag | ssowyoryy | peuonses Sunenuann DV aojonpuog | -xoiddy | -xouddy | vq swoy | -xoiddy | -xouddy WON “sso, -wo} wo) oa TW pamnouny x pamouneay, a SUTAVO GALAMOVE OAd ‘aTANOWA! 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PEL ie og ze 40% ~=S%6 LTH OYE SZ@_SBE__y SK WORT HW ¢ ‘auiey WOll 3st) (eied 7) Wat Oost Sanaa geed , be oo «ev'9e) BBO CV'0G «CT'LG 06 © (OMHT SS SES WX 109 HW & ooh gp se te be og «gz eee) S'68 «06 «GB ONHT SSE TES VX WOOT HW 2 go tus Fe Be 08 09 Sret 880 yee, 8°88 BR OvyT SET” VLW2EL HW 3 = a a 14Electrical Systems Design 75 Table 86: DUTY TYPES OF MOTORS (REFERENCE: IS-325) Duty type symbol Duty type ‘Applications Si Continuous duty Pumps, blowers, compressors, fans, etc. 82 Short time duty Siren, capstan, flood relief gates, etc. 53 Intermittent periodic duty Valve actuators, wire drawing machine S4 Totermittent periodic with starting | Hoists, cranes, lifts, escalators $5 Tntermitient periodic with starting /| Hoists, cranes (with electric, braking braking) rolling mills S6 Continuous duty with intermittent | Machine tools, conveyors periodic loading S7 Continuous duty with starting and | Machine tools braking SB Continuous duty with periodic load | Pole changing applications changes, Table 87: DE-RATING FACTORS FOR MOTORS FOR AMBIENT TEMPERATURE Cooling air temperature | Permissible output % 30 107 35 104 40 100 5 95 30 90 35 33 ‘Table 88: DE-RATING FACTORS FOR MOTORS FOR ALTITUDE Altitude-meters Permissible output % 1000 100 2000 95 3000 90 4000 8576 Electrical Systems Design ‘Table 89: PERMISSIBLE TEMPERATURES OF MOTORS (Reference-IS-325) Class of insulation Permissible Hot spot ‘Average insulation temperature rise from temperature life atibelow rated 40°C ee temperature-hours Class B 70°C 130°C 20000 Class F 95°C 155°C 20000 Class 115°C 180°C 20000 Table 90: CAPACITOR RATING FOR DIRECT CONNECTION TO INDUCTION MOTORS wae Capacitor rareie ea speed in rpm. Cable sie rating mm HP/KW | 3000 | 1500 | 1000 750 600 500 372.5 1 1 13 2 255 25 4 337 2 2 25 35 4 4 4 75157 2.5 3 35 45 Seles 6 10775 3 4 45 5.5 65 6 15/12 4 5 67 75 85a 19 10 20/15 3 6 7 9 ul 12 16 25/187 6 # 9 105es ets 145 25 30/22.8 7 8 10 12 15 7 25 50/37 ul 12.5 16 18 2B 25 50 75/57 16 17 21 23 29 32 95 100775 21 17 21 23 29 32 185 130/102 | 31 33 36 38 48 55 185, 200/150 | 40 42 45 7 60 67 185 250/187 | 46 50 53 35. 68 76 240'B6 - Horizontal wall mounted (LHS) 57 - Horizontal wall mounted (RHS) Hi {BB - Horizontal caling mounted V5 Wall mounted shaft downwards Electrical Systems Design 77 Flange mounting 185 - Flange typo a Vi Vertical downwards flange ype 0° ‘Va Verical upwards flange pe 0 & B25- Horizontal base fange type D ‘B14 Horizontal face flange ype C L \Vi8 - Vertical face downwards flange type °C’ \V19 - Vertical face upwards flange type °C Fig. 91 STANDARD TYPES OF MOUNTING OF MOTORS (Source: SI-2253),78 Electrical Systems Design Degree of Protection Degrees of protection for mechanical machines are designed in accordance with IS 4691/TEC 600034.5 by the letters IP and two characterstic numerals First numeral ‘No. special See Protection against contact protection je, and ingress of foreign bodies oe Second numeral: Protection against ‘ingress of water 0 No special protection Protection against sold foreign bodies > 50 mm (Example: inadvertent contact with hand) Protection against solid foreign bodies > 12 mm (Example: inadvertent contact with the fingers) Protection against solid foreign bodies > 2.5 mm (Example: Inadvertent contact with wire & tools) Protection against solid foreign bodies > 1 mm (Example: Inadvertent contact with wire baods) PA Protection against dust (Harmful deposit of dust) IP 56 IP 55 Fig. 92 PROTECTION CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORS (Source: IS 4681)Electrical Systems Design 79 ee c ; ae coin | ein | gees (a, (ar Seas oa. ougkeatone ce eee Come eee Pee gene : ities | po a(t aerds —loomer | oe supe ea cosas ; : on a | £8 omae 1) Se | cw | iene wn ae ae 5 al Bi congo a : a | ie 1 =a] ae " ‘ inane ¢ ae oF ica : . x Megommenaey™ |S) “ Metipe moat 6 ‘ost osama “ ics lrg gee tire | 7 Neateargemieaing maar 8 | Sept mewted bs exargy © Fig. 93. COOLING CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORS (Source: ISS 6362) 70 eoF & 50 2 sob 8 sob EE 6 20 cert ‘ a = SJECTIONABLE 1.0 of Pereeption 5 ‘ “ost 1 2 § 102091 5 1020301 2 5 102030 PEROAY —_PERHR. PERN PER SEC a FREQUENCY OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION ‘OR NUMBER OF STARTS. Fig. 94. VOLTAGE FLICKER CURVE (Source: IEEE standard-141-1993)80 Electrical Systems Design Table 95: INDUCTION MOTOR QUICK SELECTION CHART Classification [Starting | Breakdown | Starting | Slip Typical applications torque torque current (% of FLT) | (% of FLT) Normal starting | 100-200 200-500 | Normal | <5% | Fans, Blowers, centrifugal pumps, torque and compressors, eto. normal starting current High starting | 200-250 200-250 | Normal |~<5% | Conveyors, crushers, stirring torque and machines, agitators, reciprocating normal starting amps and compressors, ete. current High — starting 275 25 low | >5% | High peak loads, load with torque and high flywheels like punch wheels, shears, slip elevators, extractors, winches, hoists, wire drawing machines, ete Wound rotor ‘Any torque 225-275 | Depends | Depends | Where high starting torque with Tow up to on | onrotor | inrush current, frequent start, or breakdown, Starting | resistance| limited t0 2:1 speed control are torque torque required, and where high inertia must be accelerated Table 96: SELECTION OF MOTOR CAPACITY FOR INTERMITTENT LOADING ‘When the motors are subjected to v. time, computation of the rating of the motors arying loading conditions for varying periods of will be done using the equation: ts rating of the motor in kilowatts loading of the motor at the i" instant time duration of the i” instant is a constant to take care of the rest period =3 for open type motors 4 for totally enclosed type motors time period of rest for the motorElectrical Systems Design 81 Table 97: BASIC FUNCTION OF SWITCHGEARS Electrical protection Tsolation Control against ‘Overload current Isolation clearly indicated by a | Functional switching Short circuits fail proof mechanical Emergency switching Insulation failure indicator. Emergency stopping ‘A. gap interposed insulating | Switching off for maintenance barrier between the open contacts, clearly visible. Table 98: UTILIZATION CATEGORIES OF LOAD BREAK SWITCHES (IEC-60947-3) Utilization category Frequent | Infrequent Typical applications cos@ | Making | Breaking operation | operation current | current AC-20A | AC-20B | Connecting and disconnecting | - = - under no load conditions AG2IA | AG-21B | Switching of resistive loads | 0.95 15h 15In with moderate overloads AC-22A | AC-22B | Switching of mixed resistive and inductive loads with | 0.65 Bis 3Ia moderate overloads AC-23A | AC-23B | Switching of motor loads or | 0.45 for other highly inductive loads I<100A | 101, 8, 0.35 for 2 I> 100A, Table 99: TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOAD BREAK SWITCHES Description Unit Ratings Rated current at 40°C A 125 160 200 Rated insulation voltage v 1000 1000 1000 Rated operational voltage Vv 415 415 415 Dielectric strength 50 Hz kV 5 5 5 Rated impulse withstand voltage wv 10 10 10 Rated operational current at 415 V AC-21A/B 125/125 | 125/125 | 125/125 AC-22A4/B 125/125 | 125/125 | 125/12582 Electrical Systems Design ‘AC-23A/B 125/125] 125/125 | 125/125 Rated making capacity-AC-23A at 0.3 pf 1250 1600 1600 Rated breaking capacity-AC-23A at 0.3 pf 1000 1280 1280 Rated motor power 35 35 100 Fuse operated short circuit withstand Rated conditional short circuit current 80 80 Max allowed cut off current a1. 18 Rated short time withstand current (1 sec) 75 3S Electrical darability-operating cycles- 30007600 | 300/600 AC-23A/B Mechanical durability-operating cycles 30000 | 30000 30000 ‘Temperature range eC) -5t050 | -5t050 | 51050 Table 100: TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR CHANGE-OVER SWITCHES. Current rating at 40°C 125 160 200 ‘Number of poles 4 4 4 Rated insulation voltage 1000 1000 1000 Rated operational voltage _ 415 415 415 Rated impulse withstand voltage 10 10 10 Rated operational current at 415 V. AC-21A/B AC-22A/B AC-23A/B 125/125 | 160/160 | 200/200 125/125 | 160/160 | 200/200 125/125 | 160/160 | 200/200 1250 1600 1600 1000 1280 1280 Rated making capacity Rated breaking capacity Fuse protected short circuit withstand Rated max current of gG fuse Rated conditional short circuit current Max allowed cut off current 125 160 200 80 80 80 17 18 22 ES> |>>|>>> Electrical durability No. of operating eycles-AC-23A/B 3000/600 | 300/600 | 3000/600 ‘Mechanical durability No. of no load operating cycles 30000 | 30000 | 30000 Terminal connection cable size (Al) 70 95 150 ‘Temperature withstand range =5to50 | 51050 | 51050 (Source: Havell’s India Ltd.)Electrical Systems Design 83 Table 101: UTILISATION CATEGORIES OF AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCHES (IEC 947-6-1) Utilization category Supply | Frequent operation Infrequent Applications _operation AC31A AC-31B Non-induetive or slightly inductive loads AC AC-33A, AC-33B Motor loads or mixed loads AC-35A, AC-35B Electric discharge lamps AC-364, AC-36B Incandescent lamps. DC-31A DC-31B Resistive load, Dc DC-33A, DC-33B Motor loads or mixed loads, DC-36A, DC-36B Incandescent lamp load. s ss £ EReeeee ob8 BEREESES Time in seconds 9 100 1020 a000 Current in Amperes Fig. 102. TIME-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FUSES84 Electrical Systems Design Table 103: FUSING AND NON-FUSING ZONES FOR MEDIUM VOLTAGE gG AND gM FUSES (IEC 60269) Rated currentI, | Non-fusing current | FusingcurrentI; | Conventional time In (hours) he4A 1st ria 1 4<1,516A ima 19 Ty 7 16<1,563.A 1251, 16h, 1 63<1,5 160A 1251, 6h, 2 160 30:) TN 1T T ‘Network with high leakage currents (> 500 mA) TN init ‘Network with overhead lines TT TN IT Emergency standby generating set IT TT TN Loads sensitive to high fault currents (motors, etc.) It TT TN Loads with low insulation level (welding m/c, heating elements, etc.) TN TT IT Single phase portable loads TT, TNS IT, TN-C Loads with sizable risks (conveyors, hoists, etc.) TN TT IT Machine tools TNS TN-C,1T a Supply via star connected power transformer 1T Iwi | I? with neutral neutral Premises with risk of fire IT TNS, TT INC Installation with frequent modifications TT TN, IT Electronic equipment TNS TT INC 110000 ms 5000 2000 1000 0 200 100 50 ‘Duration of the current through the body ——t>- 2 19 O102 OF 4 2 5 10 20 $0 100 200 500 1000 2000 mA 10000 ‘Shock current f, —> Fig. 113: EFFECT OF ALTERNATING CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY (IEC Standard 60479)SC a || 6llUlU ||| Electrical Systems Design 93 Table 113A: EFFECT OF ALTERNATING CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY (EC Standard 60479) electrification perceptible AC-2 | 1-10mA | Uneritical | Strong, partly painful effects on muscles, fingers, feet and joints of arms and legs AC3 10-500 | Minutes up | Strong and painful effects on arms, legs and shoulder mA tosplit | muscles, rise in blood pressure, difficulty in breathing. seconds | Reversible interferences in the heart, unconsciousness in the upper range. AC-4-1 | Between Ventricular fibrillation unlikely to occur (probability Cy and C, below 5%) AC-4-2 | Between Possible ventricular fibrillation (probability up to 50 %) Cand Cy AC4-3 | Via Cs High risk of ventricular fibritlation (above 50%) Table 114: POWER FACTOR Definition The power factor PF is the ratio between the active power and the apparent power PR PR=— : Ss There is always confusion among the practicing engineers about the value of cos and the power factor PF. The value of cos @ is given by where P = Active power S = Apparent power P,=Active power of the fundamental component of the frequency Si= Apparent power of the fundamental frequency Table 115: POWER QUALITY ISSUES The total harmonic distortion, THD of the voltage is given by94 — Electrical Systems Design And power factor, Table 116: RELATION BETWEEN THD, AND PF fee THD: 0% 20% 40% | 60% 80% 100% PF 1.00 0.981 0.9285 0.8572 0.781 0.707 cosp Table 117: HARMONIC CURRENT SPECTRUM OF THREE-PHASE VARIABLE, SPEED DRIVE AND THREE-PHASE FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS Harmonic order Amplitude (% of Fundamental) - 6 pulse 12 pulse 100.00 100.00 20.00 14.30 9.10 9.10 7.70 7.10, 5.90 5.30 430, 4.30 4.00 4.00Electrical Systems Design 95 Table 118: CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (120 V through 69000 V) Source: IEEE Standard 519-1992 Maximum Harmonic current distortion in % of ly, Individual Harmonic order (Odd Harmonics) ee THD: 2 1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 ots 14" [200 Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits. TDD refers to total demand distortion and is based on the average maximum demand current at the fundamental frequency measured at point of common coupling (PCC). * All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion regardless of short circuit current ratio. Isc—Maximum short circuit current at PCC I, ~ Maximum demand load current at PCC H- Harmonic order Table 119: RECOMMENDED VOLTAGE DISTORTION LEVELS (Source: IEEE Standard 519-1992) Bus voltage at PCC Individual voltage Total harmonic distortion % distortion THDy % 69 KV and below 3.0 5.0 69.001 through 161 kV. st 25 161.001 and above 1.0 15 These limits should be used as system design values for the worst case under normal operation (lasting longer than one hour). For shorter periods like starting-up or unusual conditions, the limits may exceed by 50%. Table 120: DETUNED HARMONIC FILTER DESIGN The basic problem involved in the design of detuned harmonic filter design can be summarized as follows. Step-1 Determine the reactive KVA compensation required. Step-2 Select a capacitor bank with a voltage rating slightly above the normal rated voltage of the supply system or select a low stress type capacitor. Step-3 Determine the de-rated capacity of the capacitor bank using equation,96 Electrical Systems Design Step-4 Calculate the rating of the tuning inductor to tune the capacitor to the desired harmonic frequency. Step-5 _ Measure/calculate the harmonic spectrum of the load current. Step-6 Calculate the harmonic spectrum of the voltages and the effective rms bus voltage. Step-7 Calculate the harmonic spectrum of the source current and the effective rms source current. Step-8 ‘Check for consistency with IEEE 519 standard. Itis to be noted that IEEE 519 1992 is meant to apply to harmonic distortion of the system at PCC level rather than to the harmonic distortion levels of the individual loads. Therefore, any attempt to apply these limits to individual loads is not in good spirit and such an interpretation will only involve additional expenses and should be avoided as far as possible. TABLE 121: IMPORTANT INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS. ISS Number Year Title 325 1978 Three-phase induction motors 335 1993 | New insulating oils 375 1963 | Marking arrangements for switchgears, busbars, main connections and auxiliary wiring, (superseded by IS:5578 and IS 11353) 694 1990 PVC insulated cables for working voltage up to and including 1100 Vv. 722 1986 AC Electricity meters 732 1989 _| Code of practice for wiring installations 900 1992 | Code of practice for installation and maintenance of induction motors . 1180(1-2) 1989 | Outdoor type three-phase distribution transformers up to and : including 100 kVA. 1248-(1-9) 1993.. Direct acting analog electrical measuring instruments, Parts 1 to 9. 1255 1983 | Installation and maintenance of power cables up to and including 33 kV 1336 1959 Recommendation of the colour of push buttons (superseded by 1S:6875-2) 1554(1-2) 1988 | PVC insulated (Heavy duty) electric cables —part-1, 2 1860 1980 | Code of practice for installation, operation and maintenance of passenger and goods lifts 1866 1983 | Code of practice for maintenance and supervision of mineral insulating oil in equipment 1876 a 1961 Method of voltage measurements by means of sphere gaps. 1944 (5-7) 1981 _ | Code of practice for lighting of public thoroughfares 2071(1-3) 1993 | Methods of high voltage testing 2026(1-4) 1981 Power transformers 2309 1989 Code of practice for the protection of buildings and other allied structures against lightningElectrical Systems Design 97 2675 1983 | Enclosed distribution boards and cut outs for voltages not exceeding 1000 V. 2705(1-3) 1992 | Current transformers : 2992 1987 __| Hand operated insulation resistance testers 2993 1975 | Motor capacitors 3043 1987 __ | Code of practice for earthing 3151 1982 _| Farthing transformers 3231 1965 | Specification for electrical relays for power system protection 3528 1966 __| Waterproof electric light fittings 3553 1966 | Watertight electric light fittings 3961(1-5) 1967 _ | Recommended current ratings of cables-Parts 1 to 5 4029 1967 _ | Guide for testing of three-phase induction motors 4146 1983 | Application guide for voltage transformers 4288 1988 | PVC insulated (heavy duty) electric cables with solid aluminium conductors a 4347 1967 __ | Code of practice for hospital lighting 4591 1968 | Installation and maintenance of escalators 4648 1968 _ | Guide for electrical layout in residential buildings 4665(1,2) 1984 | Portable electric motor operated tools 4728 1975 | Terminal markings and direction of rotation for electrical machinery 4889 1968 | Method of determining efficiency of rotating electrical machines 4894 1987 _ | Centrifugal fans 5216(1,2) 1982 | Guide for safety procedures in electrical work 5579 1983 ___| Neon testers 5834(1-3) 1994 __| Electrical timer relays for industrial purpose 6103 1971 _ | Method of test for specific resistance of electrical insulating liquids 6104 1971 _ | ‘Test for interfacial tension oil against water by the ring method 6209 1982 __| Methods of partial discharge measurements 6262 1971 | Designation of methods of cooling of electrical machines 6272 1987 _| Industrial cooling fans 6381 1972 | Construction and testing of electrical apparatus with type ‘e” protection 6665 1972 _ | Code of practice for industrial lighting 6792 1992 | Method of determination of electric strength of insulating oils 6855 1993 | Method of sampling of liquid dielectrics | | 6875 1973 | Control switches for voltages up to 1000 V AC and 1200 VDC _| 7098(1-2) 1988 | XLPE insulated PVC sheathed cables | 7132 1973 | Guide for testing synchronous machines B72 1995 | Lead acid storage batteries for motor vehicles 7537 1974 _ | Road traffic signals 7816 1975 | Guide for testing of insulation resistance of rotating machines98 Electrical Systems Design 8061 1976 Code of practice for design, installation and maintenance of service lines up to and including 650 V 8084 1976 Interconnecting bus bars for AC voltages above 1 kV and up to and including 36 kV. 8289 1976 Electrical equipment with type ‘n” protection 8320 1982 General requirement and method of test for lead acid storage Datteries 8437 (1-2) 1993 Guide on effects of current passing through the human body 8468 1977 On load tap changers 8478 1977 Application guide for on load tap changers 8623(1-3) 1993, Specification for LV switchgear assemblies 8686 1977 Static protective relays 8789 1986 Values of performance characteristics for three-phase induction motors 8828 1995 Circuit beakers for over current protection for household and similar installations 3923 1978 Warning symbols for dangerous voltages 8935, 1985 Electric solenoid operated actuators 9124 1979 Guide for maintenance and field tests for electrical relays 9223 1989 Portable earth resistance meters 9283 1979 Motors for submersible pump sets 9434 1992 Guide for sampling and analysis of free and dissolved gases and oil from oil filled equipment 9677 1980 Limits of temperature rise of winding of electrical equipment when tested by different methods 9678 1980. Methods of measuring temperature rise of electrical equipment 9792 1987 Guide for testing, calibration and maintenance of AC electricity meters 10027 1981 Composite units of air break switches and rewirable fuses for voltages not exceeding 650 V 10028(1-3) 1985 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of transformers 10118(1-3) 1982 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of switchgears 10561 1983 Application guide for power transformers 10810 1984 Method of testing of cables 10894 1984 Code of practice for lighting of educational institutions W171 1985 Dry type power transformers 11260(1-2) 1985 Stabilized power supplies AC output 11599 1986 Portable AC clipon_ammeters 11633 1986 Specification for lift doors 11994 1986 Portable insulation resistance meters 12021 1987 Current transformers for switchgear and control gear, voltage not exceeding 1000 VAC| Electrical Systems Design 99 12065 1987 _ | Permissible limits of noise level of rotating electrical machines 12083(1-2) 1983__| Electrical relays 12188 1987 _| Electric direct are melting furnaces 12615 1989 __| Energy efficient three-phase induction motors 12640 1988__| Residual current operated cirouit breakers 12802 1989 | Temperature rise measurement of rotating electrical machines 12824 1989 | Type of duty and classes of rating assigned to rotating electrical machines 13010 1990 | AC watt-hour meters class 0.5 1.0 and 2 13032 1991 | Miniature circuit breaker boards for voltages upto and including 1000 VAC 13067 1991 _| impregnation of power capacitors 13107 1991 | Guide for measurement of winding resistance of an AC machine during operation at alternating voltage 13118 1991 | General requirements of circuit breakers for voltages above 1000 V 13234 1992 | Guide for short circuit calculation in three-phase AC systems | (IEC 60909) 13235 1991 | Calculation of the effects of short circuit currents (similar to IEC 60865) 13364(1-2) 1992 _ | Specification for AC generators driven by reciprocating IC engines 13529 1992 | Effects of unbalanced voltage on the performance of three-phase induction motors. 13555 1993 | Guide for selection and application of three-phase induction motors for different types of driven equipment 13703 (1-2) 1993 _ | LV fuses for voltage not exceeding 1000 V AC and 1500 V DC 13779 1990 __| AC watt-hour meters 13947(1-5) 1993 _| LV switchgear and control gear, Part 1-5 14372 1996 | Volt ampere hour meters for full power factor range 14415 1997 | Volt ampere hour meters for restricted power factor range (superseding IS 722-5) 14665(1-5) 2000 __| Electric traction lifts TABLE 122: NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR STANDARDIZATION Abbreviation Description Website TEC International Electrotechnical Commission ww.iec.ch 1sO International Standards Organization www.iso.org CEN European Committee for Standardization www.cen.eu (Comite Europeen de Normalisation) _|100 Electrical Systems Design ‘CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical www.cenelec.eu Standardization (Comite Europeen de Normalisation Blectrotechnique) Institution of Electrical & Electronics Engineers www.ieee.org American National Standards Institution www.ansi.org Australian Standards Organisation www.standards.org.au British Standards Organisation www-bsigroup.com Japanese Standards Organisation www.jsa.or,jp Netherland Standards Organisation www.nen.nl ‘Bureau of Indian Standards www-bis.org Canadian Standards Association www.csa.ca Italian Electrotechnical Committee www.ceiuni.it (ComitatoElectrotechnico Italiano) Belgian Standards Institution ‘www.nbn.be Netherlands Standards Institution www.nen.nl (Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut) ‘Swedish Electrotechnical Standards www.elstandard.se (Svenska Elektrotekniska Normer) Swiss Electrotechnical Association www.electrosuisse.ch French Electrotechnical Association www.afnor.org (Union Technique de P’Electricite)Electrical Systems Design aCe outer ae o mucin ieacuNaeitehic) Roselle ecm mene c emu suerte sau rcuseieeceh Gy RiCMen lege Moment eu Ce itnCucy) Acie CuS met LVACUC men tem Ct. satisfaction of the corporate customers. This demands that the electrical systems designers to be more versatile and more effective managers of energy resources. This data handbook is intended to be used as design assistance to the beginners in the field of electrical systems design and provides them an easy access to the Poe eu eMce Mc hog cise =< Teun aren aaeUuleh MeCN Ua LuerUKeuciend in searching for the required data to be used in the design problem. MUCK Ce uke lc Maral] ecele a Mareen Cale 1s Romero MR UMS) OMe Cla Ole tea ease Mae Cue RMS CuM Ran RRs aut) systems design. This handbook also does not show the student how to be a designer, but present in a concise manner the basic reference data to perform the design functions. This handbook can be permitted to be used inside the examination PETE Meese Uae] 8010) gs M.K. Giridharan is Dean (Academic), Professor & Head, Department of Electrical & [alee oem =atel eu he eian =e mere MOM m Maco Tene Daun u te WCU OM SUC umom arlene tyne aC Na eta Society of Technical Education (ISTE), he has served as Professor in Electrical & Electronics Engineering at College of Engineering, Trivandrum and as Joint Director (Engineering Consultancy), LBS Centre for Science & Technology, Trivandrum. He elec hritem ceCmacieul Rents cums cur um etc ee Rom ciect Fes MeN MES CI®) tremor eS Cu OL-TeMI ClUTont PSC 1K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. | | poo aR 1 tC oO) oa Cae 91789380 57883 PTY Lea el ae uel OL Lure eat mee) STALL

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