01

TIPS FOR RESPIRATORY TRACT

INFECTIONS AND HEALTH
“To keep fit and well nature’s laws must be kept, for the breaking of the laws of nature will result in
sickness and disease” Health From Herbs magazine Jan-Feb 1968, page 54.

Pandemics: influenza and Symptoms of COVID-19 and risk

Condition overview
Respiratory tract infections
(upper and lower) are a scourge
coronavirus
It is estimated that each year
in Australia influenza causes an
average of 13,500 hospitalisations
and more than 3,000 deaths
among Australians aged over 50
years. The main viruses that cause
influenza are enveloped viruses
known as influenza A and B. These
viruses are capable of mutating
and new strains constantly appear.
Sometimes influenza A produces
a new strain to which no one is
immune leading to a worldwide
outbreak or pandemic. There were
three influenza pandemics in the
20th century, the 1918 Spanish flu,
the 1957 to 1958 Asian flu and the
1968 to 1970 Hong Kong flu. There
has been one flu pandemic so far in
the 21st century in 2009 from the
H1N1 influenza virus, also known
factors
Clinical symptoms of COVID-19
infection range from fever,
dry cough, sore throat, nasal
congestion, headache, diarrhoea
and muscle pain or fatigue to
a small percentage of people
with shortness of breath and
pneumonia, demonstrated on
chest CT scan imaging, which can
trigger multiorgan and systemic
manifestations in terms of sepsis
and septic shock (cytokine
storm). Those who suffer immune
insufficiency, such as the elderly,
those with co-existent disease
and the immunocompromised are
particularly at risk of recurrent or
severe respiratory infection.
Image aapted from https://www.health.gov.au/sites/
default/files/documents/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-
19-identifying-the-symptoms.pdf

to humankind and are caused as swine flu. COVID-19, in 2020, is

by pathogenic invasion and
colonisation. They are among
the most commonly experienced
illnesses, with most being viral
in origin, such as the contagious
diseases influenza (flu) and novel
coronavirus (COVID-19, which
is the acronym of coronavirus
disease 2019). Autumn and winter
are the peak times for respiratory
tract infections with an increased
occurrence associated with cold
temperatures and low humidity.
While most are self-limiting and
resolve with time, such as the
common cold, they can also
be serious and produce fatal
pneumonia and loss of life.
the first pandemic to be caused by
a coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a
large family of viruses which may
cause illness in animals or humans.
In humans several coronaviruses
are known to cause respiratory
infections ranging from the common
cold to more severe diseases
such as Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
The most recently discovered
coronavirus causes COVID-19, which
is similar to SARS (it was originally
called SARS-CoV-2).

The
Herbal Extract
Company of Australia

Prevention
The theory of prevention and
treatment of ‘pestilence’ (refers to
fatal pandemic/epidemic disease) in
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
suggests two aspects which should
be employed to prevent the spread.
One is to maintain and improve the
healthy qi (vital force) in the body by
taking preventative medicine, eating
a healthy diet and exercising so as
to resist the invasion of external
pathogens, and the other is to
avoid the source of infection. Close
proximity with someone suffering an
acute infection, poor hygiene (such
as not washing hands thoroughly),
poor immunity and malnutrition
increase the risk of infection and
are the main causes for the high
incidence of respiratory tract
infections.
The key to resistance, and a strong
foundation of health, is to support
the body so that it can use its own
innate intelligence to fight off
disease. Given that the modern virus
remains as elusive as it ever was an
emphasis on strengthening defenses
is appropriate.
Herbs with preclinical* evidence
against coronaviruses
* does not guarantee their
effectiveness in humans
The
Herbal ExtractCompany of Australia
Tips for respiratory tract infections and health 02
Andrographis Bupleurum
(Andrographis paniculata) (Bupleurum falcatum)
Used in Ayurveda to treat influenza, A constituent in bupleurum has
pneumonia and bronchitis. potent anticoronaviral activity
Constituents in andrographis with following an in vitro study and its
antiviral, anti-bacterial and anti- mode of action possibly involves
inflammatory activity were studied interference in the early stage of
and researchers concluded they viral replication, such as absorption
could effectively interact with and penetration of the virus.
targets of COVID-19 therefore
herbal medicines containing these
compounds as major components
might be meaningful for the
treatment of COVID-19 infections.
Astragalus
(Astragalus membrancaceus)
Constituents in astragalus exhibit
antiviral activities against avian
coronavirus and it may represent
a potential therapeutic agent for Elderberry
inhibiting the replication of this (Sambucus nigra)
disease. Elderberry can inhibit infectious
bronchitis virus, which is a
Baical Scullcap pathogenic chicken coronavirus,
(Scutellaria baicalensis) at an early point in infection,
A recent in vitro study demonstrates probably by rendering the virus
that selected naturally-occurring non-infectious.
flavonoids from baical scullcap
might serve as SARS-CoV chemical Garlic
inhibitors. Similar to SARS-CoV and (Allium sativum)
human coronavirus-NL63, COVID-19 Garlic had inhibitory effects on
uses host receptor angiotensin infectious bronchitis virus, (a
converting enzyme 2 for cellular pathogenic chicken coronavirus) in
entrance. Constituents from baical chicken’s embryos. The researchers
scullcap markedly inhibited the said that since infectious bronchitis
interaction of SARS-CoV S-protein virus is a coronavirus it can be
and angiotensin converting enzyme 2. an appropriate model for other
However the anti-SARS-CoV activity coronavirus diseases like SARS and
of these compounds remain to be MERS.
evaluated.
Black Cohosh
(Actaea racemosa)
Researchers suggested black cohosh
could be a potential candidate
for new anti-coronavirus drugs
following an in vitro screening of
traditional medicinal herbal extracts
evaluating their antiviral activities on
coronavirus replication.

Ginkgo
(Ginkgo biloba)
Due to the strong effect of
alkylphenol constituents in ginkgo
on viral infection, even after
the infection begins, scientists
concluded they may potentially be
used to treat acute infections (e.g.
Coronavirus, Ebola virus, Zika virus,
influenza A virus and measles).
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis)
Constituents in green tea may act
as potential inhibitors of COVID-19
following a molecular docking
study aimed to assess bioactive
compounds found in medicinal
plants as potential COVID-19
inhibitors.
Liquorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
A constituent in liquorice was
tested against two clinical isolates
of coronavirus (FFM-1 and FFM-
2) from patients with SARS. Of
all the compounds the liquorice
constituent was the most active in
inhibiting replication of the SARS-
associated virus. These findings
suggest that the constituent should
be assessed for treatment of SARS.
Olive Leaves
(Olea europaea)
Constituents in olive leaves may act
as potential inhibitors of COVID-19
following a molecular docking
study aimed to assess bioactive
compounds found in medicinal
plants as potential COVID-19
inhibitors.
The
Herbal ExtractCompany of Australia
Tips for respiratory tract infections and health
Rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum)
Rhubarb has a high level of
inhibitory activity against 3CL
protease suggesting it may
represent a potential therapeutic
treatment for SARS. Rhubarb also
inhibited the interaction of SARS-
CoV S protein and angiotensin
converting enzyme 2 in a dose
dependent manner. When activity
of 3C-like protease is inhibited SARS-
CoV virus replication in the host
cell will be also inhibited. In 36% of
papers on anti-SARS coronavirus
drugs 3C-Like protease served as
the target. Rhubarb was highly
active with respect to the anti-SARS-
CoV virus since its rate of inhibition
of SARS-3CL protease was as high
as 96%.
St John’s Wort
(Hypericum perforatum)
St John’s wort has been shown
in vitro and in vivo to possess
anti-infectious bronchitis virus (a
pathogenic chicken coronavirus)
activities. The researchers suggested
this may be associated with reduced
mRNA expression levels of the
pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6,
TNF-α by NF-κB signalling pathway,
and related to up-regulate mRNA
expression levels of type I interferon
through the MDA5 signaling
pathway, and could be useful for
the development of new antiviral
agents.
03
Sweet Wormwood
(Artemisia annua)
Has also been documented to
display an antiSARS-CoV effect from
a screening analysis using hundreds
of Chinese medicinal herbs.
Turmeric
(Curcuma longa)
Constituents in turmeric may act
as potential inhibitors of COVID-19
following a molecular docking
study aimed to assess bioactive
compounds found in medicinal
plants as potential COVID-19
inhibitors.
Based on historical records and
human evidence of SARS and H1N1
influenza prevention, including three
studies using TCM for prevention
of SARS and four studies for H1N1
influenza, researchers concluded
that Chinese herbal formulas could
be an alternative approach for
prevention of COVID-19 in high-risk
population. The most commonly
used herbs included astragalus
(Astragalus membranaceus),
liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
and atractylodes (Atractylodes
macrocephala).
Immune tonic herbal medicines
which can modulate a unique
combination of immune
pathways
Astragalus (Astragalus
membranaceus), atractylodes
(Atractylodes macrocephala), baical
scullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis),

cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa),
codonopsis (Codonopsis pilosula),
echinacea spp. (Echinacea
angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea),
elderberry (Sambucus nigra),
glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum),
green tea (Camellia sinensis),
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng),
maritime pine (Pinus pinaster),
olive leaves (Olea europaea),
pomegranate (Punica granatum),
reishi (Ganoderma lucidum),
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus
senticosus), teasel root (Dipsacus
asper).
Stress, depression, anxiety,
insomnia and other nervous
conditions may have
detrimental effects on immune
function.
Actions include:
Adrenal Tonics
Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus
senticosus), liquorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra), rehmannia (Rehmannia
glutinosa), bupleurum (Bupleurum
falcatum), rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea),
Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng),
withania (Withania somnifera).
Nerve Tonics
Oats green and seed (Avena sativa),
scullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora),
St. John’s wort (Hypericum
perforatum), kola nut (Cola nitida)
as a stimulant for physical and
mental exhaustion.
The
Herbal ExtractCompany of Australia
Tips for respiratory tract infections and health
Acute Presentation
In the event of an acute
presentation of respiratory infection
treat the symptoms including fever,
reducing excessive secretions such
as catarrh and alleviating cough,
restore respiratory function by
supporting the immune response,
eradicate infection by addressing
pathogens, reduce inflammation.
Following this restore vitality
and address gastrointestinal
dysregulation.
Actions include:
Anti-inflammatory
Albizia (Albizia lebbeck), aloes
(Aloe ferox), arjuna (Terminalia
arjuna), baical scullcap (Scutellaria
baicalensis), boneset (Eupatorium
perfoliatum), calendula (Calendula
officinalis), coleus (Coleus
forskohlii), elderberry (Sambucus
nigra), eyebright (Euphrasia
officinalis), grindelia (Grindelia
robusta), ivy leaf (Hedera helix),
liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra),
maritime pine (Pinus pinaster),
myrrh (Commiphora myrrha), nettle
leaf (Urtica dioica), perilla (Perilla
frutescens), poke root (Phytolacca
americana).
Anticatarrhal
Herbs for upper respiratory tract:
elder flowers and berry (Sambucus
nigra), eyebright (Euphrasia
officinalis), golden seal (Hydrastis
canadensis), hyssop (Hyssopus
officinalis), liquorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra), ribwort (Plantago
04
lanceolata), stone root (Collinsonia
canadensis).
Herbs for lower respiratory tract:
mullein (Verbascum thapsus),
ribwort (Plantago lanceolata), sage
(Salvia officinalis).
Antimicrobials (includes antivirals,
antibacterials and antifungals)
Echinacea spp. (Echinacea
angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea),
elecampane (Inula helenium),
garlic (Allium sativum), golden seal
(Hydrastis canadensis), St. John’s
wort (Hypericum perforatum), thuja
(Thuja occidentalis), thyme (Thymus
vulgaris).
Antispasmodic
Herbs for dry coughs include blood
root (Sanguinaria canadensis), ivy
leaf (Hedera helix), valerian (Valerian
officinalis).
Antitussive
Bupleurum (Bupleurum falcatum),
chickweed (Stellaria media),
marshmallow (Althaea officinalis),
stone root (Collinsonia canadensis),
sundew (Drosera anglica), wild
cherry (Prunus serotina: caution if
there is mucous to expectorate).
Demulcents
Herbs for dry cough include
chickweed (Stellaria media),
liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra),
marshmallow (Althaea officinalis),
mullein (Verbascum thapsus),
ribwort (Plantago lanceolata),
slippery elm (Ulmus rubra).

Diaphoretic
Remedies to manage the febrile
response. Herbs for fevers with heat
include Andrographis: a cooling
bitter (Andrographis paniculata),
angelica (Angelica archangelica),
boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum),
bupleurum (Bupleurum falcatum),
chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla),
elder flowers and berry (Sambucus
nigra), gentian (Gentian lutea): a
cooling bitter, Graviola (Annona
muricata), lime flowers (Tilia
cordata), peppermint (Mentha
piperita), vervain (Verbena
officinalis), yarrow (Achillea
millefolium).
Herbs for fevers with coldness
include capsicum (Capsicum
frutescens), cinnamon
(Cinnamomum verum), garlic (Allium
sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale),
hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), thyme
(Thymus vulgaris).
Expectorants
To facilitate removal of mucous from
the lungs. Herbs include angelica
(Angelica archangelica), blood
root (Sanguinaria canadensis),
elecampane (Inula helenium),
grindelia (Grindelia robusta),
heartsease (Viola tricolor), hyssop
(Hyssopus officinalis), liquorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra), mullein
(Verbascum thapsus), white
horehound (Marrubium vulgare).
Lymphatics and alteratives
To support eliminatory functions.
Herbs include blue flag (Iris
The
Herbal ExtractCompany of Australia
Tips for respiratory tract infections and health
versicolor), calendula (Calendula
officinalis), clivers (Galium aparine),
echinachea spp. (Echinacea
angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea),
poke root (Phytolacca americana).
Mucolytics (warming expectorants)
To break down the excess mucous
when it is present to reduce
catarrhal congestion. Herbs include
aniseed (Pimpinella anisum), fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare), fenugreek
(Trigonella foenum-graecum),
horseradish (Armoracia rusticana).
There is a persistent tradition in
many cultures that respiratory
problems are extensions of
digestive functions so a healthy diet
is important. An infection seldom
takes over a well-nourished, well
rested body.
Nutrition
• Follow a general wholefoods diet
helping to convert foods into
nourishment.
• Increase fresh fruit and
vegetables including garlic,
onion, ginger and chilli. Vitamin
C foods and drinks are important
including citrus, kiwifruit, berries
(blackberries, blueberries,
cranberries, elderberries),
blackcurrants.
• Avoid immune suppressant foods
including sugar, refined foods,
caffeine, alcohol.
• Adequate hydration: including
filtered warm water, broths,
fresh juice, soups and herbal
teas. A popular winter drink is
lemon and garlic. In a cup add
the juice of a lemon and one
tablespoon of grated rind, add
one teaspoon of finely chopped
ginger, one to two cloves of
chopped garlic, one tablespoon
of Manuka honey (or other
honey), pinch of cayenne pepper.
Fill to the top with hot water,
05
stir and drink or eat it all. Can be
gargled for a sore throat.
• Mucous producing foods should
be avoided (e.g. ice cream)
• Eat foods high in zinc (e.g.
pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds,
beef, egg yolks, ginger).
Lifestyle
• Avoid smoking, alcohol,
recreational drugs
• Fresh air and sunlight
• Rest, sleep, recuperation.
Full recovery requires total
commitment to convalescence
and getting well
• Ensure there is sufficient
emotional and psychological
support for optimal recovery,
low stress levels and mental
calm. Remember to laugh. It has
been postulated that laughter,
or sense of humour, may affect
health through moderation
of stress chemicals and/or
immunoenhancement.
• Postural drainage, inhalations,
vaporisers and chest rubs (e.g.
essential oils of eucalyptus,
peppermint, lavender or tea tree.
Drops can also be placed on the
shower floor)
• Gargle saltwater for a sore throat
• Moderate amounts of exercise
• Address indoor pollutants such
as mould as they can worsen
lung related illnesses.
All the above can contribute to
a strong, healthy, empowered
individual who is resistant to
infection and disease.

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Tips for respiratory tract infections and health
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