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Liquid – liquid extraction or solvent extraction transferred substance (the solute) C. The
is a separation process which is based on the (extraction) solvent is the liquid added to
different distribution of the components to be the process to extract the substance C from
separated between two liquid phases. It depends the feed. The solvent can be the pure compo-
on the mass transfer of the component to be nent, B, but usually contains small quantities
extracted from a first liquid phase to a second of C and A, because the solvent is usually
one. recycled from a recovery system. The solvent
Liquid – liquid extraction is the separation phase leaving the extractor is the extract. The
method of choice where distillation fails, e.g., extract contains mainly B and the extracted
for azeotropic mixtures or temperature-sensi- component C but also small quantities of A.
tive components. Separation is achieved by The raffinate is the liquid phase left from the
adding a liquid solvent phase to the original feed after being contacted by the extraction
liquid carrying the component(s) to be solvent; it is composed mainly of A, but
extracted. One of the phases must be dispersed generally small quantities of the extracted
into droplets in the other, continuous phase to component C and solvent B.
achieve a sufficiently large mass-transfer inter- Comparison with Distillation. Liquid –
face. Extraction is performed in mixer–settler liquid extraction has similarities with distilla-
equipment or extraction columns, which are tion. In both cases the substances to be sepa-
frequently equipped with rotating internals or rated have concentration ratios 6¼ 1 in the two
pulsators for energy input to positively influ- phases. In the case of distillation the second
ence droplet size. phase (the vapor phase) is formed exclusively
Definitions. The phases form definite con- from the components of the initial (liquid)
tact areas and cannot or can only to a limited phase, with extraction a new substance, the
extent mix with one another on account of their (extraction) solvent, must be added to form
properties. The phases are composed of indi- the second (liquid) phase. The solvent enters
vidual substances, so-called components, and into the material balance of the process and
flow as liquid streams through the extractor (see its behavior towards the substances to be
Fig. 1). separated is decisive for the separation
Generally, more than three components are process.
involved in an extraction. To make the descrip- Generally, the extracted substance is sepa-
tion of the problem simpler, key components rated from the solvent by distillation and
are defined. The feed to a liquid – liquid the solvent B is recycled to the extractor.
extraction is the solution that contains the Sometimes the selective action of the solvent
components to be separated. The key compo- is used in the distillation which generates the
nent of this liquid phase (the phase from which reflux for the extraction, e.g., extractive distil-
the solute is extracted) is called A, the lation (extraction of aromatic compounds) or