Drying

Drying refers to remove moisture content from a subtance generally moist material.
vaccum drying
Vacuum drying is a process in which drying is carried out at reduced pressure,which
lowers the heat required for rapid drying.Vacuum dryer is a indirect heat dryer.
Principle:In vaccum dryer,material is dried by the application of vaccum.when vaccum is created
the pressure is lowered so that water boils at a lower temperature.Hence water evaporates faster.
The heat transfer become more effiecient i.e the rate of drying enhances substantially.
Advantage:
1 Vacuum dryer provides large surface area for heat transfer.
2 Handling of material & equipment is easy.
3 Hot water at desired temperatures can be supplied.
4 Vacuum dryer is suited to drying a heat sensative material that degrades above a given tempe
4 Required lower heat supply for drying.
Disadvantage:
1 In vaccum dryer heat transfer coficient is very low.
2 It has a limited capacity and used for batch operation.
3 It is more expensive than dryer.Labour and running costs are high.
Now coming to main scenario
Prionyl is very heat sensitive material.During drying temperature of prionyl do not exceed 50
we use hot water in limpet side.Hot water temperature 52-55 degree C.
hen vaccum is created
water evaporates faster.
ubstantially.

degrades above a given temperature.would otherwise required long drying cycle.

e of prionyl do not exceed 50 degree C.Thats why we use vaccum dryer.For a rapid heat transfer
 Design a vaccum dryer

Feed material 600 kg/Batch

Drying time cycle 20 Hours
30 kg/hr
Specific heat 0.4 kcal/kg.OC.
x1(wet basis) 20%
x2(wet basis) 0.05%
Temperature of feed 25 degree
Temperature of product 48 degree
Hot water in temperature 55 degree
Hot water oultet temparature 48 degree
30
Solid temperature during constant drying period degree
Mositure remove in falling rate period 10%

latent heat of vaporization of water@50degree 565 kcal/kg

Overall U for heating zone 122 kcal/hr.m2.OC
Overall U for constant rate period 210 kcal/hr.m2.OC
Overall U for falling rate period 73 kcal/hr.m2.OC
Specific enthalpy of water at 30 degree 30 kcal/kg

Solution Steps
1 Amount the dry solid in feed 24 kg/hr
2 Amount of water vapour evaporated
X1(Dry basis) 0.25
X2(Dry basis) 0.001
Water evaporated 6 kg/hr
3 Amount of product flow rate 24.0 kg/hr

amount of moisture in material when it passes

4 2.7 kg/hr
from constant rate section to falling rate period

5 Moisture leaving in final product 0.01 kg/hr

6 Moisture removed in falling rate period 2.7 kg/hr
7 Moisture removed in constant rate period 3.3 kg/hr
Heat load ,Area calculation in heating zone
8 Head load for solid in heating zone 60.0 kcal/hr
9 Head load for liquid in heating zone 30.0 kcal/hr
10 Total head load in heating zone 90.0 kcal/hr
11 LMTD in heating zone 20.0 degree
12 Surface area required for heating zone 0.0369 m2
Heat load,Area calculation in constant rate zone
13 Head load in constant rate drying zone 1883.3 kcal/hr
14 LMTD in constant rate zone 15.0 degree
15 Surface area required for constant rate zone 0.60 m2
Heat load,Area calculation in falling rate zone
16 Head load for solid in falling rate zone 172.8 kcal/hr
17 Head load for evaoration in falling rate zone 79.6 kcal/hr
Head load for unevaporated liquid in falling
18 0.2 kcal/hr
zone
19 Total head load in falling zone 252.7 kcal/hr
20 LMTD in falling rate zone 5.9 degree
21 Surface area required for falling rate zone 0.59 m2
22 Total area required for drying 1.2 m2
23 diameter 1.2 m
24 Volume 1.018575 m3
 Constant rate period
Falling rate period

55
35

50
25

50 50
35 35
50
48
48
35