Budgeting & Financial

Planning
Prepared by
Miss Rosean D. Vilones
CAS Faculty
FAITH
 What is a budget
• A budget is a financial plan. It is a
projection (forecast) of what will
happen financially if certain strategies
and decisions are implemented.
 Purpose of Budgeting
• In the context of business management,
the purpose of budgeting includes the
following three aspects:
–A forecast of income and
expenditure
–A tool for decision making
–A means to monitor business
performance
A forecast of income and
expenditure
A tool for decision making
Monitoring business
performance
Budgeting Principles
 Budgeting Principles
1. Be conservative not optimistic
• Try to build in a safety factor by tending to
underestimate your income and overestimate
your expenses. There will always be
unexpected events and therefore a common
strategy in developing a budget is to insert an
additional expense called "contingencies".
This item in the expense budget is an
insurance policy against the unforeseen.
AGAIN, WHAT IS A CONTINGENCY FUND?
 Budgeting Principles
2 Team work and consultation
• Although one person may be responsible for
the overall compilation of the budget, one
person should not be responsible for all the
work involved.
• The task of budgeting should be split and
allocated among those individuals who have
the best chance of knowing what expenditure
is likely to be needed and what income is
reasonable to expect
 Budgeting Principles
3 Allow plenty of time
• Budgeting is not an activity that is completed
in a few hours. A good budget may be worked
on for several weeks, if not months, adding
and changing figures as new information
comes to light.
 Budgeting Principles
4 Excellence in documentation
• Example of labeling:
 Budgeting Principles
• 5 Provide Training
• Training need only be a single meeting in
which those who have experience of
budgeting provide knowledge to others
involved who are less experienced.
 Budgeting Principles
6. Get Sign Off
• Another one of the important principles of
budgeting is to ensure that all persons
formally involved in the budgeting process
agree to the final budget. This agreement by
those involved is often referred to as the "Sign
Off".
AGAIN, WHAT IS SIGN OFF?
 Direct and Indirect Costs
• A direct cost - (variable cost) a cost that is
can easily connect to a product or service
(e.g. software, equipment, raw materials).
• An overhead (indirect cost or fixed cost) -
also known as operating expense. It is he
price of maintaining the entire company.
e.g. wages, electricity, rent, etc)
COSTING OUT A PRODUCTION
 Costing out a production
Traditionally, production
expenses falls into two
broad areas: (1)above-the-
line and (2) below-the-line.
 Above-the-Line
• Although the "line" blurs at
times, above-the-line expenses
generally relate to the performing
and producing elements:
talent, script, music, and others.
 Below-the-line
• Below-the-line elements refer to two broad areas:
– the physical elements: sets, props, make-up,
wardrobe, graphics, transportation, production
equipment, studio facilities, and editing
– the technical personnel: stage manager,
engineering personnel, video recording
operators, audio operators, and general labor
•
 15 Categories of Production
Expenses
• 1. preproduction costs • 9. producer, director, writer,
2. location scouting and creative fees
related travel expenses 10. on-camera talent costs
3. studio rental 11. insurance, shooting
4. sets and set permits, contingencies, etc.
construction 12. online and offline editing
5. on-location expenses 13. advertising, promotion,
6. equipment rental and publicity
7. video recording and 14. research and follow-up
duplication 15. materials, supplies, and
8. production crew costs miscellaneous expenses
ATTRIBUTING COSTS
 Attributing Costs
Once you figure out the cost of a
production, you may need to justify
it, either in terms of cost-
effectiveness or expected results.
 There are three bases on which to
measure cost effectiveness:
• cost per minute
• cost per viewer
• cost vs. measured benefits
 Cost Per Minute
• determine; simply divide the final
Cost per minute is relatively easy to

production cost by the duration of the

finished product. For example, if a 30-
minute production costs $120,000, the
cost per minute is $4,000.
 Cost Per Viewer
• Cost per viewer is also relatively simple to
figure out; divide the total production cost by
the actual or anticipated audience.
• In the field of advertising, CPM or cost-per-
thousand (not cost per million) is a common
measure.
• If 100,000 people see a show that costs
$5,000. On a cost-per-viewer basis, this
comes out to be only five cents a person.
 Cost Per Measured Results
• Cost per measured results is the most difficult to determine.
• Here, we must measure production costs against intended
results.
• Suppose that after airing one 60-second commercial we'll sell
300,000 packages of razor blades at a resulting profit of
$100,000. If we spent a million dollars producing and airing
the commercial, we would have to question whether it was
good investment.
• But, advertisers air most ads more than once.
• If the cost of TV time is $10,000 and we sell 300,000 packages
of razor blades after each airing, we will soon show a profit.
• All of these "measured results" are easily determined by a
calculator.
 Return on Investment
• Things may not be this simple, however.
• What if we also run ads in newspapers and
on radio, and we have huge, colorful displays
in stores?
• Then it becomes difficult to determine the
cost-effectiveness of each medium, and the
question becomes, which approaches are
paying off and which aren't?
 Return on Investment
• And there can be another issue. We can
count razor blades, but it may be more
difficult to determine the returns on
other "products."
• For example, it's very difficult to
determine the effectiveness of
programming on altering human
behavior and attitudes.
 References
• Radio News Reporting and Production,
www.zeepedia.com
• Budgeting. www.leoisaac.com
• Costing Out a Production. Cybercollege. 2004