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FIBONAC
CI
1
Mathematics in the Modern World
Mr. Bornia (C) Copyright (2020-2021) All Rights Reserved
How many pairs of rabbits are
The Fibonacci sequence is produced from that pair in a year, if it
a series of numbers where supposed that every month each pair
a number is found by produces a new pair, which from the
adding up the two second month onwards becomes
numbers before it. Starting productive?” This is best understood
with 0 and 1, the sequence in this diagram:
goes 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34, and so forth.
Written as a rule, the
expression is
𝑿𝒏=𝑿𝒏−𝟏+𝑿𝒏−𝟐
Named after Fibonacci,

also known as Leonardo
of Pisa or Leonardo
Pisano, Fibonacci numbers
were first introduced in his
Liber Abbaci (Book of
Calculation) in 1202. The
son of a Pisan merchant,
Fibonacci traveled widely
and traded extensively.
Mathematics was
incredibly important to
those in the trading
industry, and his passion
for numbers was
cultivated in his youth.
THE HABBIT RABBIT

One of the
book’s exercises
which is written like
this “A man put a
pair of rabbits in a
place surrounded on
all sides by a wall.
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GOLDEN RECTANGLE
Leonardo of Pisa also known as
Fibonacci discovered a sequence of
numbers that created an interesting
numbers that created an interesting
pattern the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
13, 21, 34… each number is
obtained by adding the last two
numbers of the sequence forms
what is known as golden rectangle
a perfect rectangle. A golden
rectangle can be broken down into
squares the size of the next
The sequence encountered Fibonacci number down and below.
in the rabbit problem 1, 1, If we were to take a golden
rectangle, break it down to smaller
2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, squares based from Fibonacci
144, 233, 377, …. is called sequence and divide each with an
the Fibonacci sequence and arc, the pattern begins to take
its terms the Fibonacci shapes, we begin with Fibonacci
spiral in which we can see in
numbers. nature.
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FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN
NATURE NATURE
The sunflower seed conveys the

Fibonacci sequence. The pattern of
Flower petals exhibit the Fibonacci two spirals goes in opposing
number, white calla lily contains 1 directions (clockwise and counter-
petal, euphorbia contains 2 petals, clockwise). The number of
trillium contains 3 petals, columbine clockwise spirals and counter
contains 5 petals, bloodroot contains clockwise spirals are consecutive
8 petals, black-eyed susan contains Fibonacci numbers and usually
13 petals, shasta daisies 21 petals, contains 34 and 55 seeds.
field daisies contain 34 petals and
other types of daisies contain 55 and The Fibonacci sequence can also be
89 petals. seen in the way tree branches form
or split. A main trunk will grow
until it produces a branch, which
creates two growth points. Then,
one of the new stems’ branches
into two, while the other one lies
dormant. This pattern of branching
is repeated for each of the new
stems. A good example is the
zneezewort. Root systems and
even algae exhibit this pattern.
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which was explored by Luca Pacioli
entitled “De Divina Proportione” in
1509. This contains the drawings of
the five platonic solids and it was
probably da Vinci who first called it
“section aurea” which is Latin for
Golden Secion.
In mathematics, two quantities are

in the Golden ratio if their ratio is
the same of their sum to the larger
of the two quantities. The Golden
Ratio is the relationship between
numbers on the Fibonacci sequence
where plotting the relationships on
scales results in a spiral shape. In
simple terms, golden ratio is
expressed as an equation, where a
is larger than b, (a+b) divided by a
is equal to a divided by b, which is
equal to 1.618033987…and
represented by 𝝋 (phi).
GOLDEN RATIO
Fibonacci discovery of Fibonacci
sequence happened to approach the
ratio asymptotically. He found the
interesting and mysterious properties
of the Fibonacci sequence that the
series has a deep relationship with
the golden ratio.
The golden ratio was first called as

the Divine Proportion in the early
1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s work
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The spiral converges at the
intersection of the two lines and
𝝋=𝒂+𝒃𝒂=𝒂𝒃=𝟏.𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟕…. this ratio of the lengths of these
two lines is in the Golden Ratio.
GOLDEN TRIANGLE
GOLDEN RATIO IN NATURE
Golden ratio can be deduced in an
isosceles triangle. If we take the It is often said that math contains
isosceles triangle that has the two the answers to most of universe’s
base angles of 72 degrees and we questions. Math manifests itself
bisect one of the base angles, we everywhere. One such example is
should see that we get another the Golden Ratio. This famous
golden triangle that is similar to the Fibonacci sequence has fascinated
golden rectangle. If we apply the mathematicians, scientist and
same manner as the golden rectangle, artists for many hundreds of years.
we should get a set of whirling The Golden Ratio manifests itself in
triangles. With these whirling many places across the universe,
triangles, we are able to draw a including right here on Earth, it is
logarithmic spiral that will converge part of Earth’s nature and it is part
at the intersection of the two lines. of us.
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1. Flower petals
trees or the number of leaves on a
number of petals in a flower is often floral stem; numbers like 4 are not.
one of the following numbers: 3, 5, 8, 3’s and 5’s, however, are abundant
13, 21, 34 or 55. For example, the lily in nature.
has three petals, buttercups have five
of them, the chicory has 21 of them, 6. Shells
the daisy has often 34 or 55 petals,
etc. Snail shells and nautilus shells
follow the logarithmic spiral, as
2. Faces does the cochlea of the inner ear.
It can also be seen in the horns of
Faces, both human and nonhuman, certain goats, and the shape of
abound with examples of the Golden certain spider’s webs.
Ratio. The mouth and nose are each
positioned at golden sections of the 7. Spiral Galaxies
distance between the eyes and the
bottom of the chin. Similar Spiral galaxies are the most
proportions can been seen from the common galaxy shape. The Milky
side, and even the eye and ear itself. Way has several spiral arms, each
of them a logarithmic spiral of
3. Body parts about 12 degrees.
The Golden Section is manifested in 8. Hurricanes

the structure of the human body. The
human body is based on Phi and the It’s amazing how closely the
number 5.The number 5 appendages powerful swirls of hurricane match
to the torso, in the arms, leg and the Fibonacci sequence.
head. 5 appendages on each of these,
in the fingers and toes and 5 openings
on the face. Animal bodies exhibit
similar tendencies.
4. Seed heads
Typically, seeds are produced at the

center, and then migrate towards the
outside to fill all the space.
Sunflowers provide a great example
of these spiraling patterns.
5. Fruits, Vegetables and Trees
Spiraling patterns can be found on

pineapples and cauliflower. Fibonacci
numbers are seen in the branching of
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GOLDEN RATIO IN ARTS
3. Euclid was the first to give
The golden ratio can be used to definition of the golden ratio as “a
achieve beauty, balance and harmony dividing line in the extreme and
in art, architecture and design. It can mean ratio” in his book the
be used as a tool in art and design to “Elements”. He proved the link of
achieve balance in the composition. the numbers to the construction of
Check out some examples of golden the pentagram, which is now
ratio in arts. known as golden ratio. Each
intersection to the other edges of a
1. The exterior dimension of the pentagram is a golden ratio. Also,
Parthenon in Athens, Greece the ratio of the length of the
embodies the golden ratio. shorter segment to the segment
bounded by the two intersecting
lines is a golden ratio.
2. In “Timaeus” Plato describes five

possible regular solids that relate to 4. Leonardo da Vinci was into many
the golden ratio which is now known interests such as invention,
as Platonic Solids. He also considers painting, sculpting, architecture,
the golden ratio to be the most science, music, mathematics,
bringing of all mathematical engineering, literature, anatomy,
relationships. geology, botany, writing, history
and cartography. He used the
golden ratio to define the
fundamental portions in his works.
He incorporated the golden ratio in
his own paintings such as the
Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper,
Monalisa and St. Jerome in the
Wilderness.
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5. Michaelangelo di Lodovico Simon
was considered the greatest living
artists of his time. He used golden 7. The golden ratio can also be
ratio in his painting “The Creation of found in the works of other
Adam” which can be seen on the renowned painters such as
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. His
painting used the golden ratio a.) Sandro Botticelli (Birth of
showing how God’s finger and Adam’s Venus);
finger meet precisely at the golden
ratio point of the weight and the b.) George-Pierre Surat (“Bathers
height of the area that contains them. at Assinieres”, “Bridge of
Courbevoie” and “A Sunday on La
Grande Jette”), and
c.) Salvador Dali (“The Sacrament

of the Last Supper”).
6. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino or more

popularly known as Raphael was also
a painter and architect from the
Renaissance. In his painting “The
School of Athens,”, the division
between the figures in the painting
and their proportions are distributed
using the golden ration. The golden
triangle and pentagram can also be
found in Raphael’s painting
“Crucifixion”.
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GOLDEN RATIO IN
6. The CN Tower in Toronto, the
ARCHITECTURE tallest tower and freestanding
structure in the world,
Some of the architectural structures contains the golden ratio in
that exhibit the application of the its design. The ratio of
Golden ratio are the following: observation deck at 342
meters to the total height
1. The Great Pyramid of Giza built 7. The Eiffel Tower in Paris,
4700 BC in Ahmes Papyrus of France, erected in 1889 is an
Egypt is with proportion iron lattice. The base is
according to a “Golden Ratio”. broader while it narrows
The length of each side of the down the top, perfectly
base is 756 feet with a height of following the golden ratio.
481 feet. The ratio of the base
to the height is roughly 1.5717,
which is close to the Golden
ratio.
2. Notre Dame is a Gothic
Cathedral in Paris, which was
built in between 1163 and 1250.
It appears to have a golden
ratio in a number of its key
proportions of designs.
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN
WORLD by PMSJR Page 7
3. The Taj Mahal in India used the
golden ratio in its construction
and was completed in 1648. The
order and proportion of the
arches of the Taj Mahal on the
main structure keep reducing BEHAVIOR OF NATURE
proportionately following the Behavior of nature can be observed
golden ratio. around us.
4. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Natural regularities of nature:
Chartres in Paris, France also Symmetry Fractals Spirals
exhibits the Golden ratio. Trees Meanders Waves
5. In the United Nation Building, Foams Tessellations Cracks
the window configuration Stripes Spots
reveals golden proportion.
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Golden Ratio can be found in the
beauty of nature, the growth patterns The meander is one of a series
of many plants, insects, and the of regular sinuous curves,
universe. bends, loops, turns, or
windings in the channel of the
1. Honeycombs of the bees show body of water.
specific regular repeating
hexagons. It uses the least APPLICATIONS OF
amount of wax to store the MATHEMATICS IN THE
honey giving a strong structure
with no gaps. WORLD
2. Zebra’s coat, the alternating
pattern of blacks and white are In our daily life, we use
due to mathematical rules that mathematics directly or indirectly in
govern the pigmentation various fields. The application of
chemicals of its skin. mathematical methods in different
3. Spider webs illustrate a fields such as science, engineering,
beautiful pattern. The spider business, computer science and
creates a structure by industry is a combination of
performing innate steps. mathematical science and
4. The nautilus shell has natural specialized knowledge. For
pattern which contains a spiral example, statistics, combinatorics,
shape called logarithmic spiral. and graph theory are used by
5. Age of the trees can be investigators to solve crimes.
determined by applying Other applications of mathematics
dendrochronology which is a are in forensic science, medicine,
scientific method of dating engineering, information
based on the number of rings technology, cryptography,
found in the core of a tree. archaeology, social sciences,
6. Turtles have growth rings called political science and other fields.
“scutes” which are hexagonal.
Scutes estimates the age of the 1. In forensic, mathematics is
turtle. Smallest scute is in the applied specifically the differential
center and is the oldest one, and integral calculus to clarify the
while the largest ones on the blurred image to clear image.
outside are the newer ones. Another application of calculus is
7. Lightning during storms creates optimization (maximize or
fractals. Foam bubbles formed minimize) surface areas, volumes,
by trapping pockets of gas in a profit and cost analysis, projectile
liquid or solid. motion, etc.
8. Cracks can also be found on the
barks of trees which show some
sort of weakness in the bark.
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2. In medical field, much of a function 6. In archaeology, archaeologists
of a protein is determined by its use a variety of mathematical and
shape and how the pieces move. statistical techniques to present
Many drugs are designed to change the data from archaeological
the shape or motions of a protein by surveys and try to find patterns to
modeling using geometry and related shed on past human behavior an
areas. Mathematics is also being in-carbon dating artifact.
applied in the development of
medicine to cure diseases. 7. In Social Sciences such as
economics, sociology, psychology
3. In fluid dynamics, engineers use and linguistics all now make
numerical analysis in phenomena extensive use of mathematical
involving heat, electricity and models, using the tools of calculus,
magnetism, relativistic mechanics, probability, game theory, and
quantum mechanics and other network theory.
theoretical constructs.
8. In Economics, mathematics such
4. In Information Technology, as matrices, probability and
modern computer are invented statistics are used. The models may
through the help of mathematics. An be stochastic or deterministic,
important area of applications of linear or non-linear, static or
mathematics in the development of dynamic, continuous or discrete
formal mathematical theories related and all types of algebraic,
to the development of computer differential, difference and integral
science. Computer equations arise for the solution of
science development includes logic, these models.
relations, functions, basic set theory,
counting techniques, graph theory, 9. In political Science, political
combinatorics, discrete probability, analysts’ study past election
recursion, recurrence relations and results to see changes in voting
number theory, computer-oriented patterns and the influence of
numerical analysis and Operation various factors on voting behavior
Research techniques. or switching of votes among
political parties and mathematical
5. Cryptography is a combination of models for Conflict Resolution
both mathematics and computer using Game Theory and Statistics.
science and is affiliated closely with
information theory, computer 10. In music and arts, the rhythm
security and engineering. It is used in that we find in all music notes is
applications present in the result of innumerable
technologically advanced societies, permutations and combinations.
examples include the security of ATM Music theorists understand musical
cards, computer passwords and structure and communicate new
electronic commerce. ways of hearing music.
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FIBONAC

Named after Fibonacci,

THE HABBIT RABBIT

The sunflower seed conveys the

In mathematics, two quantities are

The golden ratio was first called as

The Golden Section is manifested in 8. Hurricanes

Typically, seeds are produced at the

5. Fruits, Vegetables and Trees

Spiraling patterns can be found on

2. In “Timaeus” Plato describes five

c.) Salvador Dali (“The Sacrament

6. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino or more

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