JURIELLE Q.

GALAROZA
 BIOMES OF THE EARTH:

• BIOME - a large geographical community that has

a particular type of Climax community (a dominant
type of plant (flora) and animal (fauna) life).
• community of vegetation and wildlife adapted to a
specific climate.
 THE FIVE MAJOR TYPES OF BIOMES
• Aquatic
• Grassland
• Forest
• Desert
• Tundra
Aquatic biomes include both freshwater and marine biomes.

Freshwater biomes are bodies of water surrounded by

land—such as ponds, rivers, and lakes—that have a salt
content of less than one percent. Marine biomes cover close
to three-quarters of earth’s surface. Marine biomes include
the ocean, coral reefs, and estuaries.
 Fresh water

• Pond and Lakes

Streams and Rivers
Wetland
 MARINE BIOMES

• Marine regions cover about three-fourths of the Earth's surface

and include oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. Marine algae
supply much of the world's oxygen supply and take in a huge
amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The evaporation of the
seawater provides rainwater for the land
OCEAN
CORAL REEFS
ESTUARIES
 GRASSLAND

• Grasslands are open regions that are dominated by grass

and have a warm, dry climate. There are two types of
grasslands: tropical grasslands (sometimes called savannas)
and temperate grasslands.
SAVANNAS
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
 FOREST

• Forests are dominated by trees, and cover about

one-third of the Earth. Forests contain much of the
world’s terrestrial biodiversity, including insects,
birds, and mammals. The three major forest biomes
are temperate forests, tropical forests, and boreal
forests (also known as the taiga).
TEMPERATE
FOREST
TROPICAL FOREST
BOREAL FOREST
OR TAIGA
 DESERT

Deserts are dry areas where rainfall is less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) per
year. They cover around 20 percent of Earth’s surface. Deserts can be either
cold or hot, although most of them are found in subtropical areas. Because of
their extreme conditions, there is not as much biodiversity found in deserts as
in other biomes. Any vegetation and wildlife living in a desert must have
special adaptations for surviving in a dry environment. Desert wildlife consists
primarily of reptiles and small mammals. Deserts can fall into four categories
according to their geographic location or climatic conditions: hot and dry,
semiarid, coastal, and cold.
 TUNDRA

• A tundra has extremely inhospitable conditions, with the lowest

measured temperatures of any of the five major biomes with
average yearly temperatures ranging from -34 to 12 degrees Celsius
(-29 to 54 degrees Fahrenheit). They also have a low amount of
precipitation, just 15–25 centimeters (six to ten inches) per year, as
well as poor quality soil nutrients and short summers. There are two
types of tundra: arctic and alpine.
ARCTIC
ALPINE
 ECO FOOTPRINT

The Ecological Footprint is the only metric that measures how much
nature we have and how much nature we use. The Footprint helps:
• COUNTRIES
improve sustainability and well-being
• LOCAL LEADERS
optimize public project investments
• INDIVIDUALS
understand their impact on the planet
 HOW THE FOOTPRINT WORKS?
• Ecological Footprint accounting measures the demand on and supply of nature.
• On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures the ecological assets that a given
population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes (including plant-based
food and fiber products, livestock and fish products, timber and other forest products, space
for urban infrastructure) and to absorb its waste, especially carbon emissions.
• The Ecological Footprint tracks the use of six categories of productive surface areas:
cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on
land.
• On the supply side, a city, state or nation’s biocapacity represents the productivity of its
ecological assets (including cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing grounds, and built-up
land). These areas, especially if left unharvested, can also absorb much of the waste we
generate, especially our carbon emissions.
• If a population’s Ecological Footprint exceeds the region’s biocapacity,
that region runs an ecological deficit. Its demand for the goods and
services that its land and seas can provide—fruits and vegetables,
meat, fish, wood, cotton for clothing, and carbon dioxide absorption—
exceeds what the region’s ecosystems can renew. A region in
ecological deficit meets demand by importing, liquidating its own
ecological assets (such as overfishing), and/or emitting carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere. If a region’s biocapacity exceeds its Ecological
Footprint, it has an ecological reserve.
 MOUNTAIN BUILDING
• MOUNTAIN FORMATION
• 1. orogeny = processes that form all mountain ranges
• a. creates broad, linear regions of deformation known as
• orogenic belts
• b. most belts are associated with plate boundaries
• 2. mountains = natural landforms that reach high elevations
• a. usually have narrow summits and steep slopes
• b. rise at least 600 meters above the surrounding

Saladian Orogeny
3. mountain range = group of adjacent mountains with same
general shape and structure
Ex: Mount St. Helens is part of Cascade Range
4. mountain system = group of adjacent mountain ranges
Ex: The Great Smoky, Blue Ridge, Cumberland, and
Green mountain ranges = Appalachian mountain
system in eastern United States

Antarctic Mountain range

5. mountain belt = large group of mountains including mountain ranges and
mountain systems
a. two major belts
1) Circum-Pacific belt = rings Pacific Ocean
2) Eurasian-Melanesian belt = runs across northern Africa, southern Europe,
and Asia
b. both meet in Indonesia, just north of Australia
c. both belts are located along convergent plate boundaries
6. form when plates collide
a. continental and ocean plate
b. two ocean plates
c. two continental plates
7. continental margin = boundary between continental crust &
oceanic crust
a. two types:
1) active = occur along plate boundaries
2) passive = do not occur at plate boundaries
b. mountain building takes place near active margins
Changes in Earth’s Crust:
1. due to weight (addition or removal) of some part of crust
a. when thicker and heavier will sink more into mantle
b. when thinner and lighter will rise higher on mantle
2. up and down movements occur because of two opposing
forces
a. crust presses down on mantle
b. mantle presses up on crust
c. forces are balanced crust does not move up or down
3. isostasy = balancing of two forces
a. isostatic adjustments = up and down movements of crust
to reach isostasy
b. during adjustments areas of crust are bent up and down
c. pressure created causes rocks in that area to deform
d. occurrences areas
1) constantly in areas with mountain ranges
2) where rivers flow into large
bodies of water carrying
large amounts of sediment
3) where glaciers once covered
the land
4. principle of isostasy = parts of crust will rise or subside until
these parts are buoyantly supported by their roots
a. mountain ranges have thick roots of continental material
that extend into mantle
b. as mountains erode and mass becomes smaller, roots will
become smaller
c. balance between erosion and decrease in size of root will
continue for hundreds of millions of years until both
mountains and their roots disappear
5. isostatic rebound = slow process of crust’s rising as result of
removal of overlying material
deformation = bending, tilting, and breaking of earth’s crust

Types of Mountains
1. folded mountains = rock layers buckle and fold due to being
squeezed from opposite sides
a. highest mountain ranges in the world
b. show evidence of faulting and igneous activity
Ex: Appalachian Mountains (oldest in North America)
Himalayas, Alps, Ural Mountains

Himalayas
2. fault-block mountains = crust is broken into large blocks
and lifted above surrounding crust
a. faulting tilted blocks form gently sloping mountains
b. one block is pushed up while the other block is pushed
down
Ex: Grand Teton Mountains, WY
c. grabens = long, narrow valleys formed when large blocks
of crust have dropped between normal faults
Ex: Death Valley, CA
Yosemite
d. horsts = forms when block of crust is thrust upward
between two normal faults
Ex: Basin and Range Province of Nevada
e. ocean ridge mountain ranges can be thousands of km wide
f. pillow basalts = igneous rock formed when magma pushes
through dikes and erupts onto seafloor

Located in Nevada
3. volcanic mountains = when molten rock erupts onto surface
a. develop on land or ocean floor
b. largest found on divergent plate boundaries of mid-
ocean
ridge
c. peaks can rise above sea level to form volcanic islands
d. hot spots = pockets of magma beneath crust that erupt
onto surface
Ex: Mt. St. Helens, WA [land]
Mauna Loa, Hawaii [hot spot]
Iceland [volcanic island]

Mt. Baker
4. dome mountains = molten rock rises through crust and
pushes up rock layers above it
a. forms a circular dome on earth’s surface
b. also referred to as uplifted mountains
c. isolated structures that tend to occur in areas of
essentially flat-lying sedimentary rocks
d. eventually rock wears away in places leaving separate
high peaks
Ex: Black Hills, SD
Adirondack Mountains, NY

Yellowstone