KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

Nation Religion King

44

ិ
សាកលវទ្យាល័
យ អង្គរខេមរា
Angkor Khemera University
English Department

Cultural Studies II
Group Assignment
Political and Economic Institute
Submitted by:

1. In Pera
2. Heng Vivort
3. Prom Punleu
4. Chen Sreynich
5. Som Senghong

Submitted to:
Mr. Oung Sovanna

Academic Year
2020 -2021
 Content
1. Politic.............................................................................................................................................................1

2. Definition of politic........................................................................................................................................1

3. 4 Conceptions of politic.................................................................................................................................1

4. Type of political system.................................................................................................................................2

5. History of political..........................................................................................................................................2

6. Definitions of Power and Authority...............................................................................................................3

7. Two Models of Political Power......................................................................................................................3

8. Economic institute..........................................................................................................................................4

9. Definition of economic...................................................................................................................................4

10. History of economic.....................................................................................................................................4

11. Economic system..........................................................................................................................................5

12. Capitalism.....................................................................................................................................................5

13. Socialism......................................................................................................................................................5

14. Reference......................................................................................................................................................6
 Preface
Welcome to our friends, students, readers, researchers and those who want to find out

more about our documents. We are very happy to submit the research work of Professor

Oung Savanna to give us this research work for research to expand knowledge and

experience in the future. And we have also researched and compiled this book.

This book only explains a few of the issues that I have researched in the past and some

references in Internet libraries and other places. We hope that this book will be a basis for

reaching the details as well. And this document only shows some methods.

Finally, we look forward to receiving criticism from readers, researchers, teachers,

professors, peers and the younger generation for any inadvertent errors in words, phrases,

grammar, alphabet to help improve the book. This is better and more accurate.

Finally, we wish our readers, researchers, teachers, professors and students all the blessings

of the Four Noble Truths, the Seven Noble Truths, and good luck at all times. Achieve the

goals that everyone aspires to.

Thank you
 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
POLITIC
Definition of politic
Politic is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of
power relations between individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The academic study of
politics is referred to as political science.
It may be used positively in the context of a "political solution" which is compromising and non-
violent, or descriptively as "the art or science of government", but also often carries a negative connotation.
For example, abolitionist Wendell Phillips declared that "we do not play politics; anti-slavery is no half-jest
with us. “The concept has been defined in various ways, and different approaches have fundamentally
differing views on whether it should be used extensively or limitedly, empirically or normatively, and on
whether conflict or co-operation is more essential to it.
A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include promoting one's own political views
among people, negotiation with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising force, including
warfare against adversaries. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from clans and tribes of
traditional societies, through modern local governments, companies and institutions up to sovereign states,
to the international level. In modern nation states, people often form political parties to represent their ideas.
Members of a party often agree to take the same position on many issues and agree to support the same
changes to law and the same leaders. An election is usually a competition between different parties.
A political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a society. The history
of political thought can be traced back to early antiquity, with seminal works such as Plato's Republic,
Aristotle's Politics, Chanakya's Arthashastra and Chanakya Niti (3rd century BCE), as well as the works of
Confucius.
There are 4 conception of politic
1. Politics as the art of government: ‘Politics is not a science . . . but an art’, Chancellor Bismarck is
reputed to have told the German Reichstag. The art Bismarck had in mind was the art of government,
the exercise of control within society through the making and enforcement of collective decisions.
This is perhaps the classical definition of politics, developed from the original meaning of the term in
Ancient Greece.
2. Politics as public affairs: A second and broader conception of politics moves it beyond the narrow
real of government to what is thought of as ‘public life’ or ‘public affairs’. In other words, the
distinction between ‘the political’ and ‘the non-political’ coincides with the division between an
essentially public sphere of life and what can be thought of as a private sphere. Such a view of
politics is often traced back to the work of the famous Greek philosopher Aristotle. In Politics,
Aristotle declared that ‘man is by nature a political animal’, by which he meant that it is only within
a political community that human beings can live the ‘good life’. From this view-point, then, politics
is an ethical activity concerned with creating a ‘just society’, it is what Aristotle called the ‘master
science’.
3. Politics as compromise and consensus: The third conception of politics relates not to the arena within
which politics is conducted but to the way in which decisions are made. Specifically, politics is seen
as a particular means of resolving conflict: that is, by compromise, conciliation and negotiation,
rather than through force and naked power. This is what is implied when politics is portrayed as ‘the
art of the possible’. Such a definition is inherent in the everyday use of the term. For instance, the
description of a solution to a problem as a ‘political’ solution implies peaceful debate and arbitration,
1
 as opposed to what is often called a ‘military’ solution. Once again, this view of politics has been
traced back to the writings of Aristotle and, in particular, to his belief that what he called ‘polity’ is
the ideal system of government, as it is ‘mixed’, in the sense that it combines both aristocratic and
democratic features. One of the leading modern exponents of this view is Bernard Crick. In his
classic study In Defence of Politics.

4. Politics as power: The fourth definition of politics is both the broadest and the most radical. Rather
than confining politics to a particular sphere (the government, the state or the ‘public’ realm), this
view sees politics at work in all social activities and in every corner of human existence. As Adrian
Leftwich proclaimed in What is Politics? The Activity and Its Study (2004), ‘politics is at the heart
of all collective social activity, formal and informal, public and private, in all human groups,
institutions and societies’. In this sense, politics takes place at every level of social interaction; it can
be found within families and amongst small groups of friends just as much as amongst nations and
on the global stage.

Types of political system

As societies have evolved through the centuries, so have different forms of political systems (Nolan
andLenski, 1999). In hunting and gathering societies, therewas very little formal government. Political
leaders were typically chosen on the basis of exceptional physical prowess or personal charisma. Formal
governmental structures emerged with the development of agricultural economies and the rise of city-states.
As societies became more diversified with the development of commerce, industry, and technology,
government began to take the form of the national political state. The first strong nation-states, including
France, Spain, and England, appeared in the late 1400s. Gradually, traditional authority was replaced by
rational-legal authority. Contemporary nation-states can beclassified into three basic types: democratic,
totalitarian, and authoritarian.

History of political
Prehistoric
Frans de Waal argued that already chimpanzees engage in politics through "social manipulation to
secure and maintain influential positions" Early human forms of social organization bands and tribes—
lacked centralized political structures. These are sometimes referred to as stateless societies.

Early states
In ancient history, civilizations did not have definite boundaries as states have today, and their borders
could be more accurately described as frontiers. Early dynastic Sumer, and early dynastic Egypt were the
first civilizations to define their borders. Moreover, up to the 12th century, many people lived in non-state
societies. These range from relatively egalitarian bands and tribes to complex and highly stratified
chiefdoms.

2
Globalization
Political globalization began in the 20th century through intergovernmental organizations and
supranational unions. The League of Nations was founded after World War I, and after World War II it was
replaced by the United Nations. Various international treaties have been signed through it. Regional
integration has been pursued by the African Union, ASEAN, the European Union, and Mercosur.
International political institutions on the international level include the International Criminal Court, the
International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization.
what is power Weber defined power as the ability to control the behavior of others, even against their
will. Power takes various forms. Some people, for example, wield great power through their personal appeal
or magnetism. John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr., and César Chávez were able to in- fluence others
through the force of their charismatic personalities.
What is authority? Weber also believed that a political institution must rest on a stable form of power if
it is to function and survive. This more stable form of power is authority. Authority is power accepted as
legitimate by those subject to it.
Definitions of Power and Authority
The set of functions that concern the production and distribution of goods and services for a society is
called the economic institution. Because economic decisions affect how valuable resources are shared
between organizations and the general public, conflicts inevitably arise. The responsibility for handling
these conflicts is the institution through which power is obtained and exercised the political institution.
These two institutions are so closely interrelated that it is very hard to think of them as separate. For a
beginning study of sociology, however, we can think of economics as the distribution of resources and
politics as the exercise of power. This chapter will look first at how politics affects group behaviors and then
at the economic scene.
Democracy
representative democracy a system of government that uses elected officials to fulfill majority wishes.
Political Freedom
Democracy is unevenly distributed worldwide. The accompanying map classifies countries according
to
three degrees of political freedom: free, partly free, and not free.
Totalitarianism a political system in which a ruler with absolute power attempts to control all aspects
of a society.
authoritarianism a political system controlled by elected or nonelected rulers who usually permit some
degree of individual freedom.
Two Models of Political Power
1/pluralism system in which political decisions are made as a result of bargaining and compromise
among special interest groups.
2/elitism system in which a community or society is controlled from the top by a few individuals or
organizations.
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 ECONOMIC INSTITUTE
Introduction Economic institutions have re-emerged at the Centre of attention in development
economics after a long period when their existence and smooth functioning was assumed in the hypotheses
of neo-classical economics. Recent analyses using cross-country regressions suggest that it is the quality of
institutions that is the single most important difference between those economies in the developing world
that have grown strongly and those that have not. However, these insights have not necessarily produced
useful guides for policy-makers. It is one thing to recognize the importance of institutional quality, but quite
another to specify what makes for quality and to suggest how it may be improved. As a first step towards
understanding more about institutions and their quality, three questions arise: how are economic institutions
created, how do they function, and with what effects? To begin to answer these questions, we need a
working definition of economic institutions and an associated set of concepts.

Definition of economic
Economic is the social science that studies how people interact with value; in particular, the
production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents and how economies work.
Microeconomics analyzes basic elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their
interactions, and the outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households,
firms, buyers, and sellers. Macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a system where production,
consumption, saving, and investment interact, and factors affecting it: employment of the resources of labor,
capital, and land, currency inflation, economic growth, and public policies that have impact on these
elements.
Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics, describing
"what is", and normative economics, advocating "what ought to be"; between economic theory and applied
economics; between rational and behavioral economics; and between mainstream economics and heterodox
economics.
Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, in real estate, business, finance, health care,
engineering and government. Economic analysis is sometimes also applied to such diverse subjects as crime,
education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment.

History of economic
Economic writings date from earlier Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, Indian subcontinent, Chinese,
Persian, and Arab civilizations. Economic precepts occur throughout the writings of the Boeotian poet
Hesiod and several economic historians have described Hesiod himself as the "first economist”. Other
notable writers from Antiquity through to the Renaissance include Aristotle, Xenophon, Chanakya (also
4
known as Kautilya), Qin Shi Huang, Thomas Aquinas, and Ibn Khaldun. Joseph Schumpeter described
Aquinas as "coming nearer than any other group to being the "founders' of scientific economics" as to
monetary, interest, and value theory within a natural-law perspective.
Two groups, who later were called "mercantilists" and "physiocrats", more directly influenced the
subsequent development of the subject. Both groups were associated with the rise of economic nationalism
and modern capitalism in Europe. Mercantilism was an economic doctrine that flourished from the 16th to
18th century in a prolific pamphlet literature, whether of merchants or statesmen. It held that a nation's
wealth depended on its accumulation of gold and silver. Nations without access to mines could obtain gold
and silver from trade only by selling goods abroad and restricting imports other than of gold and silver. The
doctrine called for importing cheap raw materials to be used in manufacturing goods, which could be
exported, and for state regulation to impose protective tariffs on foreign manufactured goods and prohibit
manufacturing in the colonies.
Physiocrats, a group of 18th-century French thinkers and writers, developed the idea of the economy as
a circular flow of income and output. Physiocrats believed that only agricultural production generated a clear
surplus over cost, so that agriculture was the basis of all wealth. Thus, they opposed the mercantilist policy
of promoting manufacturing and trade at the expense of agriculture, including import tariffs. Physiocrats
advocated replacing administratively costly tax collections with a single tax on income of land owners. In
reaction against copious mercantilist trade regulations, the physiocrats advocated a policy of laissez-faire,
which called for minimal government intervention in the economy.
Adam Smith (1723–1790) was an early economic theorist. Smith was harshly critical of the
mercantilists but described the physiocratic system "with all its imperfections" as "perhaps the purest
approximation to the truth that has yet been published" on the subject.

Economic systems
Economic systems are the branch of economics that studies the methods and institutions by which
societies determine the ownership, direction, and allocation of economic resources. An economic system of
a society is the unit of analysis.
Among contemporary systems at different ends of the organizational spectrum are socialist systems and
capitalist systems, in which most production occurs in respectively state-run and private enterprises. In
between are mixed economies. A common element is the interaction of economic and political influences,
broadly described as political economy. Comparative economic systems studies the relative performance
and behavior of different economies or systems.
The U.S. Export-Import Bank defines a Marxist–Leninist state as having a centrally planned economy.
They are now rare; examples can still be seen in Cuba, North Korea and Laos.
Capitalism
Economic systems, as suggested earlier, involve the production and distribution of goods and services.
Capitalism is an economic system founded on two basic premises: the sanctity of private property and the
right of individuals to profit from their labors. Capitalists believe that individuals, not government, deserve
to own and to control land, factories, raw materials, and the tools of production. They argue that private
ownership benefits society. Capitalists also believe in unrestricted competition with minimum government
interference.
What are monopolies and oligopolies?
monopolies: companies that have control over the production or distribution of a product or service.
oligopolies: combinations of companies that control the production or distribution of a product or
service.

Socialism

5
 Socialism is an economic system founded on the belief that the means of production should be
controlled by the people as a whole. The state, as the people’s representative, should own and control
property. Under a socialist system, government directs and controls the economy. The state is expected to
ensure all members of society a share in the monetary benefits.

6
 Reference
Cultural study book II
"The book of Etiques and of Polettiques [sic]" (Bhuler 1961/1941:154).
Citations
1/Leftwich, Aian. (2015). What is politics? : the activity and its study. Polity Press. p. 68.
ISBN 978-0-7456-9852-6. OCLC 911200604.
2/ Hague, Rod; Harrop, Martin (2013). Comparative Government and Politics: An
Introduction. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-137-31786-5.
Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
3/ Johnston, Alexander; Woodburn, James Albert (1903) [1903]. American Orations: V. The
Anti-Slavery Struggle. G. P. Putnam and Sons. p. 233 – via Internet Archive.