CETTM MTNL

Introduction to Data Communication

Module Id : IDATINT002

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Topics Covered MTNL

 Introduction, objectives, history

 Standards
 Encoding
 Multiplexing
 Modulation, modems, DSLs
 Error control
 Synchronization
 OSI Model
 Data compression and encryption

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CETTM
Introduction MTNL

 Computers have aided so much to human

intelligence that they are now ubiquitous. The time
we are living can be termed as information age.
 However, unless they communicate, the benefits
are limited. When computers are networked, their
capacity to aid to our daily functions increases
exponentially.
 Computers contain data, which when processed
and converted to useful form it becomes
information.

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Data Communication Objectives MTNL

 To reduce time & effort to perform various business

task
 Capturing business data at their sources
 Centralizing control over business data
 Effecting rapid dissemination of information
 Reducing current & future cost of business
 Expansion of business capacity at reasonable
incremental cost as the organization grows
 Organizational objectives in centralizing &
decentralizing computer systems
 Supporting improved management control of
organization

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Effectiveness of Datacomm System MTNL

depends on
Delivery - Data must be delivered to correct
destination
Accuracy - System must deliver data accurately
Timeliness - Data must be delivered in a timely
manner, i.e. delivering data as they
are produced, in the same order that
they are produced, without
significant delay

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A little Bit of History MTNL

 Morse Code ( Or Telegraph) was invented

by Samuel F.B Morse in 1832.
 The first telegraphic line established in 1844
between Washington DC & Batlimore.
 Emile Baudot invented the Telegraph
multiplexer.
 Signals from six different machines were
transmitted over a single wire.
 Until 1920 telegraph lines was the only
means of sending information across water-
till radio was invented.

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A little Bit of History MTNL

 ENIAC computer was invented by J. Presper

Eckert and John Mauchly in 1946.
 The US National Bureau of Standards
developed the first all electronic- diode based
computer capable of executing stored
programs
 The UNIVAC computer -1951 - by Remington
Rand was the first mass produced computer.
 1950's
 punch cards for inputting information
 printers for outputting
 magnetic tape reels for permanently storing
information.
 Processed one job at a time – batch processing.

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A little Bit of History MTNL

 In 1960's batch processing was replaced by

on-line processing systems- terminals directly
connected to the computer through serial or
parallel communication lines.

 In 1970's – microprocessor controlled

microcomputers.

 In 1980's- personal computers.

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Internet, Intranet and WWW MTNL

Internet –
Public communication network used millions of
people all over the world to exchange business
and personal information
Intranets –
Private data network used by many companies
to exchange information among employees
connected to the public Internet through
firewalls.
World wide Web –
A server based application that allows
subscribers to access the services offered by
Web browsers –
NetScape communicator and Microsoft Internet
explorer are commonly used for accessing
data.
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Standards MTNL

 Essential in creating & maintaining an

open and competitive market for
equipment manufacturers and in
guaranteeing national and international
interoperability of data and telecom
technology and processes
 Provide guidelines to manufacturers,
government agencies and other service
providers

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Standards MTNL

 Data communication standards fall in two

categories
 de facto ( by fact or by convention)
 de jure ( by law or by regulation )
 Standards that have not been approved
by an recognized body but have been
adopted as standards through
widespread use are de facto standards

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de jure Standards MTNL

 de jure standards are those that have been

legislated by an officially recognized body.
These standards are subdivided into two
classes
1. Proprietary ( Closed standards) : Originally
invented by commercial organization as a
basis for the operation of its product
2.Non-proprietary standards (open standards)
- Originally developed by groups or
committees that have passed them into the
public domain
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Data Representation MTNL

 Humans use letters, punctuation marks, numerals

and special characters for written communication.
 Computers store and process data in Binary
Values
 For translation from human language to computer
language and back, we have following codes:
 A 7 bit code named as American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII) by American National
Standard Institute (ANSI) / ITU-T T.50 (IA5) / ISO 646
 The above code contains 94 printable characters + 32
control symbols + Space and Delete characters
 An 8 bit code named as Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) by IBM
 5 bit Baudot teletype code ITA2 (International Telegraph
Alphabet 2)
 6 bit BCDIC code and Morse Code etc.

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CETTM Data Encoding MTNL

 Parallel suitable for short distances

 Serial for any distance
 With in the computer Unipolar binary
values may be used
 For transmission over long distance it must
be Bipolar to avoid net transfer of
electrical charge and minimum transfer of
energy. Moreover it helps in timing
information recovery and error detection.

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Unipolar MTNL

It uses only one polarity

1 is represented by voltage and 0 by no voltage

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Data Encoding MTNL

Bipolar Signal
 Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) codes
 NRZ-Level
 NRZ-Invert (NRZ-Mark or NRZ-Space)
 Multilevel codes like 2B1Q
 Biphase codes
 Manchester code or Biphase-L code
 Differential Manchester code
 Biphase-M code, Biphase-S code
 Return to Zero (RZ) codes
 AMI / HDB3 / B8ZS / Pseudoternary / G.703 codir

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Non-Return to Zero MTNL

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Non-Return to Zero MTNL

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Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion MTNL

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High Density Bipolar 3 (HDB 3) MTNL

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Return to Zero (RZ) MTNL

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Transmission Media MTNL

 Twisted pair copper cable

 STP / UTP
 Loaded / unloaded
 Coaxial cable
 Optical fibre
 Multimode / Mono-mode
 Step index / Graded index
 Modal dispersion / Chromatic dispersion
 Wireless (Terrestrial / Satellite)

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Overcoming Limitations of Distances MTNL

Developments in
 Media
UTP, Coaxial, Fiber, Microwave, Satellite
 Technology
Signal transmission and recovery

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Point to Point (Voice Grade) MTNL

LOCAL
HOST MDM Telecom
Bldg. ‘A’
Analogue

Media
Analogue
LOCAL
Telecom MDM PC
Bldg. ‘B’
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Point to Point (Broadband) MTNL

LOCAL
HOST
MDM MDM Telecom
‘A’
Bldg. ‘A’

Media

LOCAL
HOST
Telecom MDM MDM
‘B’
Bldg. ‘B’

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Terminology MTNL

 DTE
 DCE
 Interface
 Modem
 Protocol
 Flow control
 Rate adaptation
 BPS / BER

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Interfaces MTNL

 V.24 / V.28, RS-232-D,

 V.35, V.11
 ISO 8877 / RJ45
 Balanced / Unbalanced

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P S T N - Dial up MTNL

Telephone Network Modem

HOST PC
‘C’
Modem

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ISDN MTNL

Telephone Network NT
(IS DN)

HOST
‘C’ NT
PC

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Schematic Diagram MTNL

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Multiplexing MTNL

 Need for multiplexing

 Types of multiplexing
 Frequency Division Multiplexing
 Code Division Multiplexing
 Time Division Multiplexing
Synchronous
 Bit / Byte / Frame interleaving
Asynchronous/ Statistical

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CETTM
STDM MTNL

T1 T2 T3

Channel 3 Channel 2 Channel 1

Channel 1 Channel 1
Channel 2 Channel 2
Channel 3 Channel 3
T1 = T2 = T3
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ATDM MTNL

T1 T2 T3

Channel 3 Channel 4 Channel 1

Channel 1 Channel 1
Channel 2 Channel 2
Channel 3 Channel 3
Channel 4 Channel 4
Packet Header T1, T2, T3 Variable
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Comparison MTNL

STDM ATDM
Time period Equal Variable
Transfer Sequential Need based
Idle TS Not used Used
Bandwidth Fixed Dynamic
Cost Expensive Economical

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Technology Transformation MTNL

Point to Point Dedicated

Circuit Switch
PSTN / ISDN

Packet Switch
X.25 / Frame Relay / ATM / Internet

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Data Transmission MTNL

 Mode
 Simplex / Half Duplex / Full Duplex
 Timing
 Asynchronous communication
 Synchronous communication
Co-directional
Contra-directional
Centralized clock

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Modulation MTNL

 Waveform equation y = a sine (ωt+φ)

 Amplitude modulation
 Angle modulation
Frequency modulation
Phase modulation
 Corresponding to above in data modems
 ASK, FSK, PSK
 DPSK, BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, QAM
 Bit rate vs baud rate
 Gray code (phase constellation)

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK) MTNL

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK) MTNL

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Modems MTNL

Voice grade channels

FSK specifications
 V.21: 2wire, 300bps, full duplex
 V.23: 4wire, 1200bps, full duplex, 2w half duplex
PSK Specifications
 V.26: 4wire 2400bps full duplex
 V.27: 4wire 4800bps full duplex
 V.27bis: 4w / 2w 4800bps full / half duplex
 V.22: 2wire 1200bps, V.22bis: 2wire 2400bps
 V.26bis: 2wire 2400bps half duplex
 V.26ter: 2wire 2400bps full duplex
 V.27ter: like V.27bis but 2w PSTN modem

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CETTM
Modems MTNL

PSK Specifications
 V.29 4w 9600bps QAM
 V.33: 4w 14400bps
 V.32: 2w 9600 bps
 V.34: 4w / 2w 33.6kbps
 V.90: 2w asymmetric 56kbps and 33.6kbps
 V.92: 2w asymmetric 56kbps and 48kbps
Group-band modems
 V.36: 48 to 72kbps and V.37: 96 to 114kbps

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Modems MTNL

 V.42 error correction (LAPM)

 V.42bis compression protocols (Lempel Ziv)
 V.44 compression (Lempel-Ziv-Jeff-Heath)
 MNP, Trellis code
 2Wire and 4Wire
 Hybrid loss of 3 db
 Scramblers / Descramblers
 Equalizers (attenuation, phase, adaptive)
 Echo suppressers / cancellers
 Disabling companders and echo suppressers
 Signal to noise ratio

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CETTM Tests MTNL

V.54 test loops

 Loop 1: digital loop-back
 Loop 2: remote digital loop-back
 Loop 3: local analog loop-back
 Loop 4: remote analog loop-back
 Loop 5: local digital loop-back and loop
forward
 Loop 6: local analog loop-back and loop
forward
Test patterns
 29-1 , 211-1 , 215-1 etc.
BER performance
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Transmission Impairments MTNL

 Attenuation
 Delay
 Noise
 Thermal / Intrinsic noise of electronic devices (e.g.
shot noise) / Electromagnetic / Cosmic and
Atmospheric disturbance
 Impulse noise
 Gain hits and dropouts
 Phase hit / Phase zitter
 Single frequency interference
 Frequency shift

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DSLs MTNL

 Types
 Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
HDSL / SDSL / SHDSL
 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ADSL / ADSL lite / ADSL2 / ADSL2+ /
ADSL2++ (ADSL4)
 Symmetric and Asymmetric DSL
VDSL

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DSLs MTNL

ADSL
 8.1 mbps max speed
 26 Khz to 1.1 Mhz
 Three information channels
a high speed downstream channel
a medium speed upstream channel
a plain old telephone service (POTS)
channel for voice

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ADSL (FDM) MTNL

Amplitude

Pots Upstream Data Downstream Data

0 4 25 138 1104Khz
Frequency

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ADSLs MTNL

ADSL Data rates depend on these factors

 length of the copper wire, the wire
gauge, presence of bridged taps, and
cross-coupled interference
The line performance increases if
 length is reduced, wire gauge
increases, bridge taps are eliminated
and cross-coupled interference is
reduced

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CETTM ADSL MTNL

Discrete Multi-Tone modulation (DMT)

 4 Khz channels with 4.315 Khz spacing
(26 uplink + 224 downlink bins)
 QAM
 Maximum 15 bits per tone
 BER 10-7
 Embedded operations channel (EOC)
 Bit swapping
 26 AWG, 18000 feet, 1500 and 128 kbps

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ADSL MTNL

Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP)

 Non standard version of QAM
 Two PAM signals Combined and filtered
through two filters designed so that their
impulse responses form a Hilbert pair
 25 to 160 Khz uplink 200 Khz to 1.1Mhz
(max) downlink

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Synchronization MTNL

 Bit synchronization
 Byte / Frame synchronization
 Network synchronization
 Stratum1 clocks
 Stratum2 clocks
 Controlled buffers
 Clock slips

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Error Control MTNL

 Data can be corrupted during

transmission.
 For reliable communication, errors must
be detected and corrected.
 Reliable communication system must
have a mechanism for detecting and
correcting such error.

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Reasons for Errors MTNL

 Impairment in the signal

 Missed data due to other reasons
 Incorrect Routing
 Flow control
 Loss of sync
Bit level
Byte / Frame / Packet / Segment
level

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Types of Errors MTNL

 Lost data unit

 Data unit with errors
 Single Bit Errors
 Multi-bit Errors
 Error Bursts

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Error Control Methods MTNL

 Error detection followed by its correction

 Acknowledgement
 Positive
 Negative
 Timer for retransmission
 Error correcting codes

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Error Detection MTNL

 Redundancy is a must
 Methods
 Parity check
 good for single / odd bit errors only
 Checksum
 Transport protocol checksum bytes X and Y
(X.224, IS8072)
 Detection ratio 255 to 1 for random errors
 Cyclic redundancy check
 Use of n+1 bit devisor polynomial for generation
of n bit CRC code

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Error Detection (CRC) MTNL

Capability
 Detects all single / double / odd bit
errors
 All error bursts < (n+1) bit lengths
 Probability of detecting error bursts of
(n+1) bit length is 1-(1/2)n-1
 Probability of detecting error bursts of
>(n+1) bit length is 1-(1/2)n
Examples
 ITU-T V.41 x16 + x12 + x5 + 1
 CRC-32 x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 +
x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1
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Error Correction MTNL

Error Correction through Automatic

Repeat Requests (ARQ)
 Stop and wait
 Go back to N ARQ
 Selective Repeat ARQ
Forward Error Correction
 Block parity (Longitudinal and vertical
parity)
 Hamming code
 Convolutional codes (e.g. Trellis, Reed-
Soloman)
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CETTM Data Link Control Protocols MTNL

 LAPB
 LAPD
 LAPM
 HDLC
 Frame Relay
 ATM

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Error is unavoidable MTNL

 ITU-T standards for point to point circuit’s

error performance
 M.1020 and M.1025 for voice grade
circuits for BER performance of 10-5
 G.821 and G.826 for n x 64 kbps circuits

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G.821 MTNL

 Available time
 Unavailable time
 Errored seconds
 Severely errored seconds
 Degraded minutes
 Alarms
 No signal, Sync loss, Clock slip, AIS, All
zeros
 BER / BLER
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CETTM
Data Communication Protocols MTNL

Connection oriented protocols

 ATM,
 FR,
 X.25,
 TCP

Connectionless protocols
 IP,
 UDP
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 Switching Technology & Event Timings MTNL
CETTM

Circuit Switch Virtual Circuit Datagram

Call Call Request H1
Request PK
1
H2
PK H1
Call Accept Call Accept 2 PK
H3 1
PK H2
PK H1
3 PK
T Message H1
2
H3 1
PK PK
i
H2

3 PK
1
m
H2
PK 2
ACK
H1
H3
2 PK PK
e H3
PK 1 3
PK
H2

3 H1
PK
2
PK
H3
1
PK
H2

3
L 1 L 2 L 3 Lines 2 Lines L1 L2 L3
PK
H3

3
ACK

N1 N2 N3 N4 Nodes Nodes N1 N2 N3 N4
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ISO’s OSI Model MTNL

Application User Support, Login, Password, File Transfer.

Presentation Code & Format Conversion

Session Session Management, Synchronization

Transport Optimum Utilization of Resources

Network Routing & Relaying

Data Link Error Control And Flow Control

Physical Bit Conversion Suitable to Interface

Media Transmission Of Electrical Signal

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Data Compression and Storage MTNL

 Lossless and Lossy

 Degree of compression and amount of
distortion
 Examples
 JPEG, MPEG, LBR Voice, Lempel-Ziv,
Huffman code etc.
 Data storage
 NAS, SAN

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Data Encryption MTNL

 Data security
 Data encryption
 DES, Tripple DES, RSA
 Symmetric and Asymmetric key
 Cryptanalysis
 Brute force

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Summary MTNL

 How?? & Why??

 Interoperability..?
 Timing information..?
 Charge built up on conductors..?
 Efficient utilization of bandwidth..?
 Limitation due to distance and impairments..?
 Local loop bottleneck or resource..?
 Error control..?
 Synchronization..?
 Layering..?
 Data volume & security..?
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CETTM
References MTNL

 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org
 Datacommunication by Shri Gupta
 ITU-T website

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