SECTION A

QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 B
1.1.2 D
1.1.3 D
1.1.4 B
1.1.5 D
1.1.6 C
1.1.7 B
1.1.8 C
1.1.9 A
1.1.10 A (10 x 1)(10)

1.2 1.2.1 cuticle

1.2.2 cytoplasm
1.2.3 mitochondrion
1.2.4 ligament
1.2.5 sutures / fixed
1.2.6 vacuole
1.2.7 glucose
1.2.8 phalanges (8)

1.3 1.3.1 B only

1.3.2 both A and B
1.3.3 A only
1.3.4 B only
1.3.5 B only
1.3.6 both A and B (6 x 2)(12)
1.4 1.4.1 To find out if plants can be cloned using tissue culture of
meristematic tissue. (2)
1.4.2 Plants can be cloned using tissue culture of meristematic tissue.OR

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 Plants cannot be cloned using tissue culture of meristematic tissue. (2)
1.4.3 Small pieces of meristematic plant tissue. (1)
1.4.4 The growth of plantlets. (1)
1.4.5 The same amount of nutrient jelly
The same type of plant tissue
The same temperature
The same amount of time (any 2) (2)
1.4.6 Sterilise all equipment used
Dip the meristematic tissue into disinfectant after cutting
Close top of test tube with cotton wool (any 2) (2)
(10)

TOTAL SECTION A: (40)

SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1 2.1.1 C (1)
2.1.2 chloroplast (1)
2.1.3 Structure of a root cell

root hair
nucleus
vacuole (4)
(6)
2.2 2.2.1 phloem (1)
2.2.2 structure A – sieve plate
cell B – companion cell (2)
2.2.3 Transports sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant (2)
(5)

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2.3 2.3.1 To block the stomata on the leaf surface /
To prevent transpiration from the leaf surface /
To prevent water loss from the leaf surface (1)
2.3.2 a) (i) The percentage change in mass for the negative control:
mass at end of investigation in g × 100
mass at start of investigation
15,5 g × 100 
16
9,7 % (2)
(iii) The percentage change in mass for the dorsal
surface test:
mass at end of investigation in g × 100
mass at start of investigation
10,5 g × 100 
14
7,5 % (2)
b) (ii) The rate of transpiration for the negative control:
percentage change in mass
time duration of the investigation (1)
9,7 %
6 hr
1,62 g.hr-1 (1)
(iv) The rate of transpiration for the dorsal surface test:
percentage change in mass
time duration of the investigation (1)
7,5 %
6 hr
1,25 g.hr-1 (1)

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 2.3.3 Bar graph showing the transpiration rate in four differently treated leaves

17,5

15,0

12,5
Transpiration rate (g.hr-1)

10,0

5,0

2,5

0,0
positive negative ventral dorsal
control control surface surface

Leaf treatment
Mark allocation
 heading: Bar graph showing the transpiration rate in four differently treated leaves
 bar graph
 x-axis title: leaf treatment

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 x-axis scale: different treatments
 y-axis title: Transpiration rate (g.hr-1)
 y-axis scale with a scale break
 correct plotting of second point (7)
2.3.4 The most water is transpired / lost from the ventral surface of a leaf. (2)
(16)
2.4 2.4.1 Highest concentration of oxygen – atmosphere
Lowest concentration of oxygen – muscle cells (2)
2.4.2 diffusion (1)
2.4.3 osmosis (1)
2.4.4 cellular respiration (1)
(5)

2.5 2.5.1 Bursting of red blood cells (1)

2.5.2 red blood cells / erythrocytes (1)
2.5.3 Water moves into a cell by osmosis / endosmosis
causing bursting of the cell (2)
2.5.4 0,4 % salt concentration (1)
2.5.5 Fish are used to salty water / water with dissolved substances.
Their blood can cope with a high salt concentration / lower water
concentration.
Their cells burst at a low salt concentration / a high water
Concentration from endosmosis. (3)
(8)
(40)
QUESTION 3
3.1 3.1.1 1 – scapula
2 – humerus
part 3 – radius
part 5 – ulna (4)
3.1.2 gliding joint (1)
3.1.3 support
movement (2)
3.1.4 The biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes moving the arm upwards.
The biceps relaxes and the triceps contracts moving the arm
downwards. (6)

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3.1.5 calcium
phosphorus (2)
(15)
3.2 3.2.1 erythrocytes / red blood cells
leukocytes / white blood cells
plasma (3)
3.2.2 striated skeletal muscle / striated voluntary muscle. (1)
3.2.3 tendon (1)
3.2.4 A – tibia
B – metatarsals (2)
(7)
3.3 3.3.1 (a) brain
(b) lungs
(c) spinal cord (3)
3.3.2 breathing / inhalation and exhalation (1)
3.3.3 at the ends / heads of bones in a joint.
They enable smooth movement (2)
(6)
3.4 Table classifying bones found in the pectoral and pelvic girdle.

Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones

Axial skeleton E – atlas
F - femur A – carpals D – scapula
Appendicular
B – metacarpals
skeleton
C – phalanges
(12)
[40]

TOTAL SECTION B: [80]

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SECTION C
QUESTION 4
What osteoporosis is; its symptoms and its causes.
- Osteoporosis is a disorder that weakens the strength of bones
- Occurs in aging males and females.
- It occurs in lumbar vertebrae and pelvic bones.
- It is caused by a lack of calcium absorption and retention.
- Large cavities are formed in the bones.
- Bone density decreases.
- Bones can become compacted / crushed under weight (any 6) (6)
Medical recommendations to prevent or delay osteoporosis.
- a balanced diet.
- foods rich in calcium.
- calcium supplements
- vitamin D and sunlight.
- regular exercise
- no alcohol / smoking (6)
Personal view with supporting reasons from sources A to D.
EITHER

Nutritional substances do prevent / delay the onset and progression of osteoporosis. (1)
- Increasing calcium intake from dietary sources or by taking supplements produces
small (1-2%) increases in bone mineral density. (Source E)
- Use of synthetic Amorphous Calcium Carbonate (ACC) showed that the
absorption and retention rates of calcium were up to 40 percent higher in the
blood and 30 percent higher in bone when the ACC compound is compared to
other calcium sources, reducing bone deterioration and healing of fractures.
(Source D)
- Physicians are aware that vitamin D, calcium and regular exercise are essential for
maintenance of bone health. (Source C)
- Specific nutritional factors may improve calcium metabolism and bone formation
and nutritional supplements should attempt to provide ample, but not excessive,
amounts of factors that are frequently insufficient in the typical diet. (Table 1 and
Source C) (5)

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OR
Nutritional substances do not prevent / delay the onset and progression of
osteoporosis. (1)

- Osteoporosis occurs naturally with an increase in age beyond 50 years (Source B)
- Menopause is a natural occurrence and results in osteoporosis in women with
increasing age. (Source B)
- Increasing calcium intake from dietary sources or by taking supplements produces
small (1-2%) increases in bone mineral densities which “are unlikely to lead to a clinically
meaningful reduction in risk of fracture." (Source E)
- There is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary
sources prevents fractures. (Source E) (4)
Content:(17)
ASSESSING THE PRESENTATION OF THE ESSAY
Marks Description
3 Well structured – demonstrates insight and understanding of question
2 Minor gaps or irrelevant information in the logic and flow of the answer
1 Significant gaps or irrelevant information in the logic and flow of the answer
0 Not attempted/nothing written other than the question number/no relevant information

NOTE: NO marks to be awarded for answers in the form of flow charts or diagrams.
Synthesis: (3)

Sub-total Section C: [20]

GRAND TOTAL: 140

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