Biology 1 Lecture 4

Bio 1

Asexual and Sexual

Reproduction

Michael C. Velarde, Ph.D.

Modes of Reproduction

 Asexual reproduction involves the

formation of individuals whose genes all
come from one parent.

 Sexual reproduction is the formation of

offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

JP Quilang 1
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Asexual Reproduction
 Fission: asexual
reproduction in
which a parent
separates into two
or more
approximately
equal sized
individuals.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Asexual Reproduction
 Budding: asexual
reproduction in
which new
individuals split
off from existing
ones.

Hydra

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

JP Quilang 2
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Asexual Reproduction
 Gemmules of sponges are an example of a type
of asexual reproduction that involves the release
of specialized cells that can grow into new
individuals.

Gemmules of the freshwater sponge spongilla.

Image courtesy of J. Houseman
http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa090700a.htm

Gemmules (Spongilla lacustris) Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Asexual Reproduction
 Fragmentation: the breaking
of the body into several
pieces, some or all of which
develop into complete adults.
 Requires regeneration of lost
body parts.

Echinaster luzonicus (Pacific sea star)

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

JP Quilang 3
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Asexual Reproduction

Parthenogenesis
• the process by which an unfertilized
egg develops into (often) haploid Virgin birth
adult.
• plays a role in the social organization
of species of bees, wasps, and ants.
- Male honeybees are haploid and female
honeybees are diploid.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Asexual Reproduction

Vegetative Propagation
• the process by which new organisms
arise without production of seeds or
spores

JP Quilang 4
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Sexual Reproduction

Fertilization = Union of the egg (female) and

sperm (male)

Sexual Reproduction

Fertilization in
Flowering plants
 Union of the sperm with
the egg inside the ovary
of the parent organisms

 Preceded by pollination

Seed Fruit

JP Quilang 5
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Sexual Reproduction

How about seedless grapes?

Vegetative Propagation

Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization in Animals
External fertilization

 Union of the egg and sperm

outside the body of the parent
organisms

 requires a moist habitat that will

protect a developing egg from
desiccation and heat stress.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

JP Quilang 6
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization in Animals
Internal fertilization

 Union of the egg and sperm

inside the body of the parent
organisms

 requires cooperative behavior

that leads to copulation

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sexual Reproduction

Fertilization in Animals

Parental care of
offspring may occur
regardless of whether
fertilization is external
or internal.

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

JP Quilang 7
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Reproductive System in Flowers

Male Female
Reproductive Reproductive
System System

Male and Female Reproductive System in the Same Individual

Reproductive System in Humans

Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System

Male and Female Reproductive System in Separate Individuals

JP Quilang 8
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Sperm Production in Humans

Egg Production in Humans

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

JP Quilang 9
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Egg Production in Humans

Simmen & Simmen Endocrinology. 2006

Fertilization in Humans

stage
Morula

Uterus

TOO COMPLICATED!!!

JP Quilang 10
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction

Disadvantages of Advantages of
Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction
 complicated  can reproduce without needing
 requires more time to find a mate

 uses much more energy  can have numerous offspring in

than asexual reproduction a short period of time
 in stable environments, allows
for the perpetuation of
successful genotypes

Why do so many animals reproduce sexually rather

than asexually?

Sexual reproduction, with its breakup and

recombination of genetic material, keeps producing
novel genotypes that in times of environmental
change may survive and reproduce, whereas most
other die.

JP Quilang 11
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Sexual reproduction produces more diverse offspring

Sexual
Reproduction:
Gametes
Asexual Reproduction (Sperm and Egg)
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Haploid gametes
become diploid after
fertilization

JP Quilang 12
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Hermaphroditism
one individual is
functional as both a
male and a female.
 Some self-fertilize
 Most mate with
another member of
the same species

Sequential hermaphroditism: an individual

reverses its sex during its lifetime.
 Protogyny: female to male
• Protandry: male to female

Thalassoma duperre Sparus aurata

(saddle wrasse) (Gilthead seabream)
(protogynous) (protandrous) Amphiprion ocellaris
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (Ocellaris clownfish)
Protandrous

JP Quilang 13
Biology 1 Lecture 4

Hermaphroditism in Humans: Intersex

• 46, XX Intersex
chromosomes = female
internal genitals = female
external genitals = female + male-like

• 46, XY Intersex
chromosomes = male
internal genitals = male / abnormal
external genitals = female / ambiguous

• True Gonadal Intersex

chromosomes = either male or female
internal genitals = both
external genitals = female-like / male-like / ambiguous

Infertile in humans, NOT the

• Complex or Undetermined Intersex
chromosomes = complex
internal genitals = normal
external genitals = normal same as other species

JP Quilang 14