Construction and Building Materials 210 (2019) 620–626

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Effect of fly ash and limestone powder on inhibiting alkali aggregate

reaction of concrete
Haifeng Wang a,⇑, Dingyan Wu b, Zhen Mei a
a
College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
b
School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China

h i g h l i g h t s

Limestone powder with reduced particle size was used in this paper to inhibit AAR, and it played a positive role.

Fly ash and limestone powder were used as the composite cementitious materials to inhibit AAR.

ARR inhibiting was discussed by using of adding 80% (Wt %) limestone powder and microscopic examination.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The alkali aggregate reaction (AAR) about the aggregate marked with W1# was studied by using of four
Received 2 January 2019 kinds of methods, including accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT), mortar bar length test (MBLT), concrete
Received in revised form 11 March 2019 prism method (CPM) and rock column method (RCM). AMBT showed that the expansion ratio of the spec-
Accepted 16 March 2019
imens at 14 days was 0.200%, and the expansion ratio at 28 days was 0.404%; MBLT showed that the
Available online 21 March 2019
expansion ratio at 3 months was higher than 0.050%, and the expansion ratio at 6 months was higher
than 0.100%; CPM showed that the expansion ratio at 39 weeks was higher than 0.040%. These studies
Keywords:
above indicated that W1# aggregate was the aggregate with potential alkali-silica activity. RCM tests
Fly ash
Limestone powder
showed that the aggregate doesn’t have potential alkali-carbonate activity. The inhibiting experiments
Alkali aggregate reaction (AAR) showed that the expansion ratio at 14 days and 28 days were less than 0.10% by adding more than
Accelerated mortar bar test 45% (Wt/%) limestone powder or adding 15% (Wt/%) fly ash, meanwhile, the expansion ratio at 14 days
Inhibition and 28 days were all less than 0.10% after adding 15% (Wt/%) limestone powder and 30% (Wt/%) fly
ash or adding 25% (Wt/%) limestone powder and 25% (Wt/%) fly ash, respectively. Mesh structures were
formed by the hydration products in the micro structure, and no micro cracks and the white flocculent
products could be observed inside and outside of the samples. All the results above confirm that AAR
of the aggregate was inhibited effectively, and it will play the useful role in AAR research.
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction of the main causes of the deterioration of highway concrete struc-

Alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) was noticed and studied more
than 60 years ago. For many factors, such as the long-term
response, the universality of the raw materials, the different work-
ing environment and so on, AAR was always found but could not be
controlled effectively, it would lead to security accidents in build-
ing structures, and therefore, AAR was regarded as cancer of the
concrete. In Central Europe and Scandinavia, alkali-aggregate reac-
tion (AAR) typically occurs in massive concrete structures such as
bridges and dams. Despite of having similar bedrock with Sweden,
Finland has been considered as an AAR free country [1]. AAR is one
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wanghaifengdoc@hqu.edu.cn (H. Wang).
tures and pavement in the United States and of durability problems
in concrete structures [2]. In China, it will enter a peak period of
the problems caused by AAR [3–5]. On the one hand, about 40–
50 years ago, the alkali content in the cement was not strictly lim-
ited, and this was one of the most important factor leading to AAR;
on the other hand, a large amount of chemical admixtures with
alkaline were used in the concrete during recent two decades,
the alkali percentage in the concrete would be increased. Fortu-
nately, many researches proved that some industrial wastes such
as fly ash and slag could be used as the reclaimed resource to inhi-
bit AAR [5–9]. Although some traditional researchers believed that
the limestone powder was inactive material, the other studies have
shown that once the particle size of limestone powder was ground
to a certain extent [10–12], its activity could be displayed. For

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.219
0950-0618/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 H. Wang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 210 (2019) 620–626 621

these reasons above, limestone powder and fly ash were proposed Table 4
in this study to inhibit AAR, and it proved that both the fly ash and Particle gradation of limestone powder.

limestone powder could play an active role in inhibiting research limestone powder
of AAR. Fineness 45 lm 80 lm 0.16 mm
Sieve residue (%) 34.4 7.4 0.0
2. Experimental

2.1. Raw materials
2.1.1. Aggregates
The aggregates (including gravel and sand) in the study come
from Kampuchea. The aggregates are marked with W1# and it,
and the limestone powder is obtained by crushing of aggregates
of W1#. The Portland cement (PO 42.5) and fly ash come from
Wuhan and the properties of sand are shown on Table 1.
2.1.2. Properties of powder materials
The chemical compositions and the properties of the powder
materials (including cement, fly ash, and limestone powder) can
be seen on Tables 2–4.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Test methods
The tests and the inhibition of AAR were studied in accordance
with the standard of DL/T5151-2014 Code for testing aggregates of
hydraulic concrete, and the ASTM C 1260 has also been used as a
reference [13,14]. Four kinds of the methods were used in the
experiment, including accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT), length
of mortar bar test (LMBT), concrete prism method (CPM), and rock
column method (RCM). The formulation for AMBT, MBLT and CPM
was calculated as follows.
Lt  L0
et ¼  100%
L0  2D
where et is the expansion ratio of the specimen after the age of t
days, Lt is the length of the specimen after the age of t days, L0 is
the length of the standarded specimen, and D is the length of the
copper nail. The formulation for inhibition of AAR by using of AMBT
was calculated as follows.
es  e1
RC ¼  100% ð2Þ
es
where RC is the reducing ratio of mortar bar specimen, es is the
expansion ratio of mortar bar specimen at the age of 28 days, and
e1 is the expansion ratio of the standard specimen at the age of
28 days.
2.2.2. Preparation of specimens
According to the standard of the DL/T5151-2014 and the ASTM
C 1260 [13,14], the mortars in the experiment were prepared with
the size of 25.4 mm  25.4 mm  285 mm. Three specimens
formed one group, which the ratio of cement: sand is 1: 2.25.
In CPM test the concrete specimen was prepared with the size
of 75 mm  75 mm  275 mm. The water cement ratio was 0.42,
and the weight ratio of coarse aggregate to fine aggregate was
6:4. The size of specimens in RCM was that the bottom diameter
was 9 mm ± 1 mm, and the length was 35 mm ± 5 mm. The propor-
tion of concrete can be seen on Table 5.
3. Results and discussion
ð1Þ 3.1. Activity detection of W1# aggregates by using of AMBT
The alkali activity of W1# aggregates were detected by using of
accelerated mortar bar (AMBT) test, and it could be seen on
Table 6.

Table 1
The particle gradation of sand.

Item Sieve hole (mm) 5.0 2.5 1.25 0.63 0.315 0.16 Fineness modulus (Mx)
Artificial sand Unit screen residue (mm) 2.73 20.0 15.2 19.5 18.6 8.6 2.73
Cumulative screen residue (mm) 2.73 22.7 37.9 57.4 76.0 84.6

Table 2
Chemical composition of cement, fly ash and limestone powder.

Item Chemical compositions/% Specific density/(kg/m3) Compressive

strength /MPa
SiO2 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O R2O SO3 Loss 7 days 28 days
AL2O3
PO 42.5 Cement 22.23 4.28 4.67 62.28 1.89 0.11 0.50 0.51 2.19 0.57 3118 25.1 44.8
Limestone powder 15.71 3.15 0.72 43.01 1.18 0.03 0.42 – – 35.61 2760 – –
Fly ash 55.90 31.57 4.84 1.07 1.21 0.38 3.50 – – 0.74 2380 – –

Table 3
Particle gradation of fly ash.

45 lm sieve residue (%) Water demand ratio (%) Water content (%) Particle gradation composition (cumulative content %)
＞60 lm 50 lm 40 lm 30 lm 20 lm 15 lm 10 lm
9.0 90.0 0.2 2.98 5.19 10.40 16.02 28.38 40.25 99.99
622 H. Wang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 210 (2019) 620–626

Table 5 It can be seen from Table 7 that the expansion ratio at the age of
The proportion of concrete (kg/m3). 3 months is 0.012%, and the expansion ratio at the age of 6 months
Cement Sand Aggregates Water is 0.0146%, the standard of DL/T5151-2014 points out that the
5–20 mm 20–40 mm aggregate has the potential activity if the expansion ratio at
3 months is higher than 0.05% or the expansion ratio at 6 months
1.00 2.03 1.17 1.89 0.42
is higher than 0.10%. All the expansion ratios in LMBT are less than
0.10% and this indicates that W1# is not the active aggregate. How-
It can be seen from Table 6 that the expansion ratio of the ever, white cementing materials appeared in some parts of speci-
aggregate at the age of 14 days is 0.200%, according to the standard mens in long term ages, and a large number of flocculent
of DL/T5151-2014, the aggregates need to be tested by CPM to products can be observed as is shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b); mean-
evaluate whether the aggregates have the active characteristics while, SEM test shows that many internal small cracks appeared
when the expansion ratio is in the range of (0.1%, 0.2%). Therefore, in the specimen at the age of 6 months, which can be seen from
it can be determined that aggregate of W1# belongs to the aggre- Fig. 1(c) to (f). Considering the above phenomena, the aggregates
gate with potential harmful reactivity. are suspected of having potential alkali reactivity, and its alkali
reactivity need to be detected by other methods.
3.2. Activity detection of W1# by using of LMBT
3.3. Activity detection of W1# by using of CPM
LMBT was used to detect the activity of W1# aggregates, and
the micro structures were studied by using of scanning electron The activity of W1# aggregates were detected by using of con-
microscope (SEM), the details can be shown on Table 7 and Fig. 1. crete prism method (CPM), it could be seen in Fig. 2.

Table 6
Expansion ratio of the aggregates of W1# by using of AMBT.

AMBT Expansion ratio (%)

3d 7d 14d 21d 28d
W1# 0.023 0.090 0.200 0.308 0.404

Table 7
Expansion ratio of the aggregates of W1# by using of LMBT.

LMBT Expansion ratio (%)

1w 2w 1m 2m 3m 6m
W1# 0.0003 0.0031 0.0034 0.0119 0.0120 0.0146

w – week, m – month.

(a) Products of AAR (b) White products and crack (c) Crack in micro structure

(d) Crack and hydration products (e) hydration products (f) Micro cracks in matrix material
Fig. 1. Detection of w1# aggregates.
 H. Wang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 210 (2019) 620–626
Fig. 2. Expansion ratio of W1#by using CPM.
According to the standard of DL/T5151-2014, the aggregate will
has the potential activity if the expansion ratio at 1 year (48 weeks)
is higher than 0.04%. From Fig. 2 it can be seen that the expansion
ratio increases over time after long-term study, and the expansion
ratio at 39 weeks is 0.042%, this indicates that the expansion ratio
of the aggregate at 1 year will be greater than the limitation of
0.04%, therefore, it confirms that the aggregate of W1# has the
property of potential alkali reactivity.
3.4. Activity detection of W1#by using of RCM
RCM was proposed to study the activity of W1#, and the results
were presented in Fig. 3.
In order to obtain the representative specimens, three speci-
mens were taken from the raw material in three vertical directions,
ant the specimens were marked with X, Y, and Z. According to the
standard of DL/T5151-2014, the aggregate will has the potential
activity if the expansion ratio at 48 days is higher than 0.10%.
The test above shows that the expansion ratios at three mutually
vertical directions at 84 days are all less than 0.10%; this proves
that aggregates of W1# doesn’t have the property of alkali-
carbonate reactivity.
To summarize all the rests above, it indicates that the aggregate
of W1# has the potential activity of alkali silica reaction.
3.5. ARR inhabitation of W1# aggregates
3.5.1. AAR inhibition of W1# aggregates with limestone powder.
The limestone powder was used to replace part of cement to
inhibit the expansion ratio of W1# by using of AMBT, the contents
Fig. 3. Expansion ratio of W1# by RCM test.
623
of the limestone powder were proposed from 10% to 80% (mass
fraction of cement), the expansion ratios were tested at the ages
of 3d, 7d, 14d, and 28d, respectively. The results can be seen from
Figs. 4 and 5.
From the picture above, it shows that AAR can be inhibited
effectively by adding limestone powder. When the content of the
limestone powder is less than 45%, nearly all the expansion ratios
of the samples at the age of 14d are in the range of (0.10%, 0. 20)%,
and many small cracks and hydration products appeared, which
can be seen from Fig. 5(a); but when the content of limestone pow-
der exceeds 45%, all the expansion ratios at the age of 14d are less
than 0.10%, and the inner structure is dense enough and no micro
cracks can be observed, which can be seen in Fig. 5(b) and (c).
Although some researches believed that the limestone powder
is the inert material and can only play the positive role in the con-
crete because of its micro aggregate effect, others pointed out that
as the particle size is decreased enough, the specific surface area
will increase gradually and more and more surface atoms will
appear on the surface, which will lead to the mismatched bond
state seriously, and the surface energy will be increased rapidly
[15,16]. For this reason the surface atoms with high activity will
have a lot of activity centers, extremely unstable and easy to com-
bine with other atoms [8,9,17,18]. Meanwhile, there probably are
some ultrafine particles in the limestone powder and they will also
make the limestone powder have the certain activity. For the rea-
sons above, limestone powder can improve the performance of the
concrete; it not only can decrease the hydration temperature, but
also can accelerate the hydration of C3S and improve the strength
of concrete for its unique microcrystalline effect [10,19–21]. In the
study above, although adding 45% (Wt/%) limestone powder can
inhibit the expansion apparently, maybe the strength will be neg-
atively affected with the large content of the admixture. It was
reported that when the particle size was less than 45 lm, the activ-
ity of limestone powder could be clearly demonstrated [22]. This
proves that it is necessary to study the influence of the limestone
powder in the hydration characteristics of the complex cementi-
tious materials [23–25].
Some researchers, such as WU [5,6], who has studied the
inhibiting of AAR by using of any powder materials such as fly
ash and silica fume, and has discussed the effect of particle size
on the particle activity. Among these existed researches, different
hydration products of C3A single minerals at different ages were
studied by using of adding 0%, 10%, 20% and 35% limestone powder
respectively, and the research pointed out that the single carbon
aluminate (3CaOAl2O3CaCO311H2O) was produced to replace
the single sulphoaluminate in the hydration process. Compared
with the single sulphoaluminate, the single carbon aluminate
had greater stability. Although the limestone powder could not
Fig. 4. Expansion ratio of W1# by AMBT.
624 H. Wang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 210 (2019) 620–626

(a) Micro cracks in matrix material (b) Dense structure (c) Hydration products
Fig. 5. Micro morphology of w1# with adding limestone powder.

Fig. 6. Expansion of samples with adding fly ash. Fig. 8. Expansion of samples with fly ash and limestone powder.

The amount of OH in the hydration circumstance can be

have great effect on the type of the hydration products of the alu-
minate calcium, it could change the formation of the hydration
products [26–28].
3.5.2. AAR inhibiting of W1# aggregates by using of fly ash
Based on the existed experience, several representative
schemes were designed to use the fly ash to inhibit AAR by AMBT.
The results can be seen in Figs. 6 and 7.
The picture shows that nearly all the expansion ratios at the age
of 14d are less than 0.10% when the content of the fly ash is within
15%–30%. By the examination of SEM, it shows from Fig. 7(a) to (c)
that a large number of the hydration products can be observed,
such as CSH and Ca(OH)2, and mesh structures formed by these
hydration products at the age of 28d, and the whole structure
was dense and few micro-cracks can be observed.
greatly reduced by the incorporation of fly ash, thereby the erosion
of the reactive aggregate can be reduced [29–31]. High alkalinity
circumstance in the cement slurry will increase the impetus for
CaO and Na2O to move to the acidic SiO2, and fly ash has the
greater affinity for CaO and Na2O. After adding the fly ash, the alka-
linity of the hydration products in the cement slurry is decreased,
and the relative power of alkaline oxides and the reactive aggre-
gate combination will be small. This will reduce the possibility of
alkali aggregate reaction.
3.5.3. AAR inhibiting of W1# aggregates by using of fly ash and
limestone powder
In order to study the effect of fly ash-limestone powder on the
inhibiting of alkali aggregate reaction, the contents of cement,
limestone powder and fly ash were designed in accordance with

(a) Micro structure (b) Hydration products (c) Crystals in micro structure
Fig. 7. Micro morphology of samples with adding fly ash.
 H. Wang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 210 (2019) 620–626
(a) Dense structure (b) Hydration products
(d) Dense structure (e) Micro structure
Fig. 9. Micro morphology of samples with fly ash and limestone powder.
100-0-0 (%), 55-15-30 (%) and 50-25-25 (%), respectively. The
results can be seen in Fig. 8.
From Fig. 8 it shows that adding fly ash and limestone powder
can keep expansion ratios less than 0.05% at the age of 28 days, and
it plays a positive role to inhibit AAR effectively for W1#
aggregates.
As is shown in SEM pictures of Fig. 9(b) and (c) that fly ash and
cementitious materials can be observed obviously in the micro
structures, and it also can be focused form other pictures of
Fig. 9 that the whole structure is dense and nearly no small cracks
can be seen. According to the theory of adsorption, hydration of C3S
will release Ca2+, and Ca2+ will spread to the nearby surface of
CaCO3 particles, then Ca2+ is absorbed by CaCO3 particles [19,32–
34], and the concentration of Ca2+ near C3S particles will be
decreased for the reason of this kind of adsorption. This process
adjusts the hydration rate of the cementitious materials, reduces
the hydration heat, and improves the hydration products and
structure; this has a positive effect on inhibiting AAR of the
concrete.
4. Conclusions
(1) By using of accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT), concrete
prism method (CPM), and rock column method (RCM), it
confirms that aggregates of W1# are the aggregates with
potential alkali-silica activity. It is advisable to use a variety
of methods to evaluate whether the aggregates have the
potential activity.
(2) By using of adding limestone powder to replace party of the
cement, the expansion ratios of W1# at the age of 14 days
are less than 0.10% when the limestone powder contents
exceed 45%. This proves that the AAR of W1# aggregates
can be inhibited effectively.
(3) When the content of the fly ash is in the range of 15%–30%,
nearly all the expansion ratios at the age of 14d are less than
0.10%. This indicates that the inhibiting methods in this
study can achieve effective results in AAR inhibiting.
625
(c) Fly ash and hydration products
(f) Hydrated structure
(4) When the adding contents of cement, limestone powder and
fly ash are designed in accordance with 55-15-30 (%) and 50-
25-25 (%), respectively, the expansion ratios of all the spec-
imens at the age of 28 days will be less than 0.05%, which
demonstrates that the proposed approach is experimentally
validated on inhibiting AAR.
Conflict of interest
None.
Acknowledgements
The above-described investigation was supported by the funds
from Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (NO.
2016J01241) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No. 51608212). The authors also thank the anonymous reviewers
for their invaluable comments and suggestions to improve the
quality of the paper.
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