Module 3

Finals
Battery
Alessandro Volta- 1800, he made voltaic file out cardboard soak in a salty water
Primary battery----not rechargeable --- chemical reactions are not easily reversible
- zinc-carbon battery
- Alkaline battery
Secondary batteries --- can be charged --- chemical reaction can be reversible.
- nickel cadmium battery
- nickel metal hydride
- lithium-ion
- lead acid battery
Battery
Equivalent circuit
Eterm
I r = Battery internal resistance
Eterm = Terminal voltage
r Etot = Total source voltage

Eterm = Etot – I ( r )
EL
Etot
Cells in series

E1 E2 E3
r1 r2 r3
rt = r1 + r2 + r3

Et = E1 + E2 + E3
Cell in parallel

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑟𝑡 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
r1 r2 r3
1
rt = 1 1 1
E1 E2 E3 𝑟1
+ 𝑟2 + 𝑟3

Et = E1 = E2 = E3
Example:
1. A 60 Ampere hour nickel – cadmium battery has been
fully charged , a) how long could it supply a continuous
current of 5 amperes? b) what continuous current can it
supply for 20 hours?
2. The no load terminal voltage of a battery is 30 volts. The
terminal voltage drops to 22 V when supplying 5 Amperes.
Determine the internal resistance of this battery?
3. The terminal voltage of a battery is 20 when it is
supplying a current of 6A. The short circuit current is 30A,
determine the Emf & the internal resistance of this
Battery?
4. . 9 cells with 3 V each, connected in Series parallel with
same internal resistance 0f 0.1 Ω , 3 cells in series are
connected in parallel with another 3 cells connected in
series. This parallel combination is in series with the last 3
cells c0nnected in series? Find the total emf and r?
1. A 60 Ampere hour nickel – cadmium battery has been fully charged , a)
how long could it supply a continuous current of 5 amperes? b) what
continuous current can it supply for 20 hours?
a. T = AH / I = 60 /5 = 12 hours
b. I = AH / T = 60 / 20 = 3 A
2. The no load terminal voltage of a battery is 30 volts. The terminal voltage
drops to 22 V when supplying 5 Amperes. Determine the internal
resistance of this battery?
Eterm = Etot – Ir
Etot = Eterm + Ir
30 = 22 + 5 r
3. The terminal voltage of a battery is 20 when it is supplying a current of 6A. The
short circuit current is 30A, determine the Emf & the internal resistance of this
Battery?
Etot = Eterm + Ir
= 20 + 6r
Shorted:
E = 30 r ;
sub:
30r = 20 +6r
24 r = 20 ;
r = 20/24 = 0.833 Ω
E = 30 (0.833) = 25 V
4. 9 cells with 3 V each, connected in Series parallel with same
internal resistance 0f 0.1 Ω , 3 cells in series are connected in parallel
with another 3 cells connected in series. This parallel combination is in
series with the last 3 cells c0nnected in series? Find the total emf and
r?
Sol’n
1. a. T = AH / I = 60 /5 = 12 hours
b. I = AH / T = 60 / 20 = 3 A
2. Eterm = Etot – Ir
Etot = Eterm + Ir
30 = 22 + 5 r
r = (30 – 22)/5 = 1.6 Ω
3. Etot = Eterminal + Ir = 20 + 6 r
E = 30 r ; sub: 0 = 20 – 24 r ; r = 20/24 = 0.833 Ω
E = 30 (0.833) = 25 V
4. Et = 18 V, Rt = 0.45 Ω
Exercises
1. Two Batteries Has 12 V Emf, each with an internal resistance of 0.5 Ω
each. Are to be recharge by means of 25 volts source. What is the
charging current?
2. Determine the total emf & the total internal resistance of a) 3 cells,
3 volts each with 0.2 Ω internal resistance of each connected in series
aiding ?
b. 3 cells, 3 volts, 0.2 Ω each all in series but one is opposing ?
c. 4 cells, 3 volts, 0.4 Ω each all in series but two are opposing?
d. 3 cells in series, 6V is opposing with 4 V & 3V with 0.4 Ω, 0.3 Ω, &
o.2 Ω internal resistance respectively?
3. Determine the total emf & the total internal resistance of a. 3 cells in
parallel with 3 V & 0.2 Ω each?
b. 3 cells in parallel with 3 V each and 0.2 , 0.3 & 0.25 internal resistance
respectively?
4. Two identical zinc - carbon batteries are available. When connected in
series, they supply 0.5 A to a load of 4 ohms, when they are connected in
parallel, they supply 0.4 A to a 5 ohms load. Determine the Emf and the
internal resistance of each battery?
5. Two 6 volts each battery are connect in parallel to a load of 4 ohms, the
internal resistance of the first battery is 1 ohms while the second battery is
2 ohms, calculate the current of first battery , second battery and the
load?
. 6. In the given circuit below, determine the voltage Rt, It,
Vab, Vad, Vdg, Vbf, Vfi & V ai .

a b c d
2Ω 9Ω
6V
4Ω
3Ω
j e
12 V 3V
9V
5Ω 7Ω
f
h g
i
Answers
1. I = 1A ……4 pts.
2. a) Et = 9 V, rt = 0.6 ohms b) Et = 3 V , rt = 0.6 ohms
c) Et = 0 V , rt = 1.6 ohms d) Et = 1 V , rt = 0.9 ohms
3. a) E = 3 V, r = 0.067 or 1/15Ω
b) E = 3 V r = 0.081 or 3/37 Ω

4. E = 2.67 0r 8/3 V 5. it = 9/7 A = 1.286 A

r = 3.33 or 10/3 Ω i1 = 6/7 A = 0.857 A
i2 = 3/7 A = 0.43 A
6.
Rt = 30 Ω
Vt = 18 V
It = 0.6A = 3/5 A
Vab = 1.2 V = 6/5 V
Vad = 12.6 V = 63/5 V
Vdg = 3 V
Vbf = 10.2 V = 51/5 V
Vfi = - 1.8 V = 9/5 V
Vai = 9.6 V = 48/5 V
Activity 1
Mesh current method

• Mesh Current Method, also known as the Loop Current Method, is

quite similar to the Branch Current method in that it uses
simultaneous equations, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, and Ohm's Law to
determine unknown currents in a network.
 a b
2Ω

Note: never give polarity of the voltage drop. The polarity will be
dependent on the assumed direction of current ex. Loop –A , Ia
will be positive while Ib will be negative , like wise, at loop B, Ib
will be positive while I a will be negative.
Loop – a
-28 + 4Ia + 2 (Ia – Ib) = 0 3(1) – 2(Ia) +7 = 0
-28 + 6Ia – 2 Ib = 0---eqn. 1 Ia = 5 A = I1
Loop – b I2 = Ia – Ib
2(Ib – Ia) + Ib(1) + 7 = 0 I2 = 5 – 1
3Ib – 2Ia +7 = 0---eqn.2 I2 = 4 A
Mult. Eqn2 by 3
21 – 6Ia + 9Ib = 0 ---eqn.2’
Add 1& 2’
-28 + 6Ia – 2 Ib = 0---eqn.1
21 – 6Ia + 9Ib = 0 ---eqn.3
- 7 + 7Ib = 0
Ib = 1 A = I3
Exercise
Making use of the mesh loop, calculate I1, I2, I3, I4 & I5 show all
1.
direction of current
R1 =15Ω R3 = 22 Ω R5 = 10Ω

30V R2 = 18Ω R4 = 15Ω 20 V

33la-18lb+0=30 I2 = Ia-Ib
-18la+55Ib-15Ic=0 I4 = Ib - Lc
0-15lb+25Ic = 20

Ia = 1.337A = I1
Ib = 0.784A = I3
Ic = 1.27 A = I5
Superposition theorem
• A very useful tool because it extends the use of
ohms law to the circuit that has two or more
sources or power supply.
Procedure s:
1. Let the first source be the supply first while
letting the other source be shorted.
2. Assume a conventional directions of the current.
3. Solve all the branch current
4. Let the second source be the supply while letting
the first source be shorted.
5. Assume a conventional directions of the current.
6. Solve all the branch current
7. Considering the directions of these current, calculate the final
current getting the sum or difference of that branch current due to
the two sources.
example

4Ω 1Ω

2Ω
Answer key
I1’ = 6 A I1’’ = 1 A
I2’ = 2 A I2’’ = 2 A
I3’ = 4 A I3’’ = 3 A

I1= I1’ – I1’’ = 5 A

I2= I2’ + I2’’ = 4 A
I3= I3’ – I3’’ = 1 A
Final direction of current
Activity 2