Check Your Understanding

1.Given two household electric bulbs:

bulb 1 has a wattage rating of 120 W
and bulb 2 with a wattage rating of 60
W. Both bulbs have the same normal
voltage rating of 220 V. a) Compare the
resistance of these two bulbs. B)
Which bulb has the thicker filament?
Justify your answer.
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

 Solution:
a) Find the current and resistance in each
bulb:
 Bulb 1: I1= P1/V1= 120 W/220 V = 0.55 A;
bulb 2 : I2 = P2/V2 = 60 W/220 V = 0.27 A
 R1= V1/I1= 220V/0.55A = 400 Ω
 R2= V2/I2= 220 V/0.27 A= 815 Ω
 b) Since R ά 1/A, bulb 1 (lower R) has the
thicker filament.
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

2. Ryan and Rizza are discussing

whether an electric heater with
a large or with a small
resistance will yield the greater
heat output. Ryan favors a small
value of R because he says P=
V2/R. Rizza favors a large value
of R because according to her P
= I2R. What is your conclusion?
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Solution:
Let R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω and V1 = V2 = 220 V
For small R:
I1=V1/R1= 220V/10 Ω= 22 A
P1=V12/R1= (220 V)2/10 Ω= 4840 W
P1=I12R1= (22 A)2(10 Ω) = 4840 W
For large R:
I2=V2/R2= 220V/20 Ω = 11 A
P2=V22/R2= (220V)2/20 Ω= 2420 W
P2=I22/R2= (11A)2(20 Ω)= 2420 W
Therefore, Ryan is right. (P ά 1/R since V is
constant.)
 ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND CIRCUITS
• You’ve
probably
already
thought
“water
doesn’t flow
through a
pipe without
a pump; why
should
electrons
flow through
a wire?”
IDEAL DIAGRAMS OF “OPEN” AND “COMPLETE”
CIRCUITS
 INTERNAL RESISTANCE

• We generalize at
the outset, but the
truth of a battery
is that you only
get 12 V when a
12 V battery isn’t
connected.
• Making a
connection allows
electrons to flow,
but internal
resistance within
the battery
actually delivers
incrementally less
than 12 V.
 SYMBOLS FOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
 Shorthand symbols are in use for all wiring
components. See below.
 CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE 1
(A SOURCE ON OPEN CIRCUIT)
1. The next slide shows a source (a battery)
with an emf ε of 12 V and an internal
resistance r of 2 Ω. (For comparison, the
internal resistance of a commercial 12-V lead
storage battery is only a few thousandths of
an ohm.) The wires to the left of a and to the
right of the ammeter A are not connected to
anything. Determine the readings of the
idealized voltmeter V and the idealized
ammeter A.
SOURCE IN AN OPEN CIRCUIT I
 CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE 1
(A SOURCE ON OPEN CIRCUIT)
Solution:
There is no current because there is no
complete circuit. (There is no current through
our idealized voltmeter, with its infinitely large
resistance.) Hence the ammeter A reads I = 0.
Because there is no current through the
battery, there is no potential difference across
its internal resistance . From the equation
Vab= ε –Ir with I = 0, the potential difference Vab
across the battery terminals is equal to the
emf. So the voltmeter reads Vab = ε = 12V. The
terminal voltage of a real, non-ideal source
equals the emf only if there is no current
flowing through the source, as in this example.
 CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE 2
(A SOURCE IN A COMPLETE CIRCUIT)
2. Using the battery in Example 1, we add a 4-Ω resistor to form
the complete circuit shown in the diagram below. What are
the voltmeter and ammeter readings now?
 (A SOURCE IN A COMPLETE
CIRCUIT)
Solution:
The ideal ammeter has zero resistance, so the
resistance external to the source is R = 4 Ω.
The current I through the circuit aa’b’b (equal to
the ammeter reading), is:
I = ε/(R +r) = 12V/(4Ω + 2 Ω) = 2 A
Our idealized conducting wires have zero
resistance, and the idealized ammeter A also
has zero resistance. So there is no potential
difference between points a and a’ or between
b and b’. That is, Vab = Va’b’ . We can find Vab by
considering a and b either as the terminals of
the resistor or as the terminals of the source.
 CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE 2
(A SOURCE IN A COMPLETE CIRCUIT)
Considering them as terminals of the resistor, we
use Ohm’s law (V=IR):
Va’b’ = (2A) (4 Ω) = 8 V
Considering them as terminals of the source, we
have:
Vab = ε –Ir = 12V – (2A)(2Ω) = 8 V
Either way, we conclude that the voltmeter reads
Vab = 8 V.

With a current flowing through the source, the

terminal voltage Vab is less than the emf. The
smaller the internal resistance r, the less the
difference between Vab and ε.
 USING VOLTMETERS AND
AMMETERS
3. The voltmeter and ammeter in Example 2 are moved to
different positions in the circuit. What are the voltmeter
and ammeter readings in the situations shown in figures
(a) and (b) below?
 USING VOLTMETERS AND
AMMETERS
Solutions:
a) The voltmeter now measures the potential
difference between points a’ and b’ . But as
earlier mentioned, Vab = Va’b’, so the voltmeter
reads the same as in Example 2: Va’b’ = 8 V.
Since the current in a simple loop is the same
at every point, the ammeter placed as in Fig.
3(a) reads the same as one placed as in Fig. 2: I
= 2 A.
b) There is no current through the voltmeter
because it has infinitely large resistance. Since
the voltmeter is now part of the circuit, there is
no current at all in the circuit, and the ammeter
reads I = 0.
 USING VOLTMETERS AND
AMMETERS
The voltmeter measures the potential difference Vbb’
between points b and b’. Since I = 0, the potential
difference across the resistor is Va’b’ = IR = 0, and
the potential difference between the ends a and a’ of
the idealized ammeter is also zero. So Vbb’ is equal to
Vab, the terminal voltage of the source. As in Example
1, there is no current flowing, so the terminal voltage
equals the emf, and the voltmeter reading is Vab = ε =
12 V .
This example shows that ammeters and voltmeters are
circuit elements, too. Moving the voltmeter from the
position in Fig.3(a) to that in Fig.3(b) changes the
current and potential differences in the circuit—in
this case rather dramatically. If you want to measure
the potential difference between two points in a
circuit without disturbing the circuit, use a voltmeter
as in Fig. 2 or Fig.3(a), NOT as in Fig.3(b).
 A SOURCE WITH A SHORT CIRCUIT
4. Using the same battery as in the preceding three examples,
we now replace the 4-Ω resistor with a zero-resistance
conductor, as shown in Fig. 4 below. What are the meter
readings now?
 A SOURCE WITH A SHORT
CIRCUIT
Solution:
We have a zero-resistance path between points a and
b, so we must have Vab = IR = I (0) = 0, no matter
what the current is. Knowing this, we can find the
current I from Vab = ε –IR = 0.
I = ε/r = 12 V/ 2 Ω = 6 A.
The ammeter reads I = 6 A and the voltmeter reads
Vab = 0.
The situation in this example is called a short circuit. The
terminals of the battery are connected directly to each
other, with no external resistance. The short-circuit current
is equal to the emf ε divided by the internal resistance r.
Warning: A short circuit can be an extremely dangerous
situation. A car battery or a household power line has very
small internal resistance (much less than in these
examples), and the short-circuit current can be great
enough to melt a small wire or cause a storage battery to
explode. DON’T TRY IT!
RESISTORS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
COMBINATIONS
 SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS
1. Find the RT, IT, individual currents, and
individual voltages in the ff. circuit.
R2 = 12 Ω
R1= 3.0 Ω

R3 = 8.0 Ω

R4 = 6.0 Ω
VT = 12 V
 SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Sol’n:
Add R2 & R3 (parallel): R23 = (R2 R3)/ R2 + R3
R23 = 12(8)/20 = 4.8 Ω
Add R1 & R23 (Series): R123 = 3.0 + 4.8 = 7.8 Ω
Add R4 & R123 (Parallel): RT = 6 (7.8)/13.8 =
RT = 3.4 Ω
IT = VT/RT= 12/3.4 = 3.5 A
In the simplified circuit, VT = V4 = V123 = 12 V
Hence, I4 = V4/R4 = 12/6 = 2.0 A
and I123 = V123/R123= 12/7.8 = 1.5 A = I1 = I23
V1= I1R1= 1.5 (3.0) = 4.5 V
V23=I23(R23) = 1.5(4.8)= 7.2 V = V2 = V3
I2 = V2/R2 = 7.2/12 = 0.60 A
I3 = V3/R3 = 7.2/8.0 = 0.90 A
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Find the RT, IT, individual I’s and V’s.

R1 = 6.00 
2.00  R3 =

VT = 12 .0 V
R2 = R5 =
R4 =
4.00  3.00  6.00 
 SOLUTION
Add R4 and R5 (Parallel):
R45 = 3(6)/9 = 2.00 Ω (series with R3)
R345 = 2 + 6 = 8.00 Ω (parallel with R2)
R2-5 = 4 (8)/12 = 2.67 Ω (series with R1)
R1-5 = RT = 2 + 2.67 = 4.67 Ω
IT = VT/RT =12/4.67 = 2.57 A = I1 = I2-5
V1 = I1R1 = 2.57 (2) = 5.14 V
V2-5 = I2-5 R2-5 = 2.57(2.67) = 6.86 V or
= 12 V – 5.14 V = 6.86 V = V2 = V3-5
I2 = V2/R2 = 6.86/4 = 1.72 A
I3-5 = V3-5/R3-5 = 6.86/8 = 0.858 A = I3 = I45
V3 = I3R3= 0.858(6) = 5.15 V
V45= I45R45= 0.858(2) = 1.72 V = V4 = V5
I4 = V4/R4 = 1.72/3 = 0.573 A
I5 = V5/R5 = 1.72/6 = 0.287 A
 KIRCHHOFF’S RULES I—JUNCTIONS
• The algebraic sum of the currents into any junction is
zero. Figures 26.6 and 26.7 illustrate this rule and are
shown below.
 KIRCHOFF’S RULES II—LOOPS
• The algebraic sum of the potential differences in
any loop, including those associated with emfs and
those of resistive elements, must equal zero.
KIRCHHOFF’S RULES III—EXAMPLES AND
STRATEGY
• Read through Problem-Solving Strategy 26.2. Figure 26.9
illustrates this strategy.
• Refer to Example 26.3, illustrated by Figure 26.10.
 SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT
The circuit shown Fig. 26-10a contains two
batteries, each with an emf and an internal
resistance, and two resistors. Find a) the
current in the circuit, b) the potential
difference Vab and c) the power output of the
emf of each battery.
Sol’n:
a)Assume a CCW direction for the current.
Starting at a and going CCW, we add potential
increases and decreases and equate the sum
to zero.
– I (4 Ω) – 4V – I (7 Ω) + 12 V – I (3 Ω) = 0
8 V = I (16 Ω) and I = 0.5 A
 SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT
b) To find Vab, the potential at a with respect to b, we
start at b and add potential changes as we go
toward a . There are two possible paths from b to a.
Taking the lower one first, we find
Vab = (0.5 A)(7 Ω) + 4 V + (0.5 A)(4 Ω) = 9.5 V
Point a is at 9.5 V higher potential than b.
If we use the upper path, the resulting equation is:
Vab = 12 V –(0.5 A)(2 Ω) –(0.5 A)(3 Ω) = 9.5 V
C) The power output of the emf of the 12-V battery is
P = ε I = (12 V)(0.5 A) = 6 W
for the 4-V battery:
P = ε I = (– 4 V)(0.5 A) = – 2 W (This negative value
of P means that we are storing energy in that
battery and it is being recharged by the 12-V
battery.)
 KIRCHHOFF’S RULES IV—EXAMPLES
• Refer to Example 26.4, illustrated by Figure 26.11.
• Consider Example 26.5.
• Refer to Example 26.6, illustrated by Figure 26.12.
• Review Example 26.7.
 CHARGING A BATTERY
2. In the circuit shown in Fig. 26.11, a 12-
V power supply with unknown internal
resistance r is connected to a run-down
rechargeable battery with unknown emf
ε and internal resistance 1 Ω and to an
indicator light bulb of resistance 3 Ω
carrying a current of 2 A. The current
through the run-down battery is 1 A in
the direction shown. Find the unknown
current I, the internal resistance r, and
the emfε.
 SOLUTION
Assume the direction of the current through the
12-V power supply to be as shown. Applying
the junction rule at point a, we find
-I + 1 A + 2 A = 0 so I = 3 A
To find r, we apply the loop rule to the outer loop
labelled (1); we find
12 V –(3 A) r – (2 A)(3 Ω) = 0 so r = 2 Ω
To find ε, we apply the loop rule to loop (2):
–ε + (1 A)(1 Ω) –(2 A)(3 Ω) = 0 ε = –5 V
The negative value for ε shows that the actual
polarity of this emf is opposite to the
assumption made in the figure; the positive
terminal of this source is really on the right
side. As in example 1, the battery is being
recharged.
 HOMEWORK
Solve the ff. problems:
#s 26.8, 26.10, 26.12, 26.18, 26.20,
26.22, and 26.24

Be ready for boardwork

with ticks!