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Module 2
Series and Parallel Network
• Why it is important to understand?
Series and parallel networks There are two ways in which
components may be connected together in an electric circuit. One
way is ‘in series’ where components are connected ‘end-to-end’;
another way is ‘in parallel’ where components are connected
‘across each other’. When a circuit is more complicated than two
or three elements, it is very likely to be a network of individual
series and parallel circuits.
Series and Parallel Network
At first glance, these circuits may seem very complicated, but
with a methodical analysis approach the functionality of the
circuit can become obvious. This chapter explains with examples,
series, parallel and series/parallel networks. The relationships
between voltages, currents and resistances for these networks are
considered through calculations.
Series Circuit
From Ohm’s law:
I=V/R
Hence,
R2 = V /I2 = 40 V/ 1A =40 ohms
Parallel
Networks
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
(a) The total circuit resistance R is given by
Two resistors, of resistance 3 and 6, are
connected in parallel across a battery
having a voltage of 12 V. Determine (a)
the total circuit resistance and (b) the
current flowing in the 2 resistor
1 / R = (2 + 1)/ 6 = 3 / 6 ohms
Hence,
R = 6/ 3 = 2 ohms
Alternatively,
20
Delta to Wye Conversion
Power
P = (I^2) RL
=((10)^2)(1.5)
=150 W
W=maximum power dissipated.
Batteries and Cell
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to electricity. If an
appliance is placed between its terminals the current generated will power the
device. Batteries are an indispensable item for many electronic devices and
are essential for devices that require power when no mains power is
available. For example, without the battery there would be no mobile phones
or laptop computers.
Batteries and Cell
Batteries tend to be split into two categories – primary, which are not
designed to be electrically re-charged, i.e. are disposable , and secondary
batteries, which are designed to be re-charged, such as those used in mobile
phones . In more recent years it has been necessary to design batteries with
reduced size, but with increased lifespan and capacity. If an application
requires small size and high power then the 1.5 V battery is used. If longer
lifetime is required then the 3 to 3.6 V battery is used. In the 1970s the 1.5 V
manganese battery was gradually replaced by the alkaline battery. Silver
oxide batteries were gradually introduced in the 1960s and are still the
preferred technology for watch batteries today. Lithium-ion batteries were
introduced in the 1970s because of the need for longer lifetime applications.
Some chemical effects of electricity
A material must contain charged particles to be able to conduct
electric current. In solids, the current is carried by electrons. Copper, lead,
aluminium, iron and carbon are some examples of solid conductors. In
liquids and gases, the current is carried by the part of a molecule which
has acquired an electric charge, called ions. These can possess a positive
or negative charge, and examples include hydrogen ion H+, copper ion
Cu++ and hydroxyl ion OH−. Distilled water contains no ions and is a
poor conductor of electricity, whereas salt water contains ions and is a
fairly good conductor of electricity.
Some chemical effects of electricty
Electrolysisis the decomposition of a liquid compound by the passage
of electric current through it. Practical applications of electrolysis include
the electroplating of metals (see below), the refining of copper and the
extraction of aluminium from its ore. An electrolyte is a compound which
will undergo electrolysis. Examples include salt water, copper sulphate
and sulphuric acid. The electrodes are the two conductors carrying current
to the electrolyte. The positive-connected electrode is called the anode and
the negative-connected electrode the cathode.
Some chemical effects of electricty
When two copper wires connected to a battery are placed in a beaker
containing a salt water solution, current will flow through the solution. Air
bubbles appear around the wires as the water is changed into hydrogen
and oxygen by electrolysis. Electroplating uses the principle of electrolysis
to apply a thin coat of one metal to another metal. Some practical
applications include the tin-plating of steel, silver-plating of nickel alloys
and chromium-plating of steel. If two copper electrodes connected to a
battery are placed in a beaker containing copper sulphate as the electrolyte
it is found that the cathode (i.e. the electrode connected to the negative
terminal of the battery) gains copper whilst the anode loses copper.
The Simple Battery
The purpose of an electric cell is to convert chemical energy into
electrical energy. A simple cell comprises two dissimilar conductors
(electrodes) in an electrolyte. Such a cell is shown in Figure on the next,
comprising copper and zinc electrodes. An electric current is found to flow
between the electrodes. Other possible electrode pairs exist, including
zinc–lead and zinc–iron.
The Simple Battery
The electrode potential (i.e. the p.d.
measured between the electrodes) varies for
each pair of metals. By knowing the e.m.f.
of each metal with respect to some standard
electrode, the e.m.f. of any pair of metals
may be determined. The standard used is the
hydrogen electrode. The electrochemical
series is a way of listing elements in order of
electrical potential, and Table shows a
number of elements in such a series.
Corrosion
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of a metal in a damp atmosphere by
means of simple cell action. In addition to the presence of moisture and air
required for rusting, an electrolyte, an anode and a cathode are required for
corrosion. Thus, if metals widely spaced in the electrochemical series are used
in contact with each other in the presence of an electrolyte, corrosion will
occur. For example, if a brass valve is fitted to a heating system made of steel,
corrosion will occur.
Corrosion
The effects of corrosion include the weakening of structures, the
reduction of the life of components and materials, the wastage of materials
and the expense of replacement. Corrosion may be prevented by coating with
paint, grease, plastic coatings and enamels, or by plating with tin or
chromium. Also, iron may be galvanized, i.e. plated with zinc, the layer of
zinc helping to prevent the iron from corroding.