UTEOF

CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY"

UNIVERSITY
UNNE
EE300/EE320
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO.3

Name Course & Year

Group Date

TITLE KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS COMBINED

I. OBJECTIVE: To apply Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws (KCL and KVL) to a
series/parallel circuit

III. THEORY:

A. Series Resistances

Generally, an electrical circuit is composed of more than one resistance connected to

one or more voltage sources depending upon the purpose that has to be carried out by the
circuit. The simplest of all circuit configurations involving resistors are the series
connection and parallel connection.

A series circuit is formed when any number of resistors are connected end-to-end so
that there is only one path for current to flow. Figure 3.1 shows three resistors connected
end-to-end.
- R/ = 1002
MA

Ve = 1OV
R= 2202

Rg = 330Q
Figure 3.1
The circuit in Figure 3.1 has the following characteristics:
1. All the resistances connected in the circuit are
crossed by the same intensity of
electrical curren.
I=l|=l, = 3
2 If Ohm's law is applied in each resistor, it can be
observed that different voitage drops
exist across each resistor. Suppose a current measuring 15.38 mA flows in the circuit
shown in Fig. 3.1. Using Ohm's law, the resistor voltages will be:
VR1 = R;l= 100 0.01538 = 1.538 V
VR2 = R,l= 220 0.01538 = 3.384 V
Vpa = Rzl= 330 -0.01538 = 5.075 V
3. Since there is just one voltage
source in the circuit, the sum of the voltage drops at the
terminals of each resistor is equal to the source voltage as
illustrated by equation 3.1.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LAB0RATORY
Page 17
 V, = Va + Vaz + Va3 (Kirchhoffs Voltage Law) (3.1)

The relationship of the source voltage and the resistor voltage drops shown by
equation 3.1 can be verified using the voltage values in the previous example:

V, = 1.538 + 3.384 + 5.075 =9.997 10V

4. Considering the relationship in equation 3.1 and if Ohm's law is applied to each of the
resistances, the following is obtained:

V, = Va1 + Va2 + Va3 = RjI+ Rzl + Rgl = (R, + R2 + R3)l = RI (3.2)

Notice that in equation 3.2, a single equivalent resistance Re can replace more than one
series-connected resistances. The value of which is equal tothe sum of each of the
series-connected resistances.

B. Parallel Resistances

Parallel connection is obtained if one terminal of every resistor is connected at A and

the other terminal at B. Refer to Fig 3.2.

W
Ri R2 R3
Ve=10V 1k 1k 2.2k

B B

Figure 3.2

The circuit in Figure 3.2 has the following characteristics:

1. The same voltage value exists at the terminals of each resistor since they are connected
across common points of the same potential.
VRI = VR2 = Va3 = V.
2. Applying Ohm's law, it can be shown that different current values I. l, and l3 are
flowing through each of the resistors. The lesser the resistance, the greater the current
that willflow through it.
VRI 10
I, = = 10 mA
R, 1000
10
I, = Vaz = 10 mA
R 1000
10
l3 = Va3
R3 2200
= 4.545 mA

3 The current | is equal to the sum of the currents flowing through each of the
resistances.
I= I+ l, +I3 (3.3)
The circuit contains only one voltage source and current is emitted from it. At node A,
the current emitted from the source is divided in parts depending on the values of the

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY Page 18

 V, = V1 + Vaz + Va3 (Kirchhoff'sVoltage Law) (3.1)

The relationship of the source voltage and the resistor voltage drops shown by
equation 3.1 can be verified using the voltage values ín the previous example:

V, = 1.538 + 3.384 +5.075 =9.997 z 10 V

4. Considering the relationship in equation 3.1 and ifOhm's law is applied to each of the
resistances, the following is obtained:

V, = VR1 t VRz + V¡g = Rl+ Rzl + R3l = (R1 + Rz + Ry)1 = R,I (3.2)

Notice that in equation 3.2, a single equivalent resistance R can replace more than one
series-connected resistances. The value of which is equal to the sum of each of the
series-connected resistances.

B. ParallelResistances

Parallel connection is obtained if one terminal of every resistor is connected at Aand

the other terminal at B. Refer to Fig. 3.2.

R R2 R
1k 1k 2.2k
Ve=10V

B B

Figure 3.2

The circuit in Figure 3.2 has the following characteristics:

1 The same voltage value exists at the terminals of each resistor since they are connected
across common points of the same potential.

VR1 = VR2 = VR3 = Ve

2. Applying Ohm's law, it can be shown that different current values I,.l2 and l3 are
flowing through each of the resistors. The lesser the resistance, the greater the current
that will flow through it.

VR1 10
= 10 mA
I,= 1000
RË
10
VR2 = 10mA
I2Rz
I3 =
VR3
R3
1000
10
2200
= 4.545 mA

3. The current I is equal to the sum of the currents flowing through each of the
resistances.
|= l,+ lh +I3 (3.3)
The circuit contains only one voltage source and current is emitted from it. At node A,
the current emitted from the source is divided in parts depending on the values of the

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY Page 18

be each one resistors
determined of is Figure 19
Page
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VII. the
PROCEDURE:
Connect ComparetheCalculate
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the 13.
the
Move Calculate
Calculate that
Record ConnectRecord Connect Record VerifyVerify Verify
Insert Keep 7.
and
1. 2 3. 6. 10.11. 14. 15. 16.17. 18. 19.
4 5. 7. 8. 9.
 or or
modification 24
Page
Calculated
I,=Ve/Re [mA]
Calculated
value
F2 F5 [mA] IRS
value
Fault Fault
the (mA]
the the IR2
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after after after
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TablesTablesTables Table VR4
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3.3
Table
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complete complete
complete Re value VR3 V
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2 2 2 AND
Faultprocedures
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pressing
the DATA COMPUTATIONS:
IX.
the Modification
M5 Modification
M5
on
M5. pressing 24.
switch
Comment
Remove
all
TABULATED GRAPHS:
RepeatRepeatRepeat Fault
F4 Fault
F5
Fault
F4 Fault
F5
20. 21. 22. 23.
VIII. X
 25
Page
RESULTS:
LABORATORY
ENGINEERIN
ELECTRICAL
AND
DATA
OF
INTERPRETATION
CONCLUSION:
XII.
XI.