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Discrete Model
Submitted To
Qasim Javad
Submitted By
Hafsa Qayyum
Roll No
19013323-008
Course
Applied Math
Shows a region where a differential equation is valid and the associated boundary values
Boundary value problems arise in several branches of physics as any physical differential
equation will have them. Problems involving the wave equation, such as the determination
of normal modes, are often stated as boundary value problems. A large class of important
boundary value problems are the Sturm–Liouville problems. The analysis of these problems
involves the eigenfunctions of a differential operator.
To be useful in applications, a boundary value problem should be well posed. This means that
given the input to the problem there exists a unique solution, which depends continuously on
the input. Much theoretical work in the field of partial differential equations is devoted to
proving that boundary value problems arising from scientific and engineering applications are
in fact well-posed.
The most basic type of integral equation is called a Fredholm equation of the first type.
If the unknown function occurs both inside and outside of the integral, the equation is known
as a Fredholm equation of the second type,
The parameter λ is an unknown factor, which plays the same role as the eigenvalue in linear
algebra.
If one limit of integration is a variable, the equation is called a Volterra equation. The
following are called Volterra equations of the first and second types, respectively,
In all of the above, if the known function f is identically zero, the equation is called
a homogeneous integral equation. If f is nonzero, it is called an inhomogeneous integral
equation.
Factorization
Completing the square method
Quadratic Equation Formula
In addition to the three methods discussed here, we also have a graphical method. As you may have
guessed, it involves plotting the given equation for various values of x. The intersection of the curves
thus obtained with the real axis will give us the solutions. Let’s see the others in detail.
Factorization
The first and simplest method of solving quadratic equations is the factorization method.
Certain quadratic equations can be factorised. These factors, if done correctly will give two
linear equations in x. Hence, from these equations, we get the value of x. Let’s see an
example and we will get to know more about it.
Just plug in the values of a, b and c, and do the calculations. The quantity in the square root is
called the discriminant or D. The below image illustrates the best use of a quadratic equation.
Discrete Model
Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are
fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the
property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such
as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have
distinct, separated values. Discrete mathematics therefore excludes topics in "continuous
mathematics" such as calculus or Euclidean geometry. Discrete objects can often
be enumerated by integers. More formally, discrete mathematics has been characterized as
the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets (finite sets or sets with the
same cardinality as the natural numbers). However, there is no exact definition of the term
"discrete mathematics." Indeed, discrete mathematics is described less by what is included
than by what is excluded: continuously varying quantities and related notions.
The set of objects studied in discrete mathematics can be finite or infinite. The term finite
mathematics is sometimes applied to parts of the field of discrete mathematics that deals with
finite sets, particularly those areas relevant to business.