This Study Resource Was: Assignment No .01

Assignment No .
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Topic:
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“Nature and Application of psychology”
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rs e Submitted to:
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Ma’am Saba Saleem
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Submitted by:
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Saqia Iftikhar
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Roll no.
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(15221521-020)
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Department:
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Economics (7th )
Subject:
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Psychology (101)
UNIVERSTY OF GUJRAT
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Psychology definition:
 Psychology is the scientific study of people, the mind and behavior. It is both a thriving academic
discipline and a vital professional practice.
 The scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes.
Psychology Today:
 We define psychology today as the scientific

 study of behavior (what we do) and mental
 processes (inner thoughts and feelings)
Nature of psychology:
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The nature of psychology has been the cause of great controversy throughout the centuries, ever
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since humanity began to be interested in the issues of the mind, human nature, behavior, psyche,
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and similar topics. Etymologically, psychology means the study of the psyche, the spirit, the
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mind, and the soul. This is how the classic philosophers and psychologists understood
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psychology.
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During the “prescientific” era of psychology, before the establishment of Wundt’s laboratory in
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1879, psychology was a field of speculation, an area of philosophy, a pre occupation of

theologians, and a domain of great interest for the educated public (e.g., of the Enlightenment
and rationalism). After the “official” birth of psychology as an experimental science, psychology
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was defined as the study of

the functions of the mind, and many pioneers of psychology at the beginning of the 20th century,
among them William James and John Dewey, defined it in this way.
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This expression implies that the mind is a thing or an entity because activities and functions
were attributed to it.It was necessary to wait until the behaviorist revolution of J. B. Watson
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(1913), which was preceded by several conceptions in the international context like those of
Henri Pierson in France and Jose Ingenieros in Argentina. For them, psychology was the
scientific study of behavior.
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This could refer to behavior as an expression of the mind, to the study of behavior as such, to the
study of the relationships between behavior and the central nervous system, or to behavior and
the environment. The definition of psychology as “the scientific study of behavior (and mind if
any) of animals endowed with a nervous system that enables them to at least perceive and learn”
(Bunge & Ardila, 1987, p. 27) is an expression of this form
of conceptualizing psychology: as science, as a study of behavior, and assigning to the nervous
system and learning an important role in the relationship of the organism with the environment.
Applications of psychology:
 Health Department:
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Health psychology is the application of psychological theory and research to health, illness and
health care. Whereas clinical psychology focuses on mental health and neurological illness,
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health psychology is concerned with the psychology of a much wider range of health related
behavior including healthy eating, the doctor patient relationship, a patient's understanding of
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health information, and beliefs about illness. Health psychologists may be involved in public
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health campaigns, examining the impact of illness or health policy on quality of life or in
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research into the psychological impact of health and social care.
 Industrial Psychology
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Industrial and organizational psychology (I/O) is among the newest fields in psychology.
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Industrial Psychology focuses on improving, evaluating, and predicting job performance while
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Organizational Psychology focuses on how organizations impact and interact with individuals. In
1910, through the works and experiments of Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott, Industrial
Psychology became recognized as a legitimate part of the social science. Industrial
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organizational psychologists look at questions regarding things such as who to hire, how to
define and measure successful job performance, how to prepare people to be more successful in
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their jobs, how to create and change jobs so that they are safer and make people happier, and how
to structure the organization to allow people to achieve their potential.
 Educational Psychology:
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Educational Psychology is concerned with all aspects of psychology that are relevant to
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education and psychology, particularly in the areas of human development, learning and
motivation, education of the gifted and talented, and instructional psychology. The role of
Educational Psychology is to bring together theory and research from psychology and related
disciplines in order
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to facilitate healthy human

Development and effective learning and teaching Educational psychology Is rarely applied in
Pakistan. But it is one of the significant fields of psychology that is at least applied In Pakistan to
some extent.
 Clinical Psychology:
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Clinical psychology is the application of abnormal psychology research to the understanding,
treatment, and assessment of psychopathology. This primarily includes behavioral and mental
health concerns. It has traditionally been associated with psychological treatment and
psychotherapy, although modern
Clincal psychology may take an eclectic approach, including a number of therapeutic
approaches.
 Counseling Psychology:
Counseling psychology is a psychological special that encompasses research and applied work
in several broad domains: counseling process and outcome; supervision and training; career
development and counseling; and prevention and health. Some unifying themes among
counseling psychologists include a focus on assets and strengths, person environment
interactions, educational and career development, brief interactions, and a focus on intact
personalities.
 Sports Psychology:
Sport psychology is an Interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from the fields of
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Kinesiology and Psychology.
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It involves the study of how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in
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sport and exercise affect psychological and physical factors.
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Summary: rs e
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The great dilemmas of psychology are related to its nature to its field of study
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to it subject matter, methodology, underlying philosophy, applications, and

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professionalization; and to its insertion in complex industrialized multicultural

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societies. The dilemmas also have to do with internationalization and

globalization, the society of knowledge, and the perspectives of the changing
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and flexible world of our present time.

References:
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 Bunge, M., & Ardila, R. (1987).Philosophy of psychology. New York:

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Springer Verlag.
 Moghaddam, F. M., Taylor, D. M., & Wright, S. C.(1993). Social psychology in
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cross-cultural perspective. New York: Freeman
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Assignment No .

 We define psychology today as the scientific

1879, psychology was a field of speculation, an area of philosophy, a pre occupation of

was defined as the study of

to facilitate healthy human

to it subject matter, methodology, underlying philosophy, applications, and

professionalization; and to its insertion in complex industrialized multicultural

societies. The dilemmas also have to do with internationalization and

and flexible world of our present time.

 Bunge, M., & Ardila, R. (1987).Philosophy of psychology. New York:

cross-cultural perspective. New York: Freeman

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