MATHEMATICS (ANALYTIC GEOMETRY)

ELLIPSE
is locus of points which moves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points called Foci is
equal to the length of major axis 2a.

Standard Equations:
1. Standard Equation with center at origin

x2 y2
With major axis horizontal: + =1
a2 b2

x2 y2
With major axis vertical: + =1
b2 a2

a = semi-major axis b = semi-minor axis

2. Standard Equation with center at (h,k)

(x - h)2 (y - k)2
Horizontal axis: + =1
a2 b2

(x - h)2 (y - k)2
Vertical axis: + =1
b2 a2

Properties of Ellipse
c
a. a is always greater than b b. The eccentricity, e = ; (e <1)
a
a
c. Distance from center to focus = c = ae d. Distance from center to directrix =
e

2 2
2b2
e. a = c +b f. Length of latus rectum =
a
g. Major axis = 2a h. Minor axis = 2b
i. Distance between foci = 2c j. Distance between vertex = 2a
Shortcut formula in solving the Center (h,k) and a & b of ellipse: Ax2+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F = 0
-D E
h= k= ― a= C b= A
2A 2C

HYPERBOLA
is locus of points which moves so that the difference of its distances from two fixed point called the
Foci is equal to the length of transverse axis 2a.

General Equations: Ax2 - Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Cy2 - Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equations:
A. Standard equation with center at origin

x2 y2
Axis Horizontal: ― =1
a2 b2

y2 x2
Axis Vertical: ― =1
a2 b2

B. Standard equation with center at (h,k)

(x - h)2 (y - k)2
Horizontal axis: ― =1
a2 b2

(y - k)2 (x - h)2
Vertical Axis: ― =1
a2 b2

Properties of Hyperbola
a. a is not always greater than b b. a2 is always the denominator of the positive term
c
c. The eccentricity, e = ; (e >1.0) d. Distance from center to focus = c=ae= a2 + b2
a

a 2b2
e. Distance from center to directrix = f. Length of latus rectum =
e a

g. Equation of asymptotes y – k = b/a (x-h) h. Transverse axis = 2a

i. Conjugate axis = 2b j. Distance between foci = 2c
k. Distance between vertex = 2a

INCLINED AXIS
General Equation of inclined axis: Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Testing of equations using DISCRIMINANT:
1. B2 – 4AC = 0, then the equation is PARABOLA.
2. B2 – 4AC = negative, then the equation is ELLIPSE.
3. B2 – 4AC = positive, then the equation is HYPERBOLA.

ELLIPSE
1. For the given equation of an ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 – 16x + 18y – 11 =0.
Find: A. Center B. Eccentricity

HYPERBOLA
1. For the given equation of hyperbola x2 – 4y2 + 4x + 24y – 28 = 0
Find: A. Center B. Eccentricity

INCLINED AXIS
1. The equation 3x2 + 6xy +2y2 – 4y = 10 represents which conic section?

POLAR COORDINATES

x = r cos θ y = = r sin θ

Distance between two points in polar coordinates:

D = r12 + r22 - 2r1r2 cos⁡ (θ2 - θ1)

Conversion of Rectangular to Polar coordinates or Vice Versa.

x
1. r2 = x2 + y2 2. r = x2 + y2 3. cosθ =
r

y y
4. sinθ = 5. tanθ = 6. x = r cosθ
r x

7. y = r sinθ
SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
FORMULAS:

1. Length of vector, V = x2 + y2 + z2

2. Distance between two points

Given: P1 = (x1, y1, z1) P2 = (x2, y2, z2)

d = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 + (z2 - z1)2

3. Radius of sphere, r

If center at origin: Given: P(x, y, z) r = x2 + y2 + z2

If center at (i, j, k): Given: P(x, y, z) r = (x - i)2 + (y - j)2 + (z - k)2

4. Angle between Vector V and the axes,

x
Angle between V and x-axis, cos θx =
x + y2 + z2
2

y
Angle between V and y-axis, cos θy =
x2 + y2 + z2
z
Angle between V and z-axis, cos θz =
x2 + y2 + z2

Angle Between two Vectors

For given two vectors: V1 (x1, y1, z1) and V2 (x2, y2, z2)
x1x2 + y1y2 + z1z2
cosθ =
x12 + y12 + z12 x22 + y22 + z22

POLAR COORDINATES:
1. Convert x2 + y2 – 8x = 0 into polar form
2. Transform the polar equation r2 sinθ cosθ = 4 into an equation in rectangular form.

SOLID GEOMETRY
1. What is the angle between two vectors A and B? A = 4i + 12j + 6k and
B = 24i – 8j + 6k (October 2000)
A. 168.45 B. 86.32 C. 84.32 D. 84.64