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    ETABS For Building Analysis and Design PDF

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    Otte International Pte Ltd * SP Rebs Application of FEM to High-Rise Building Analysis 29 April-2008. _ ‘Prof, Er. Koh Chan Ghe Dept. of Civil Engiheerin and [SDs Overview of FEM (1) 4. Finite elements are discretization of continuum (structure, soll, fluid, etc). It is of finite size (not infinitesimal as in continuum mechanics) & has a simple geometry €.. triangle & quadrilateral shapes. 2. FEM transforms a problem with theoretically an infinite number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) to one with a finite number of DOFs. 3. As in other numerical methods, FEM in general yields approximate values of the unknown variables at selected Nodes. Values elsewhere are obtained by interpolation or extrapolation. 4, It involves computation of stiffness, nodal forces, ete for typical finite elements selected for the problem. These are then assembled to form the structural values. sete Pro. 08 Koh OtteD 2 S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 1 Otte International Pte Ltd Overview of FEM (2) 5. The formulation involves variational principles. For structural problems, the use of principle of virtual work is convenient For field problems, weak formulation is usually adopted, 6. Even though FEM reduces the DOFs, the amount of data to be handled is often still formidable, Procedures suitable for ‘computer implementation are needed, e.g. direct stitmess method, isoparametric formulation, Gauss quadrature integration, etc. 7. Accuracy of FEM solutions depends on good understanding of the physical problem (including boundary conditions) & appropriate modeling — including choice of element type & meshing, i098 Prt 6 Ken (wu) Otte® Problem Types oe. 4. Static - Linearly Elastic"* “7 phish Ku = 2. Static - Nonlinear Rut Py, =F E.g, nonlinear material, P-Delta vie ("* Superposition is applicable) effect, buckling, staged construction 3. Dynamic — Linearly Elastic MEDC OAPO. Y, 4, Dynamic - Nonlinear ‘Mil(t) + Cad) + Kult) + FOy, = FO ent 208 Prot. 00 Koh (US) Otte® S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Eg. account for hystorsis behaviour of RC, damper, base isolation system Otte International Pte Ltd Continuum to Discrete System Classical FEM ‘Structure/Solid Assumptions Computer Model ler Equilibrium |, OK = Compatibility li atc. Material Law ‘Algebraic equations. Partial differential K = Stiffness ‘equations u= Response F= Loading pysiz08 Prof. 68 Keb ws) OUe@ « Equilibrium + FEMis a displacement method (as opposed to force method) ~ formulation at element level & assembly of structural matrices/vectors in a direct and efficient way (Direct stiffness method). + Begin with assumption of displacement shape functions (typically polynomial) in each element. + Shape functions are not exact in general to represent actual displacements. + Thus it is not possible to satisfy equilibrium at every point. + Approximation is needed to impose equilibrium in an average sense for the element via principle of virtual work (or weak formulation). ser Pret. 60 Kes Us) Otted 5 S110: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 i Otte International Pte Ltd Compatibility * Finite elements interface with one another through the nodes + Main unknowns are displacements at the nodes (which could include rotations for frame and shell elements) + Compatibility is imposed between elements at the nodes, but nof necessarily along the edges between nodes. + Sometimes it is necessary to achieve compatibility by imposing kinematic relations — e.g. rigid diaphragm, “line constraint’ (particularly useful for mismatched meshing between two different elements), etc. once rroteskan qe Otted 7 Material Modelling (1) 8 Linear Elastic Linear Inelastic 5 Ss / Yh Detonation Defomaton ‘dl 2 8 BO i 2 ff Nonlinear Elastic Zroninear inclastic Deformation Deformation se Seer aie S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Material Modelling (2) + Most problems assume linearly elastic, isotropic & homogeneous materials + 3D constitutive equation: 1 = 000 fx 0 0 0) [ox 1 : s, 1 i 0 0 o||.” 4 ry| 4 9 of |r| S770) Herenlene a‘ 6 5, 0 ‘ve 4 0 ies! ° rs @ O [lr “ a es” UL el g-_F tae 2+) le isa Prot conan ws} Otte « Material Modelling (3) + In matrix form: & Cotsr + For FE implementation, this is inverted to o=D[s-<,] oS "Thermal load” + For anisotropic materials (i.e. properties dependent on directions), similar equations can be written but involves more material parameters. e708 Prot. Kon US) OtteD wo S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd FE Formulation (1) + Consider quadrilateral 4-node (4) plane stress element. + Element DOFs: 2 per node (u,v) roan Pro 06 Kon wus) OtteD + FE Formulation (2) + Nodal displacement vector (a) for the element — collation of all nodal dispis: ( 7 a=(U, Vy Up Vz Uz Vg Ug V4) + Displacement interpolation by “shape functions” Displs at any point (x, y) in the element are expressed in terms of nodal dispis. 4 u(x, y) = Nyy + Np Up + Ng Us + Ny Ug = Nu; * 4 4 VOR Y) =Nyvy + Nb V2 + N3 Vg + Ng Ve = ENV) A soa Pr. conen Otte® 2 S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 6 Otte International Pte Ltd FE Formulation (3) Strain interpolation 4 9 ax a |fu -|o 2|["l-8 a i y (" ae ere hn oy & where My 9 Ag ax ax p-| 0 %% 9 ae ay ay ON, ONz ONa, ax ay ax seein rot canes) OtteD «© FE Formulation (4) Stress by constitutive law (ignoring thermal term) o=De =D Ba Nodal forces External load (including body force & surface load) are expressed in terms of forces at the nodes (f). Shape functions are used to compute the equivalent nodal loads, °S fy=[NTbaVv v fe body force vector peo Prot.€6 Kon US) OtteD S110B: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd FE Formulation (5) Equilibrium Apply Principle of Virtual Work to the element: Internal V.W. = External V.W. ss io le DB av| Keimt (elastic stiffness) + Equilibrium is achieved in average sense within the finite element, but not satisfied at every point. + The same shape functions are used in virtual displacements > Symmetric stiffness matrix. v0 Prot-e6 Kah wus Otte® 6 FE Formulation (6) + In the above FE procedure, element stiffness matrix & element load vector are formulated in the physical coordinate system (x, y). For elements of higher order elements (e.g. Q8 & Q9), particularly with curved shape, this procedure becomes cumbersome for computer implementation For example, shape functions are difficult to derive mathematically. Integration is also difficult to compute. Q8 Element seein Prt co Ka Us) OtteD S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Isoparemetric Element (1) + Introduce concept of “master element” Master element in physical coord. natural coord. eW ” A 0 on g y eat) m) or 2008 rot. Co Koh (Hus) Otte® 7 Isoparemetric Element (2) * Shape functions expressed in natural coord (and thus “standard” regardless of the actual shape of physical element). For Q4 element: 1 1 Ny= FCe en) Ne= ZA~2 ten) 1 1 Ny= Fe) (tn) N4= FOE) + Displacement interpolation: 4(6,n) =|N(E, na + Coordinate interpolation (mapping): Use the samo set of x(n) =| ME, ne shape functions 2008 Prof. CG Koh (NUS) OteD S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Isoparemetric Element (3) + The same shape functions are used for displacement interpolation & coordinate interpolation > lsoparametric element formulation * Allow easy implementation of elements of arbitrary shapes & higher order elements (e.g. Q8 and Q9) Isoparametric formulation revolutionized FEM ! 7 Q8 Element ro) a) ser 208 ro ce 8 Otte® lsoparemetric Element (4) + For partial derivatives required in B matrix: Ny |e Rl & yy Jacobian matrix (J) - This matrix needs to be inverted (numerically) + Element stiffness matrix, e.g. for plane stress element of thickness f Kem = JB" DB tdA= [',f', B'DB t\d|dédy A pst 2008 Prot 66 Kon (NUS) OtteD x» S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 10 Otte International Pte Ltd lsoparemetric Element (5) + Condition for one-to-one mapping between physical coordinates & natural coordinates is: [J should not change sign in the domain of mapping. + Guidelines for element mesh: > Avoid highly distorted elements > Avoid elongated elements > Interior angles < 180° > Mid-side node located within middle one-half along the edge — middle one-third preferred. samen Prt cao Otted » Isoparemetric Element (6) + Badly distorted element would give Jacobian determinant different signs within the element. > Some points of the master element are mapped to points outside the corresponding physical element. Physical element Master element “ no S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Numerical Integration (1) + Integration is computed numerically by Gauss quadrature formula, which is the most efficient in terms of achieving the same accuracy with minimum integration points. + For example, 2-point Gauss quadrature gives exact integral of cubic polynomial (other formulae need 4 points) Keimt = & [Gauss weight x Integrand computed at Gauss point] * Gauss quadrature integration is carried out n the natural coord system 11 GP. B2GP. 708 Prt 62 Ken (wus) Numerical Integration (2) + FEMis inexact (in general) and usually it errs by being too sti. + Using more Gauss points to integrate element stifiness matrices exactly (or nearly exact) therefore does not necessarily leads to| better accuracy, plus increases computational time. + Lesser Gauss points compensates the over-stiffness of FEM ("two \wrongs make a right"), e.g. to overcome “shear locking’ problem + But Itis possible that the strains at Gauss points happen to be zero > spurious zero-energy mode (in adcition to rigid body modes which are truly zero-energy). This can give instability or inacouraoy. + E.g. ‘Hour glass’ deformation: No strain (& stress) at Gauss points, Prt 66 Kon mush S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Nodal Forces (1) + Loading are converted to nodal forces via displacement functions (N) For point load (P) not at any node: toe * For surface traction (p): [NT ptds 3 For body force (b), e.g. gravity load, inertia force: f=[N hav porn Prot 66 Koh (8) Otte® x Nodal Forces (2) + Gauss quadrature is used for numerical integration if needed and done in the netural coordinate systern + This method gives “consistent” nodal forces, as the same set of shape function (similarly for computing mass mati) + This does not imply “exact” (as shape functions are approximation of actual displacement functions, plus Jacobian transformation in distorted elements) + E.g, nodal forces for gravity load (W=weight of element) foras "2 wana element: At comer codes, tho > nodal forces are upwards! But total nodal forces = W. + Alternative: use lumped mass’ 3 rs approach (popular elements; zero mass for rolational DOFs) diet peel seve rot 2 Kos) Otte® 2 S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Shape Functions (1) + Q4 element is bilinear, i.e. linear along two axes, but nonlinear in other directions > linear + some quadratic terms (incomplete). * Q8 and Q9 contains all quadratic terms and some higher order terms (incomplete) Typlal shape funclon Shape uncon for comer Shape function for mids or ad a ‘node of Q8 element Todo of GB element aa rt 60 Kah Otte® 27 Shape Functions (2) Shape functions are typically polynomial functions (easy to derive and differentiate). They are defined in the natural coordinates system. Accuracy of elements depend on order of shape functions used. Linear & quadratic elements are common, and cubic elements in some special applications. Higher-order element is not justifiable due to the approximation nature of FEM. For distorted elements (non-rectangular), isoparametric mapping (via Jacobian transformation) gives non- polynomial representation of displacement field. sez rot coon nus) Otte® x Su10E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Shape Functions (3) + For triangular elements, the natural coordinates system is not convenient & is replaced by the “area coordinates” system. + Shape functiong are defined in terms of L,, L, and Ls. _. Area coordinate of this point is Areas, Cte ld where L, = AJA, L,= AJA, L5= AJA ‘Area = A; AZA+ AeA, 2 Area =A, a eei7008 Prot. ©@ Koh (nus) OteD 2 Good Element Shapes mie JE son09 rt Kas) OtteD » $110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Poor Element Shapes pa008 Prot 60 Kanu) OteD «1 Unacceptable Element Shapes SL hex, Mid-side node too close to corner node er 2008 Prt-60 Kon us} OtteD 2 S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008. Otte International Pte Ltd Boundary Conditions (1) One advantage of displacement method is the ease in enforcing displacement boundary conditions. FEM formulates the whole structural stiffness matrix for all DOFs and then impose displacement boundary conditions to eliminate those equations corresponding to known nodal displacements. Standard: Fixed, pinned, roller, 7==r hi -obbe Elastic support (e.g. foundation ‘or soil) a m ® sono Pro coven ws OtteD = Boundary Conditions (2) + Inclined support can be modelled by a truss or spring element. Do not set the relative stiffness value too high due to possible numerical truncation error= 100 to 1000 times is usually sufficient, suit truss, ‘lament 2008 rot, CG Kon (NUS) OtteD » Su0E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Kinematic Constraints (1) + Finite element mesh can affect the solution considerably. + Rectangular elements are more accurate than arbitrary shaped elements. + From coarse mesh fo fine mesh, mesh tranalion would generaly mean non-rectangular elements. + The process of defining transition elements can be tedious, and mesh distortion decreases accuracy. Load sean Pro So Kon wus) OtteO x= Kinematic Constraints (2) + Alternatively, kinematic constraints can be imposed to enforce displacement compatibility between elements where nodes do not coincide — known as “line constraint’. ( + This eliminates the need for mesh transition elements. + This approach is also useful for capturing interaction of different ‘structural objects, e.g. curved shear wall supporting a curved ramp. Displacement compatibility enforced here oan protean us Otted = Su0E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 18 Otte International Pte Ltd + The finer mesh is constrained to the c + Shape functions of the coarse mesh is used to evaluate the displacements at the nodes of the fine mesh. + Displacements at the 3 fine mesh nodes (#5, 7 & 9) are “constrained” to move linearly as defined by displacement shape between the 2 coarse mesh nodes (#3 & 4) + Fori=5,7&9: U; = No Ug + Ng Ug v) = Ng V9 +Ng V4 ot => 7 8 2 ate f ia coven) OteD » + Another example: Inclined floor connected to wall, but their nodes do not coincide If kinematic constraint is not imposed on the elements, there will be gap or overlap between the slab and wall along the interface. enzo Prot cans OtteD Su0E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Ape 2008 Prof. 06 Koh US) OtteD » Direct Assembly Element stiffness matrices are then assembled to form a structure stifiness matrix by the direct stiffness . method. This involves establishing a connectivity array that links element DOFs to structure DOFs. Numbering of DOFs in the shorter direction helps to * reduce the matrix bandwidth (hence more efficient * computationally). Nodal forces of all elements are assembled in the same way. \ post 2008 Prof. €6 Koh (NUS) Otte Solutions a= F by LU decomposition (or its variation) For large system, special schemes may be required, e.g. active column method, The solution gives nodal displacements. From nodal displacements, strains and stresses are calculated via B matrix and D matrix: e= Ba o=De These are usually computed at Gauss points. Forces & moments are numerically integrated at Gauss points: e.g. Foe = fore IA Myc = Jo ¥ GA A A S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 20 Otte International Pte Ltd Convergence Study + Convergence ~ FE solution approaches the exact solution as the mesh size decreases to zero. + When unsure of the adequacy of FE mesh, convergence study should be performed by reducing the mesh size and see how the results change > h-refinement + Alternatively, higher order elements are used to see change in results > p-refinement + Another possibilty is rearrangement of FE mesh by shifting nodes to regions where finer mess is required (e.g, stress concentration) without increase in DOFs > r-refinement (‘reshaper’) A Ee 0 cht LU Original mesh refinement pefinernent refinement peta Prot C6 Kets (HU) OtteD «1 Patch Test + Patch test— Ifa group (or patch) of elements of arbitrary shape is subjected to nodal displacements associated with constant strain, the FE results must yield constant strain. + Ifthe patch test fails, the FE solution may not converge to the ‘exact solution, + Patch test is particularly useful for incompatible (or non- conforming) elements that do not fully satisfy compatibility conditions. a ae + At least one node is intemal in Tn the patch of elements, * The FE solution should produce 7 —72F constant strain #1 (exact) for H the problem defined on the left. F + + Patch-test for constant “y and Vxy ora Prt Co Ko Otte® 2 S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-0 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Choice of Elements AD (e.g. frame) =e il 2D (0.g. plate/shell) Se soteoiy SF te | ae b ozo Pro. Co Kes Us) OtteD « 1D Elements + Erame element- most useful elements for structural analysis, accounting for bending, shear, axial and torsional deformations. + Some software allow non-prismatic sections + 6 DOFs per node { “member end release” possible), eg. setting an end moment to zero. + Truss and spring element - axial deformation only. + Truss element can be obtained from frame element by end z moment release. 2, Gap element — compression only Hook element — tension only 2°) ©” Gap & hook elements are nonlinear. postae Prot 6& Koh wus) Otte® « S110: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Modelling of Frame Structures Choice of 1D, 2D, 3D elements depends on physical behaviour & computational resources. For buildings, many components (beams & columns) are best modelled by frame elements. Even shear walls with openings can often be modelled effectively by frame elements with rigid ends Sufficient to use up to quadratic orders in most problems; higher-order elements do not necessarily work better. Incompatible elements could be better than compatible elements in some problems, e.g. to mitigate shear- locking as encountered in 4-node quadrilateral (2D) & 8 node hexahedral (3D) elements. eet 208 rot, 0c Koh (uu) OteD « Joint Modelling (1) + For RC members, joints are relatively rigid as compared to members (beams & columns) + Model: frame element with rigid ends © = node se ah 08) Otte® «© S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Joint Modelling (2) Rigid zone factor: B= 0 for no rigid zone (span from centre line to centre line) B= 1 for full rigid zone (rigid for full width of intersecting member) Wal Datormed shape _ 1 I i shear i 1 [NZ Ro ' i Pats ze Constitutive equations are established I ee for the deformable part, & transformed 8) to the two ends (nodes) via equibrium po erations al the respective rgd zones. i> Centre tines ——*1 ‘Aget2008 Prof. CG Koh (HUB) Otte «7 Joint Modelling (3) For steel members, beam-column joints can have significant shear deformation. Shear modulus = @ ( 4 Thickness = ¢ Deformable b Joint 1 + Shear deformation of joint is accounted by ‘modelling the joint as elastic panel with constant shear: Kepgar =G ADE + Similarly, Nexural deformation of joint can be accounted for but this fs usually small + Need fo account for doubler plates if any. seats rot canon ws) Otted « Su10E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 24 Otte International Pte Ltd Beam-Slab Compatibility + By default, the centre lines of beam and slab coincide. + Ifone wishes to capture the interaction of beam and slab more. accurately in the analysis, one way is to impose displacement. compatibility by “rigid constraint’ option (provided in some software). + As such, there is no issue of efecive width of Tor L-beam. + This way also allows non-prismatic beam where neutral axis is not on straight in, + Nevertheless, design should be consistent with the analysis, e.g. axial foros in beam would be significant and should be accounted fo. Rigid constraint ‘en nodes |and J toacn tc ah Otted © Rigid Diaphragm (1) + In-plane deformations in floors are usually negligible. + Floor can be assumed to transiate horizontally & rotate about a vertical axis as a rigid body. + Kinematic condensation by ‘master-slave node concept”: 3 master DOFs in-plane per floor. + Outof-plane deformations are not affected. + Advantage: Reduce DOFs significantly & save computational time. + Disadvantage: Axial forces in horizontal members & diaphragm shear stress cannot be computed. If these are important, use flexible (semi-rigid) diaphragm. et 08 ret. c0 Ken 8 OtteD S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Lid Rigid Diaphragm (2) + Truss action will not be modelled if horizontal chord = _ members are part of rigid floor diaphragms. Use flexible floor diaphragm. Alternatively, these members have to be disconnected from the rigid floor diaphragms ~ to allow elongation or shortening of the horizontal chord members. ALLA LAAAG Ao 2008 ‘Prot.0 Koh (wU} OtteD Rigid Diaphragm (3) us| [1 0 —y][ul] x&yare coordinates of slave x | “node relative to master node us|=|0 1 x = o| |o o 1 | a eee (For dynamic analysis, if master node is at contre of U mass, mass matrix will be diagonal.) onze Prt co 8) Otte = S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Example + 20-storey frame building + No. of joints = 480 + Total DOFs= 480x6 = 2880 * Reduced to 20x3 + 480x3= 1500 DOFs 3masterDOFs 3 out-of-plane DOFs per floor per beam-column node ort 008 Prot. Moh (NUS) OtteD Static Condensation + Eliminates those DOFs that are not associated with applied forces, + Eg. if lateral forces are applied at master nodes only, DOFs can be reduced to only 3 per floor + For the 20-storey building example => 60 DOFs. ‘208 Prot. Kon (NUS) OtteD « S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd 2D Elements (1) + Plane elements — plane stress, plane strain & axisymmetric elements for the respective cases (2 displacement DOFs per node) + Plate elements — bending action only (1 displacement + 2 rotation DOFs per node). + Membrane elements - membrane action only (2 displacements + possibly 1 “drilling” DOF per node). + Shell elements = Plate + Membrane (5 or 6 DOFs per node) 7 Driting DOF ‘4-node shell element ponz08 Pro © Kah) Otte® 2D Elements (2) + Plane stress, plane strain & axisymmetric elements are also 2D elements. Plane stress problem: Plane strain problem: z-dimension is very small z-dimension is very large ‘compared to x & y dimensions compared to x & y dimensions sect 020 Prot 60 Ken 0081 Otte® x S110B: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 28 Otte International Pte Ltd Plane Stress Element > Plane Stress — structure in z-direction is short compared to x and y-dimensions, e.g. walls & plates with in-plane action only. ‘D matrix Engineering shear strain (which is {woo the shear stain as defined Gyp=0 but «,, #0 in continuum machanics) sotrcn pro 3 keh) Otte 7 Plane Strain Element > Plane Strain — structure in z-direction is assumed to be infinite, e.g. tunnels, dams, contiguous piles, long retaining wall, etc. 0 lI fee verbs UES fy ry Fao | Dmmatrix (te vytt—2y) fgg =0 But op #0 setae rca en OtteD S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Axisymmetry Element, , > Axisymmetry (solid of revolution) — structure is symmetric about an axis (z), &.9. pipes, pressure vessels, A storage tanks, etc. A r fn Sea Ta D matrix an rot 3 eh} Otte® « 3D Elements * Solid (or brick) elements &-node solid element —_20-node (serendipity) + Natural coord system (2,7, S)or (r,s,f) + Potential problems: Computational intensive, high distortion, shear locking, il conditioning fore) rot coon wus) OtteO S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Modelling of Floor Systems There are various ways to model floor. ‘One approach is to extend beam theory (1D) to plate bending theory (2D). « Plate bending accounts for out-of-plane deformation but not in-plane deformation. « On the other hand, membrane accounts for in-plane deformation but not out-of-plane deformation Shell = Plate Bending +Membrane Shear deformation should be accounted for thick shell or thick plate. sertcon Pro Koh(W} OtteO «1 Plate Bending Element (1) + Begin with 8-node element with 16 rotational DOFs. + At mid-side transform rotation vectors to normal & tangential, and ignore tangential component ek es z08 Prot 6s Keh (wu) OtteD x S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Plate Bending Element (2) + Add vertical displacements at 4 corners. * + Use static condensation to eliminate mid. (assuming no moment applied there). > 4-node plate bending element with 12 DOFs.' 8, 4, ¥o, ==> Uy uy, ‘Ape 2008 Prof. C6 Kh (NUS) OtteD & ide rotations Membrane Element + The approach is similar to the plate bending element, except rotations are swapped with displacements. > 4-node membrane element with 12 4, DOFs (drilling DOF would enable compatibility with frame elements). e, + This element has a zero-energy mode i (other than rigid body modes) & has to A be eliminated by computing & adding “Driting” the corresponding stifiness term. DOF + Inthe same way, triangular (3-node) membrane element can be derived, but its performance is usually poor (too stiff). peas Prot 66 Kah tus) Otte® = S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd “Membrane Slab” + In ETABS, slab with membrane properties can be used to distribute floor load on floor to beams & columns. + The concept of tributary loads is used as a simplifying assumption for transferring the loads ? + The membrane slab (or virtual membrane) does not resist the load. , Full uniform load Point load Aest 2008 Prof. Kets MUS) OtteD Shell Element (1) + Classical thin shell theory leads to high order differential equations which are difficult to solve in general. + Many shell elements have been developed, but none can claim to be best for all problems. + One popular element is the degenerated solid elements (start from 3D mechanics). + Altemative: Use plate bending element (which is extended from 1D beam theory) and add membrane element > Flat shell element (4-node, 24-DOF) + This approach gives more direct physical interpretation of bending moments aot 2008, Prot. CG Ken NUS} OtteD $110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Lid Shell Element (2) * In local coordinate system, obtain element stiffness: matrices for plate bending & bending. + Assemble to form 24x24 stiffness matrix & transform to lobal coordinate system g inate sy o\ 6, uy — my Local coord. Global 7] _Y ( coord, x “A 2008 Prof. CG Koh (NUS) OtteD 7 Shell Element (3) + Flat 4-node shell elements can be used to model most ‘shell structures if all four nodes can be placed at the mid-surface of the shell. ( + This may not be possible, e.g. for shells with double curvatures. Modification will be required to account for offset. + But this is not a problem for floor slabs in buildings. Fiat shell clement ofsat IMid-surtace of ‘curved shel soa rot congue) OtteO S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 34 Otte International Pte Ltd Solid Element For very thick shell, it may be necessary to use solid elements (e.g. deep foundation). There is no need to define reference surface. More than one layer of solid elements is usually required. 4-node tetrahedral elements give constrain strain & do not perform well particularly for capturing stress gradients Computational cost increases considerably by using solid elements. KO % coarse mesh. * But not all shell elements perform well in coarse mesh. + Correction is needed if a one element per panel is to be used to model walls with reasonable accuracy. tame Prot 66 Ho (US) Otte® 7 Shear Wall Behaviour * Shear walls are often used to describe RC walls that are designed to help the building resist lateral loads. + The name is actually misleading. + Under normal circumstances: > Shear walls deform in bending mode primarily > Shear deformations are rarely significant > byw tw shear walls (rato <1) fail in shear? > They are designed to resist thé Combined effect of axial, bending and shear sotzes prot co Kon Otte® 7» Su10E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Corrected Panel Element + Classical 4-node plane stress element - using single element to model shear wall can lead to significant error, patticulerty for tall walls (over-stif. + Correction is needed. In ETABS, each panel element is automatically divided into 2 sub-elements. A force method is used to compute panel forces, and internal forces are in exact equilibrium with applied load regardless of wall shape. , ETABS Panel Element width = w taal sal ‘ TAFT Bl Tana site B Goo. 3 ctu Pe a vars 0 oli aUPalUire alt r Aspect Ratio (hiw) ‘Ape 2008, ‘Prot 0G Keh (NUS) OtteD Shear Wall vs. Frame Shear wall (tall) deforms Frame deforms like like cantilever flexural beam cantilever shear beam pet 2008 Pret c2 Ket (US) Otte® % Su10E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Shear Wall with Openings ‘Small openings — Medium openings — Big openings — (full) panel elements piers & spancrels frame elements a Qa a ‘Apa 2008 Pref.0G Koh (U8) OtteD Beam-Column System + When a shear wall has many large holes, the actual behaviour is closer to frame system comprising equivalent beams and columns with rigid zone. Plus, results can be used directly for RC design. + Itmay not be worthwhile to use 2D elements of fine mesh. Xx et 8 ro. cen ws} Otte $110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 38 Otte International Pte Ltd 9a. 19 (Hey) Piers and Spandrels “Piers & Spandrels’ approach produce integrated moments & shear across sections of walls for design purpose. Interaction is done by summing nodal forces (obtained from the product of element stiffness matrix & nodal displacements) instead of integrating stress of finite elements. rape] sa] 2 [ra] + Pier is an assemblage ER pe of vertical elements [rake 7\ ere + Spandrel is an Paealer|en [rel pa assemblage of pi re horizontal elements, rips ses rt ce 8 Otte® » Dynamic Analysis (Intro.) Eqns. ofmotion: Mii+Cu+Ku = F(t) Stiffness matrix: Same as static problem Mass matrix: Consistent mass or lumped mass matrix + Damping matrix: Difficult to establish analytically. Assume proportional (classical) damping matrix, e.g. Rayleigh damping: C=aM+ak Can be related to damping ratios of any two modes sot cn prt c0 kone Otted = S110F: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Dynamic Analysis — General Direct Analysis (Full Analysis) Solve the matrix equations of motion for the full system directly in time domain, usually by numerical integration methods. Commonly adopted: Newmark and Wilson methods, more recently Huber-Hughes-Taylor method Computationally expensive for large systems. Applicable to nonlinear systems (e.g. large displacement, nonlinear material, and non-classical damping) sets Pro 2 en Otte® 7 Dynamic Analysis — Linear Systems Mode Superposition Method (Modal Analysis) > Applicable to linear systems only > Formulation in time domain > Involve the use of eigen vectors or load-dependent Ritz vectors > Usually low modes are sufficient > Advantage: allow exclusion of high modes and thus computationally efficient ‘Ape 2008 Prot 06 Koh (NUS) Otte © S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Solving Modal Equa Each modal equation can be solved by: (a) Response history analysis in time domain (e.g. by time-stepping method) (b) Response spectrum analysis (suitable for estimating peak response, widely used for seismic design) (©) Frequency domain analysis (with the help of Fast Fourier Transform) ns For (b), some combination rule is required to estimate the peak response for several rules. Square Root of ‘Sum of Squares (SRSS) and Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) are popular. roto Prot ca Kah (8) OtteD «1 Response Spectrum Analysis (SDOF System) Very useful for earthquake analysis but not well understood by many engineers. This method aims to obtain peak (max.) response for a prescribed earthquake time history. m Equation of motion in terms of relative displacement: mu+cu+ku=—mi, Elastic force (base shear) is f,=ku=motu—o=vkim ane roc Otted © kc S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Acknowledgement The following references have been useful in the preparation of this short course: “Static & Dynamic Analysis of Structures", EL Wilson, 2004, Computers and Structures Inc., USA Manuals and User's Guide for ETABS (Version 9), 2005, Computers and Structures Inc., USA. Reference materials on CSI website: ul misupport technical_papers.him! 2008 Pre. Ka 08) OtteD « S110E: Using ETABS for Building Analysis and Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd fal Otte® ears ROR BLY (nec g Fear = ok ole Bory bug Otte® UsING ETABS FoR BUILDING ANALYSIS & DESIGN By Choo, une Shyan PE, Otte International Pte Lid SECTION 1 One® Introduction to ETABS = What is ETABS? = How is ETABS difference? = ETABS Plus or Nonlinear? im jie, 1:50 ay 008 2 S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte@ Fag evans eTABsS 1 It development started more than 30 years ago as TAB by Ashraf Habibullah, SE, & Prof. Ed. Wilson, D. Eng = With the mission: ‘To provide the profession with the most efficient and comprehensive software for the analysis and design of ‘buildings os mest 3.90 ap nos 6 www.ottegroup.com de! {teen tenes as of Bilsing Systems Otte@ ETABS 1 First program to take account the unique building. = A complete Building Analysis & Design based graphical user interface. @..-. = Industry Standard for building analysis & design properties inherent in mathematical model of Environment built around a physical object Otte® S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Oo t te ® Bg erass Otted fy. enemy All Tallest Buildings in the world are designed using ETABS & SAP2000 i ETABS Integrated Models Otte Complex Composite Foor Framings with Openings & Overhang 4 Steel Joist Systemsy Moment Resisting Frame Complex Shear Wall Systems ¢ Rigid & Flexible diaphragm floor » Slope Roofs * Ramps & Parking systems * @ _-. _ S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Oo tte @ ETABS oa = ETABS can perform: a 2D & 3D analysis a Siatic & Dynamic @ Linear & Non-linear® + a P-delta and P-delta with large deformation* a Construction sequence analysis* a Response Spectrum a Time-History Analysis” * Nonlinear features www,ottegroup.com ETABS Otted re = ETABS design for: Ri a ( eTABS a Beams - RC, Steel, Composite ye" a Columns - RC, Steel, “Composite” ~ a Walls — RC = ETABS can export ee SAFE for analysis and design : eae come eo pest sao pzn0s 6 www.ottegroup.com S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Ott e ® ne ETABS Plus Otte® = 3D elastic analysis of the building system based on FEM. = It includes: a steel frame design, a concrete frame design, a composite beam design, a shear wall design. ! i os = § ETABS Nonlinear Otte® fi = Extend the capabilities of Plus to include static and dynamic nonlinear analysis etass | options: a Static Nonlinear Analysis = Large Displacement = Construction Sequence Loadinge a Plastic Hinge Elements a Static Pushover Analysis a Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis wwrw.ottegroup.com S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte® fi@ SEcTION 2 oe ETABS GUI = Top Menu = Tools bars = Windows = Bottom Information Bar oo he hen 1.30 se 208 Views: Different Windows Otte = Choose Window Views: Options>Windows>... ® Choose number of views ‘= Choose Views: Plan View 8D View @ Elevation View ez i {| i @ Goya siy 040 Apso S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte® Ae Drawing Tools Otte® be. = ——> Selection Pointer —— Reshape Object Tool J7 Draw Beam - ——» Draw Column. —— Draw Secondary Beams > Draw Braces < T Draw Floor 7 raw wat —— Draw Window - —> Draw Door 450100 4)x#ag7 az nat 80 ay 2008 a ad Selection & Snapping Tools Otte® be eTaBs > Select All Previous Selection Clear Selection Select by Crossing Line Snap to ard Intersections and Paints Snap to Line Ends and Mid Points Shap to Intersections Snap to Perpendicular Projections Snap to Line and Edges [Snap to Fine Gria Go pa 2:40 ates “ i 5 @ S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte® Modes of Interface Otte® = Select - Default & = Draw o Draw Point Objects a Draw Line Objects ao Draw Area Objects C a Draw Special Items hee an 1.20 apr 2008 Selecting Objects in ETABS Otted Drag from left to right ( w Selects all objects windowed | i Drag from right to left ™ Selects all objects crossed oN pantie 1.50 sy z008 w $110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Ott e (6) i] Others Useful Tools Otte® = Replicate = Align/Point/Line/Edge = Extrusion = Import/Export Co peestyent 20 At 2008 ” § SECTION 3 Otted Setting up a ETABS model = Setting up Database unit = Setting up Gridlines = Setting up Storey information = Define Material = Define Sections ™ Define loading (Load cases & combinations) nega 10.50 aye 2008 w S110B-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd : Otte® @ |... aS i Coordinate Systems Otte@ = Global Rectangular System = Additional Coordinate Systems © Rectangular 9 Cylindrical a General « Local 1-2-3 Coordinate Systems a Line Objects a Area Objects @ _ ; S110EF-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte® aRectangular™ aCylindrical aGeneral 9 2 | g fae a a | \. (i,j hy Otte® a Ways to generate grids m= Create in ETABS a Template a User-defined = Import from Architectural drawing Cdxf) @ Select appropriate layer @ Watch out for the correct units Gio pas 230 sort 2008 Otte® $110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd co pei Primary & Secondary grids = ETABS automatically create an Elevation (Sections) for all Primary Grid Otte® = No Elevation is generated for Secondary grid. = User can define an Developed Elevation of any surfaces. 1520 ay 2008 $i10E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Ott e @ a Reference Planes/Lines Otte® = Reference Plane @ Reference planes are horizontal planes at user- specified Z-ordinates, = Reference Lines a Reference lines are vertical lines at user-specified global X and Y coordinates. epee 2580 spt noe Otte® $110F-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte® Otte@ =X 0 Degree = Y-90 Degree m= 2~ Vertical Up Storey Definition Otte = Edit>Edit Storey Data Setting Master Storey and Similar Storeys hs asian 00 dp to08 = S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd fe : Otte® =, eee Otte ™| Master & Similar Storeys = Storey can de defined as “Master” storey in which other storey can be set to “similar to” = These allow user to make changes to multiple storeys using the “Similar Storey” option Cu pane ya 8.20 ape 2008 » Otte@ Define Material & Sections Properties = Material Properties = Frame & Section Properties = Wall & Slab Section properties docs tga 240 yt 08 =» S110F-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Material Properties —___Otte® ‘Ad Now Or Meaty = Define>Mater i Cie Olaene Ooiterme acon raha Popes DeanFvpay 1039) Moree elie “Spot Cone Con Stare pein ane ere a Vd Moti tency Svat Fab Yl Stove de Psi Se Mates cheno 80 stat 8 . Otte@ Isotropic « The behavior of an isotropic material is independent of the direction of loading. | 7 Boe fe toae 4 eee Pe} | symmettat a! 4 a linc baer hanson 10 08 « $110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte® le as Orthotropic = The behavior of an orthotropic material can be different in the three local axis directions. we Boe | ¢feoe | tooo fae : rs wee fol | canes tw # 1) Orbaropc bead on sin 2940 sy 208 Otte® 2 2 e a i eo... ad Frame Properties = Define>Frame Properties> Otte® S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte ®@ Ag Frame Properties Otte® = Example Creating concrete rectangular section Click> Add Rectangular | Semen) imate) coe cures 20 Ap 008 «= 6... a Non-prismatic Member Otte® = Nonprismatic frame sections may be defined with the properties varying along the ( element length. = The variation of the bending stiffnesses may be linear, parabolic, or cubic over each segment of length, = The axial, shear, torsional, mass, and weight properties all vary linearly over each segment i : S$110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Ott e (6) = Section’s depth varies from 900mm to 600mm to 900mm w 1=(bh3)/12 Elgg. is Cubic ' i : eo. Section Designer Frame Section Otte® = Example : Eight-sided Column with excased I-Beam a lowe abel S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Oo tte ® | ad Wall & Slab Section Otte® 4 = Define>Define Wall/Slab/Deck Sections eTABs "Cll snow ou dina ( (SE) orc c= oa i i to : cme ie SECTION 4 Otted aa A, Understanding ETABS’ objects ETABS ‘ 2 ™ Point ° § a Line — 2 fem [J eo S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte® Otte@ in Point Objects = Corners of Area Objects m Ends of Line Objects = Anywhere in Model = Automatic Label | m Free Point Objects are Clean-Up Automatically! Coeypn tym 30 At 2008 « J Point Object Assignments Otted You can assign: = a rigid diaphragm constraint = a panel zone element = point restraints (supports) = grounded point springs = grounded link elements = additional point mass = point object forces = temperature changes co, 25:90 At 08 « $110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte® ‘Line Objects = 2 Point Objects Connect by a Line "| m Automatic Line Types = Automatic Label a C followed by a number for columns a B followed by a number for beams a D followed by a number for diagonals/braces a L followed by a number for nulls a Automatically Relabeled for Line Type Change @ ..... = Otte® = Column: = Beam: plane) = Brace: www.ottegroup.com S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 a line object that is vertical (parallel to the global Z-axis) @ Tine object that is horizontal (parallel to the global X-Y a line object that is not vertical and not horizontal Otte® Otte International Pte Ltd Otte® fi Line Object Assignments Otte@ Property modifiers Distributed loads ‘Temperature loads Section properties Link element properties fd releases or partial end fixty Tram nonlinear hinges Moment eat fame type i cemiore) = End (length) offsets = Spandrel labels Insertion point Line spring supports 1 End join offsets to model 2 Aaiinal ine mas -eccentrically = Automatic line subdivide Designate fame output stations * ‘Use ine fr floor meshing 1 een fae Meshing options a ee = Point loads @ ho, Sy a0 soo o Ad Area Objects OtteO : ls 3 or more corners eras Area with 4 corners orless.canbe any sSxaarn by Caen cm Sarin plane ‘sswy ow ony pias” Nau ne lu Area with more than we 4 comers must be <2 horizontal with all va corners on the same iGsrsayacoris a camvocrin 1) Couehccwrin plane nica XY pane Ane! XY plas hrm pine ls Valid analysis avea are either 3 or 4 nodedt oh yt 90 at 2008 « S110B-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte ®@ AiG area Object Assignments Otted fe. = Wall, slab and deck = Additional area mass taps| Section properties = Area object mesh options = Opening = Automatic meshing of ® Rigid diaphragm membrane floor element e| " Local axes orientation ® Auto Line Constraint 8] m Shell stiffness modifiers = Uniform surface loads. 8) a Pier & spandrel labels = Temperature loads i = Area spring supports = Wind pressure coefficients ( i @..... _ : Beg 1. LINE - Frame Orted Line-Frame ( Auto-Frame Subdivide End-length offset Insertion point offset Panel-zone for Steel Siructures* Bose Qn one $110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd : Otte® H Local Axes of Line Objects Otte® = RED~Local Axis 1 = WHITE = Local Axis 2 = BLUE Local Axis § coon peestoa 1830 dy 2008 7 1.a. Auto-Frame Subdivide OtteO = Automatic Frame Subdivide @ ETABS automatically meshes frame elements as necessary by default a You may opt not to automatically mesh a frame element, compost B20 Ap 208 S110E-Using ETABS for Building Analysis & Design 29-30 April 2008 Otte International Pte Ltd Otte® hl 1.b. End Length Offset (1) OtteD b End Length Offset line eraay| 2 Actual structural members have finite cross-sectional dimensions a Eg. When two members such as a beam and column are connected at a point, there is some overlap of the cross-sections, are large, and the length of the overlap can be a 3 2 In many structures, the dimensions of the members g significant fraction of the total length of the frame ( element. @ ae 1b. End Length Offset (2) OtteD Rigid Factor = 0 (Default) Loo ( '

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