“COMPLEX

ENGINEERING PROBLEM”

PREPARED FOR:
DR. SHEHNILA NAQVI
SUBMITTED BY:
SARAH QUAID TE-001
SIDRA AKHLAQ TE-004
ANUM JABEEN TE-023
SAMEEN IQBAL TE-024
 QUESTION NO.1:
In order to control process production, quality and
comfort air conditioning is necessary for weaving
plants. That cost can be overcome by improving quality
and production of fabrics. Proper conditioning i.e.
desired RH% and temperatures for the specific
processes and materials gives good efficiency and less
machine maintenance. Determined the desired cooling
capacity for the weaving unit have the following design
parameters.

DATA:
 Shed dimension: 35’ high x 20’ wide x 42’ deep
 Location: Karachi, summer, well designed
 Inside conditions: as per 100% cotton viscose
fabric
 No. of looms: 18
 No of employees: 14
 5 windows facing West: 5’x5’
 5windows facing East: 5’x5’
 Material processed: 200000 kg of fabric
 Fluorescent lights: 15
OUTSIDE CONDITION:
Location=Karachi, summer
Dry bulb temperature: 980F =37oC
Wet bulb temperature: 82oF= 28oC
INSIDE CONDITION:
Dry bulb temperature: 26oC
RH% =70%

EXTERNAL LOAD:
HEAT TRANSFER RATE THROUGH WALL:
The following resistance are obtained (from Table 4-4):
1. Face brick, 100mm =100x10-3*0.76=0.076m2K/W
2. Sheathing,13mm fiberboard =0.23 m2K/W
3. Insulation, mine fiber =1.94 m2K/W
4. Gypsum board, 15mm =0.08 m2K/W
5. Air space = 0.17 m2K/W
TOTAL =2.496m 2K/W
U(WALL) =1/R=1/2.496=0.4 W/m2K
For wall facing EAST:
ETD for wall facing east=24 oC
Area of wall: Total area of 1 wall: (20’ * 35’)
= [(20’*0.0254) * (35’*0.0254)]
=0.4516m2
Area of 5 windows: (5’* 5’)
= [(5*0.0254) *(5*0.0254)] *5= 0.0806m 2
=total area of walls – area of windows
=0.4516-0.0806
=0.37m2
Q(WALL)=U(WALL)*A(WALL)*ETD(WALL) (for sensible heating)
Q s, wall= 0.4*0.37*24
=3.552W
For wall facing WEST:
ETD for wall facing WEST=8 oC
Area of wall: Total area of 1 wall: (20’ * 35’)
= [(20’*0.0254) * (35’*0.0254)]
=0.4516m2
Area of 5 windows: (5’* 5’)
= [(5*0.0254) *(5*0.0254)] *5= 0.0806m 2
=total area of walls – area of windows
=0.4516-0.0806
=0.37m2
Q(WALL)=U(WALL)*A(WALL)*ETD(WALL) (for sensible heating)
Q s, wall= 0.4*0.37*8
=1.184W
Total Qs =3.552+1.184=4.736W

Qs =4.736W

HEAT TRANSFER RATE THROUGH WINDOW:

A double-glazed glass window, mounted flush with the wall with no external
shading.

U(GLASS) double glass, 6mm air space = 3.5W/m2.K (table 4-4)

A(GLASS)= [(5*0.0254) * (5*0.0254)] *5=0.0806
SC=0.9 (from table 4-11 book)
2
SHGF=685 W/m (from table 4-10 book)
CLFeast=0.47 (for east facing 5 windows)
CLFwest=0.06 (for west facing 5 windows)

FOR 5 windows facing EAST:

Q(conduction)=U(GLASS)*A(GLASS)*(T0-T1)
=3.5*0.0806*11
=3.104W
Q(radiation)=A(GLASS)*SC*SHGF*CLFeast for sensible heating
=0.0806*0.9*685*0.47
=23.367W
Total Qs east=3.104+23.367=26.47W
FOR 5 windows facing WEST:
Q(conduction)=U(GLASS)*A(GLASS)*(T0-T1)
=3.5*0.0806*11
=3.104W
Q(radiation)=A(GLASS)*SC*SHGF*CLFwest for sensible heating
=0.0806*0.9*685*0.06
=2.983W
Total Qs west=3.104+2.983=6.087W
Total Qs =26.47+6.087=32.55W
Qs =32.55W

HEAT TRANSFER RATE THROUGH ROOF:

The following resistance are obtained (from Table 4-4 book):

1. Light weight concrete, 100mm =100x10-3*1.94=0.194m2K/W
2. Sheathing,13mm fiberboard =0.23 m2K/W
3. Insulation, mineral fiber 75mm =1.94 m2K/W
4. Gypsum board, 15mm =0.08 m2K/W
5. Air space = 0.17 m2K/W
6. Roofing, asphalt shingles = 0.08m2K/W
TOTAL =2.694 m2K/W
U(ROOF)=1/R=1/2.694= 0.371W/m2K
Area (ROOF): (20’ * 42’)
[(20’*0.0254’) * (42’ *0.0254’)]
= 0.5419m2
ETD(ROOF) (from table 4-14 )
For roof type 3 and solar time:13
ETD(ROOF)ADJ= 37.67 oC
Q(ROOF)=U(ROOF)*A(ROOF)*ETD(ROOF) (for sensible heating)
=0.371*0.5419*37 67
=7.573W
Qs =7.573W
HEAT TRANSFER RATE THROUGH FLOOR:

Since the floor is not exposed to solar radiation, the driving

temperature difference for the floor is the temp difference
between the outdoor and indoor, hence:
U(FLOOR)= 0.371W/m2K
A(FLOOR)= (20’ * 42’)
[(20’*0.0254’) * (42’ *0.0254’)]
= 0.5419m2

ETD(FLOOR)=11oC
Q(FLOOR)=U(FLOOR)*A(FLOOR)*ETD(FLOOR) (for sensible heating)
=0.371*0.5419*11
=2.211W
Qs =2.211W
INTERNAL LOAD:
LOAD DUE TO OCCUPANTS:
The sensible and latent load due to occupants are:
No. of occupants: 14
SHG (sensible heat gain) per person: ws : 157.5 (from table 4-7 book)
LHG (latent heat gain) per person: wL: 292.5
CLF: 1 for 24hr working
Q(S.OCC) =no. of occupants *SHG*CLF
=14*157.5*1
Qs=2205W

Q(L.OCC) =no. of occupants *LHG*CLF

=14*292.5*1

QL =4095W

LOAD DUE TO LIGHTING:

Fluorescent lights: 15
Wattage: 40W
Usage factor:15/15=1
Ballast factor for fluorescent lights:1.25
CLF (cooling load factor):1 (24hr working condition)
Q (S. LIGHT) = wattage*usage factor*ballast factor*CLF
=40*1*1.25*1
=50*15=750W

Qs=750W
LOAD DUE TO EQUIPMENT:
No. of looms: 18
Wattage:4750 W
Usage factor:18/18=1
CLF:1 (24hr working condition)

Latent heat factor:

Q(S.m/c) =wattage*usage factor*CLF

=4750*1*1
=4750W
Qs =4750W

Q (L. m/c) = wattage* latent heat factor

=4750W
QL =4750W

LOAD DUE TO PRODUCT:

Q(PROD.) =m Cp (Tproduct-Tinside)
=200000*1.002*(35-26)
=1803.6KW
Qs =1803.6KW
HEAT TRANSFER DUE TO INFILTRATION:
From psychrometric chart,
For the inside conditions of 26oC oC dry bulb, 70 %RH:
Wi=0.015 kg moisture per kg dry air
For the outside conditions of 37oC oC dry bulb, 28oC oC wet bulb:
Wo= 0.0205 kg moisture per kg dry air
Density of air: 1/0.91m3 kg-1 :1.0989m3/kg
ACH (air per charge) :0.2 kg/hr (well designed)
Volume of room: 0.889*0.508*1.0668=0.482m 3
mo : density of air * (ACH*volume of room)/ 3600
=1.0989*[0.2*(0.482)]/3600
=2.941x10-5kg/s
Cp :1022 KJ/kg.K

sensible heat transfer rate due to infiltration

Q (S INFIL.) =mo*Cp*(TO-TI)
=2.941x10-5 *1022*(37-26)
Q S =0.33W

Latent heat transfer rate due to infiltration:

Q (L, INFIL.) =mo*hfg*(wo-win)
=2.941x10-5*2501.3*(0.0205-0.015)
Q L =0.4044W

Total sensible and latent loads are obtained by summing up

all the sensible and latent load components (both external as
well as internal) as:
Q s, total =1811.35KW
Q L, total =8845.4044W

TOTAL load on the building is:

QTOTAL= QS,total + QL,total
=1820.197KW
To calculate the required cooling capacity, one has to know
the losses in return air ducts. Ventilation may be neglected as
the infiltration can take care of the small ventilation
requirement. Hence using a safety factor of 1.25, the
required cooling capacity is:
Required cooling capacity=1820.197*103*1.25
2275.247kw≈650 TR(Ans).